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Today’s Plan:
• Discuss Read and Work Ahead
• PowerWorld Snap Shot
• A Peek into the Underlying Power Flow Equations
• Next Week’s Plan
Then determine
• Bus voltage magnitude and phase angles
• Line currents, etc. that would result
TCIPG Reading Group September 2012 2
Basics for power-flow studies.
4. Repeat this process to make the voltages at each bus approaching the correct
answers to within a set tolerance level…
The equations used to update the estimates differ for each of 3 bus types.
1. Load bus (PQ bus) – All buses not having a generator
• Real and reactive power (P and Q)are specified
• Bus voltage magnitude and phase angle (V and q) will be calculated
• Real and reactive powers supplied to a power system are defined to be
positive
• Powers consumed from the system are defined to be negative.
2. Generator bus (PV bus) –
• Voltage and real power supplied are specified
• Bus phase angle (q) will be calculated during iteration
• Reactive power will be calculated after the case’s solution is found
Key Points:
• Voltage on a load bus (P-Q bus) changes as the load varies – P and Q are
fixed, while V (magnitude and angle) vary with load conditions.
• Generators (@ P-V buses) work most efficiently when running at full load – P
and V are fixed
• Slack bus generator varies P and Q that it supplies to balance Complex power
– V and Angle reference are fixed.
TCIPG Reading Group September 2012 5
Ybus for power-flow analysis
The basic equation for power-flow analysis is derived from the nodal
analysis equations for the power system:
V I R I V
R
I12
I12 I32 I 42 I 2
I42 I2
V2 V1 V2 V3 V2 V4
I32 I2
Z 21 Z 23 Z 24
V1 V V
V2 1 1 1 3 4 I 2
Z 21 Z 21 Z 23 Z 24 Z 23 Z 24
V I Z YbusV I (1)
S VI * P jQ (4)
where V is the per-unit voltage at the bus; I* - complex conjugate of the per-unit
current injected at the bus; P and Q are per-unit real and reactive powers. Therefore,
for instance, the current injected at bus 2 can be found as
P2 jQ2
*
P2 jQ2
V I P2 jQ2 I
*
2 2
*
2 I 2 (5)
V2 V2*
Substituting (5) into (3), we obtain
S P2 jQ2 Y21VV
*
*
2 1 2
*
Y V V
22 2 2
*
Y V V
23 3 2
*
Y V V
24 4 2
*
n n
jqik
Si Pi jQi Vi ik k i k
Y * *
V V V e (Gik jBik )
k 1 k 1
n
Vi Vk (cosqik j sin qik )(Gik jBik )
k 1
n
Pi Vi Vk (Gik cosqik Bik sin qik ) PGi PDi B
Y
k 1
n
Qi Vi Vk (Gik sin qik Bik cosqik ) QGi QDi
k 1
G
q2 P2 (x) PG 2 PD 2
qn Pn (x) PGn PDn
x f ( x)
V2 Q2 (x) QG 2 QD 2
(6)
n
V n
Q ( x ) QGn QDn
P2 (x) PG 2 PD 2
Pn (x) PGn PDn
f ( x)
Q2 (x) QG 2 QD 2
n
Q ( x ) QGn QDn
TCIPG Reading Group September 2012 13
Information from power-flow studies
• If │V│ varies greatly over the system, large reactive flows will result; this, in
turn, will lead to increased real power losses and, in extreme cases, an
increased likelihood of voltage collapse.
• When a particular bus has an unacceptably low voltage, the usual practice is
to install capacitor banks in order to provide reactive compensation to the load.