Siri Jale

Alexander Liu

Nimisha Seshadri

Jesse Shen

Laya Vanga

Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources

Von Brockdorff-Rantzau, Ulrich. “German Delegates' Protest Against Proposed Peace Terms at

the Paris Peace Conference, May 1919.” ​First World War.com​, May 1919, First World

War, 22 Aug. 2009, www.firstworldwar.com/source/parispeaceconf_germanprotest1.htm.

This source is a letter from Count Von Brockdorff-Rantzau, leader of the German Peace

Delegation, to George Clemenceau (who was the president of the Paris Peace

Conference). It shows the dismay of the German people at the harsh terms they would be

subject to under the Treaty of Versailles, and how said terms would likely negatively

affect them (as they did). It proposes counter-proposals for what could be done instead.

This letter showed how the German public was strongly opposed to this treaty, and how

their opinion was that such a treaty would only prolong conflict (as it did). This was used

to show German opinion on the matter and how they were not well received/treated (in

conjunction with another source).

“Dutch Newspaper Editorial Against the Terms of the Paris Peace Conference, May 1919.” ​First

World War.com​, May 1919, First World War, 22 Aug. 2009,

 twww.firstworldwar.com/source/parispeaceconf_dutcheditorial.htmwww.firstworldwar.c

om/source/parispeaceconf_dutcheditorial.htm.

This expressed the public opinion of an outside party towards this treaty. Many already

considered this treaty to be unfair, and this source was used to display public opinion

towards this treaty. It is used in conjunction with other sources to show the displeasure

many had of the treaty, the idea that it would not make peace but cause future conflict.

Clemenceau, George. “Allied Reply to German Delegates' Protest Against Proposed Peace

Terms at the Paris Peace Conference, May 1919.” First World War.com, First World

War, 22 Aug. 2009, www.firstworldwar.com/source/parispeaceconf_germanprotest2.htm.

This is the letter in response to Count Von Brockdorff-Rantzau letter. It essentially says

that what Germany did was a major crime, and any punishment they received was either

just or not enough. Thus, they should not be complaining as it was an eye for an eye, and

a just punishment. It shows how German public opinion and the many other dissenters of

the treaty were often disregarded, with disastrous consequences (after all, it caused World

War II).

"Treaty of Versailles, 1919." ["Treaty of Versailles, 1919"]. Treaty of Versailles, 1919, 8/1/2017,

p. 1. EBSCOhost,

search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=khh&AN=21212329

This is the Treaty of Versailles, in text format. It was used to give a scope of how long the treaty

was, and for when the precise wording of the terms was desired. After all, it is a transcript
 of the original. The articles of interest are the ones detailing war guilt (231), reparations,

and the many restrictions placed upon Germany.

“Newspaper Headline Announce the Defeat of the Treaty of Versailles (1919).” ​American

Governmen​t www​.​americangovernment.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/1956509

This is a primary source, a newspaper headline which announced the American rejection

of the Treaty of Versailles. Many Americans considered this treaty harsh, and that it was

unfair on Germany. It was used, in conjunction with others, to show how public opinion

of the treaty was mixed and that many were doubtful as to the effectivity of its harsh

terms.

Walsh, Ben. “ Extracts from the Illustrated London News Showing German Reactions to the

Treaty, 28 June 1919 .” ​National Archives​,

www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g5/cs2/g5cs2s1a.htm.

This extract from a London Newspaper details the unrest in Germany due to the treaty,

and the negative public opinions about it. Already, many were expressing increasingly

negative opinions towards the treaty, being very strongly opposed to it. This not only was

used to show negative public opinion towards the treaty, but also the stiff opposition the

Germans were willing to put up (these sentiments were suppressed and largely silenced

until they ultimately became so intense that the people were willing to follow a party as

radical as the Nazis).

“Russian Troops; World War I.” ​Britannica.com​, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.,

media1.britannica.com/eb-media/51/135151-004-0D4D550E.jpg.

A picture showing Russian troops in trenches. Depicts the conditions of the battlefield.

Used to symbolise World War I.

Jackson, Edward N. Council of Four at the WWI Paris Peace Conference, May 27, 1919.

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles#/media/File:Big_four.jpg.

This image shows the ‘Big Four’. From left to right: David Lloyd George, Vittorio

Orlando, Georges Clemenceau, and Woodrow Wilson. This image was used to represent

the Paris Peace Conference, and to show who the Big Four were.

A Well-Known Photo Shows Children Playing with Worthless Germany Money. At Inflation's

Peak, 1 Dollar Traded at 4.2 Trillion Deutsche Marks.

rarehistoricalphotos.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Children-playing-with-stacks-of-h

yperinflated-currency-during-the-Weimar-Republic-1922-small.jpg.

This picture depicts children playing with stacks of German marks. This shows just how

much Germany’s economy was affected post war; so much, to the point where stacks of

money were worth so little that they could be given to kids by the stacks as toys.

a Person Papering Their Walls with Hyperinflated German Marks.

1.bp.blogspot.com/-95RdEpZfwEw/V_lrhOluO9I/AAAAAAAALaY/5xwEUITysw8Nvn

eUuFPd7ElDDa-ZF9RpwCLcB/s1600/german_inflation_5.jpg.
 This image is representative of just how badly the German economy was doing post

WWI. In this image, the person is using German marks as wallpaper, it was that abundant

and worthless.

The Line at the Unemployment Office in Hanover Germany in 1930.

katana17.files.wordpress.com/2016/12/mogv-part-13-2331-line-at-the-unemployment-off

ice-in-hanover-germany-in-1930.gif.

This image is representative of the state of Germany post WWI. The unemployment rates

were skyrocketing, as shown in this picture. The crowd of people form the line to an

unemployment office.

Tanks Lined up before the Battle of Cambrai.

www.thesun.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/nintchdbpict000365572964.jpg?strip=all

&w=960.

This image was used to represent World War I. It shows tanks lined up before the Battle

of Cambrai.

A Cartoon Depicting Germany Being Spoon-Fed Peace-Terms by the Council of Four.

cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/706492629952495616/1240/10/scaletowidth.

A political cartoon showing Germany being force-fed peace terms by the Big Four,

literally a bitter pill to swallow. Representative of how the treaty was received by some.
An Allied Soldier Showing a German Soldier the Terms of the Treaty on the End of a Sword.

acabrerahistory12.weebly.com/uploads/8/8/0/9/8809455/1630324_orig.jpg.

This cartoon was representative of how some felt the treaty was forced upon the

Germans. In this image, a German soldier is shown the terms of the unfair treaty, with a

sword pointed at them.

Germany Being Crushed by a Giant Bag of Money with "Reparations $55,000,000,000" on It.

cdn.thinglink.me/api/image/887076948801486849/1240/10/scaletowidth.

This image is representative of what many thought the terms of the Treaty of Versailles

would do to Germany, or specifically the reparations in the treaty. This is exactly what

the reparations did; crushed their economy and crippled Germany, who was unable to pay

this monumental sum.

Fitzpatrick, Daniel. The Source.

hti.osu.edu/sites/hti.osu.edu/files/styles/raw-image/public/Versailles_63.jpg?itok=m4kvu

9vG.

This political cartoon is representative of the opinions of some on how Hitler and the

Nazi Party rose to power; from the devastation left by the Treaty of Versailles.

A March of the Banners at the Nazi's Nuremberg Rally.

i.pinimg.com/736x/1d/2d/02/1d2d02a3bb929842b42ad91f888de804--nazi-party-nazi-pro

paganda.jpg.
 This image shows the members of the Nazi Party participating in a march of banners at

the Nuremberg Rally. It was used to represent the Nazi Party.

A Picture of Count Graf Ulrich Von Brockdorff-Rantzau. Berliner Morgenpost,

media.gettyimages.com/photos/brockdorffrantzau-ulrich-count-lawyer-diplomat-politicia

n-1919-by-picture-id543838855?k=6&m=543838855&s=612x612&w=0&h=YkNKwH9

_4LblGg4wriMEr-G8iGAproZLUIHy0ATdUnA=.

Used to represent Count Von Brockdorff-Rantzau, who was the leader of the German

delegation to the Paris Peace Conference.

A Picture of Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau.

3.bp.blogspot.com/-8eiX16MlHYM/V2bV035GfyI/AAAAAAAAYXQ/buVY7qe5An4m

j6MSh8t7907HFqe3X3PPACLcB/s1600/Georges-Clemenceau.jpg.

Used to represent Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau. He was a principal architect of

the Treaty of Versailles.

A Picture of Fuhrer Adolf Hitler.

i2-prod.mirror.co.uk/incoming/article11298704.ece/ALTERNATES/s615b/PROD-Adolf-

Hitler-.jpg.

Used to represent Fuhrer Adolf Hitler. He was the leader of the Nazi Party, and the

person who led the party to power in Germany. His actions ultimately sparked World

War II, and majorly influenced the course of the war.

Soldiers Paying Respects to the Graves of Fallen Comrades.

www.nationalww2museum.org/sites/default/files/styles/wide_large/public/2017-07/grave

.jpg.

Used to show the impact of World War II, and how many were affected by the deaths. Is

an image showing soldiers paying their respects to the graves of fallen comrades.

Gen. John "Black Jack" Pershing Visits Arlington National Cemetery in 1925. Library of

Congress,

media.npr.org/assets/img/2017/03/28/13790v_custom-fbd713787d8781b493f3b94de558e

ac279f3e9dc-s900-c85.jpg.

Shows a general paying his respects to the fallen soldiers of WWI buried there. Used to

represent the high death tolls and impact of WWI.

Secondary Sources

“Treaty of Versailles, 1919.” United States Holocaust Memorial Museum, ​United States

Holocaust Memorial Museum​, www.ushmm.org/wlc/en/article.php?ModuleId=10005425.

This source is from the Website of USA’s Holocaust Memorial Museum. We were able

to learn and apprehend more information on the World War I, such as why and how it

was fought. The article also goes into detail about Wilson's 14 points which played a

large part in America’s role in making the treaty and their viewpoints on the war. When

describing the Treaty of Versailles this source goes in depth on how Germany was very
 harshly negatively impacted by the treaty, and why it caused unrest in Germany leading

to World War II. We mainly used this source to gain a higher understanding on the

impact barbarous conditions that were placed on Germany in result of the Treaty.

Costello, Carol. “The Irony of the Treaty of Versailles – Argunners.” Argunners, 15 Jan. 2017,

argunners.com/irony-treaty-versailles/.

Costello bases his article on the irony of the Treaty being projected as a solution to end

World War I, as it goes on to become one of the main reasons World War II began. From this

article we were able to gain some information and facts on how the Treaty of Versailles

propelled World War II. Although its information was rendered basic not different from our

other sources, the website held primary political cartoons and photographs that clearly expressed

and supported the view that the Treaty was ironic as a whole.

Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs. “The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of

Versailles.” ​U.S. Department of State​, U.S. Department of State

history.state.gov/milestones/1914-1920/paris-peace.

This is an article on the Treaty written by the Office of Historian who consist of professional

american historians. From this we know that the information we receive from here is

accurate since it comes from reliable outlets. The article details on the conference in Paris

in which the treaty came to be and how the countries agreed to the terms. It also contains

pictures of the people involved in the process, which we plan to use in our website. This
 was a secondary source because it was made by people after the event and was written by

using primary sources.

History.com Staff. “Nazi Party.” ​History.com​, A&E Television Networks, 2009,

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/nazi-party.

History.com goes into great depth about the Nazi party, and this helps us gain an better

understanding on how the Treaty caused the Party to come into power in Germany. The article

details how the party came to be, how it was managed and run, the horrid feats they

accomplished, and how they went about fighting in the War. Although this source does not

include much on the Treaty of Versaille it was useful because it allowed for us to comprehend

the results that the Treaty supposedly had caused. This was a secondary source because it was

written much after the war and written by people who based their information on other secondary

sources and primary sources.

Turner, Daniel, director. ​The Treaty of Versailles, What Did the Big Three Want? ​Performance

by Chris Kane, ​YouTube​, 3 Nov. 2016, https://youtu.be/vrYhLNQMRro.

This source was the main foundation for our understanding of the Treaty of Versailles. In

addition to understanding how the Treaty came about and what conflicts arose within the Paris

Peace Conference between the Big Three, the source provided a good visual, inorder for us to

better envision the process of creating the Treaty. We also learned the intentions of those who

were involved in the Treaty making process and the debates of how Germany should be

punished. From Woodrow Wilson’s perspective, we learned that the US did not wish for as harsh
a punishment as other countries did, for it was not as involved in the war. Georges Clemenceau,

on behalf of France wished for the harshest punishment out of the Big Three due to the great

physical damage brought upon France, he wished for revenge. David Lloyd George, from Britain

was in between sides and wished to have Germany face consequences but only enough that the

two countries would still be able to had a business relationship.

Archives, The National. “Reaction to Treaty of Versailles: Background.” The National Archives,

The National Archives, 27 Jan. 2004,

www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/greatwar/g5/cs2/background.htm.

Through this source we learned about the main terms and conditions of the Treaty of Versailles.

The source also included information about how other nations felt about the Treaty and

how they reacted to it. This source helped us gain a better understanding for the harsh

conditions created in the Treaty and had written it in and easy to comprehend fashion.

Unlike other sources, we were able to learn exactly how much Germany had to reduce

their armed forces and how much territory they were to give up. Overall, the source went

into detail about five specific terms including war guilt, Germany’s armed forces,

reparations, German territories and colonies, and the League of Nations.

Kowalski, Kathiann M. “Writing the Treaty of Versailles. .” ​Cobblestone​,

web.a.ebscohost.com/hrc/detail/detail?vid=12&sid=56a724ac-8556-40b5-ba23-ac7aeaf6

dd81%40sessionmgr4006&bdata=JnNpdGU9aHJjLWxpdmU%3d#AN=340710&db=khh
 This is a secondary source, because it explains how the Treaty of Versailles was written,

while talking about the event in past-tense. Kathiann M. Kowalski explains what

compromises were made and what was discussed to create the Treaty of Versailles.

“How Did the Nazis Gain Power?” ​The Holocaust Explained​, The Wiener Library,

www.theholocaustexplained.org/the-nazi-rise-to-power/.

This article explains and analyzes in detail how exactly the Treaty of Versailles affect

Germany as a whole, and why these effects were devastating enough to cause such

widespread hatred and resentment by the Germans of other countries as to be easily

exploited by the Nazis. It was especially helpful in explaining the impact and how the

treaty ultimately only caused more conflict.

US Department of State. “The Paris Peace Conference and the Treaty of Versailles.” ​U.S.

Department of State​, U.S. Department of State, 20 Jan. 2001,

2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/time/wwi/89875.htm​.

From this source we were able to learn about the origins of the Treaty of Versailles and

how it came to be. We learned about what countries took a large part in making the

treaty, and how the treaty became to be so biased against Germany. It also allowed for

some background context on the thought process about the Treaty and how the countries

different views came to one. conclusions.

History.com Staff. “World War II.” ​History.com​, A&E Television Networks, 2009,

www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/world-war-ii-history.

From this sources we were able to draw a conclusion for what the Treaty of Versailles

lead to, meaning World War II. We were able to further analyse the consequences of the

Treaty which was thought to bring peace by ending World War I . This source provided

information on what sparked WWII, and provided many details of the individual battles

fought. By using this source, we were able to wrap up our project, in terms of figuring out

how our topic, and compromise, brought forth conflict.

Orpen, William. “The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919.”

History.com​, A&E Television Networks,

cdn.history.com/sites/2/2014/01/treaty-of-versailles-H.jpeg.

This painting was commissioned to commemorate the Paris Peace Conference. It shows

the conference and the delegates. It is representative of how the conference looked.

Painting of the Hall of Mirrors in the Palace of Versailles Filled with Delegates at the Paris

Peace Conference.

s3-ap-southeast-2.amazonaws.com/awm-media/collection/ART16770/screen/3822412.JP

G.

This image is representative of how many delegates were at the Paris Peace Conference.