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INSTRUCTION MANUAL ----
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armfield
Recycle Loops Instruction Manual
TH4
ISSUE 11
April 2016
PC-
0055698
1
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Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual TH4
1 Introduction
This manual contains instructions for the correct use and maintenance of the TH4 manufactured by Armfieid
Limited.
The information contained in this manual is intended for the user who is required to read it carefully and to
ensure that he has fully understood it before operating the machine.
The user manual must be available for ready consultation at all times.
If the manual is lost or damaged contact the manufacturer for a replacement copy.
WARNING - The manufacturer is not liable for consequences resulting from an improper use of the
machine due to the user’s failure to read this manual or incomplete reading of it.
The manual is an integral part of each piece of equipment and consequently must be kept throughout the
entire service life of the machine and accompany it at all times, even if transferred to another user.
This manual contains instructions required for the safety, receiving, installation, storage, correct operation and
maintenance of the TH4.
o
^J^WARNING - Armfield Limited reserves the right to modify the specifications referred to in this manual or
the characteristics of each machine. Some of the illustrations in this manual may include parts that are slightly
different to those mounted on your machine.
O
WARNING - All practical work areas and laboratories should be covered by local regulations which
must be followed at all times.
2 EC Conformity
Each machine is accompanied by an EC Declaration of Conformity signed by the representative of Armfield
Limited.
The declaration of conformity states the model and serial number.
The equipment has been constructed in compliance with the essential health and safety requirements laid
down in the following applicable directives:
2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive
2004/108/EC The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive
2006/42/EC The Machinery Directive
PC-0055698 2 Issue 11 April 2016

The following harmonised standards were also consulted for the design
BS EN 61010-1:2010 BS EN and construction of the equipment:
Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control,

and laboratory use
61000-6-1:2007
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Immunity for
residential, commercial and light-industrial environments
BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission

standard for residential, commercial and light- jndustrial environments
o
WARNING - This declaration is only valid if the Equipment is installed, used and maintained in
compliance with the above mentioned directives and instructions and with the nstructions and equipment
described in this manual.
PC-0055698 Issue 11 April 2016

Table of Contents
1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................2
2 EC Conformity .................................................................................................................................................2
3 Disclaimer ......................................................................................................................................................... 6
4 Copyright and trademarks........................................................................................................................... 6
5 Symbols ............................................................................................................................................................. 7
6 Safety ............. ..................................................................................................................... .......... '■ ............. 8
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards ........................................................................................ 8
6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance ............................................................................................ 8
6.3 Intended conditions of use ............................................................................................................... 9
6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly work ........................ 9
6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts .......................................................... 9
6.6 Noise ....................... . .............................................................................................................................10
6.7 Chemical Safety ...................................................................................................................................10
6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances ...................................................................... ..........................10
6.9 Water Borne Hazards .........................................................................................................................12
6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces ...............................................................................................................................12
6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids .................................................................................................................................13
6.12 Leakage of hazardous fluids ............................................................................................................13
6.13 Protective clothing ..............................................................................................................................13
6.14 Machine maintenance .......................................................................................................................14
7 General Overview ......................................................................................................................................... 16
8 Equipment Diagrams ................................................................................................................................... 17
9 Description ..................................................................................................................................................... 21
9.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................21
9.2 Rear of Unit .......................................................................................................................................... 22
9.3 Electrical Console ......... .................................................................................................................... 22
10 Installation ..................................................................................................................................................... 24
10.1 Advisory ................................................................................................................................................. 24
10.2 Electrical Supply .................................................................................................................................. 24
10.3 Cold water supply ............................................................................................................................... 25
10.4 Laboratory drain ................................................................................................................................. 25
10.5 Installing the optional TH Software ........................................................................................ ..... 25
10.6 Installing the Equipment ................................................................................................................... 25
10.7 Commissioning .................................................................................................................................... 25
10.8 Electrical Wiring Diagram ................................................................................................................. 27
11 Operation ....................................................................................................................................................... 28
11.1 Operating the optional TH Software........................................................ .................................... 28
11.2 Operating the Equipment ................................................................................................................ 28
11.2.1 Setting the cold water pressure regulator ......................................................................... 28
11.2.2 Priming the flow loop (When not using the clear acrylic reservoir) ........................... 28
11.2.3 Priming the flow loop (When using the clear acrylic reservoir) .................................. 28
11.2.4 Setting and measuring the water flowrate (Through flow) ........................................... 28
11.2.5 Setting and Measuring the water flowrate (Recycle flow)............................................. 29
11.2.6 Applying a step change to the heater ........................... .................................................... 29
11.2.7 Measuring the temperatures in the system ...................................................................... 29
12 Equipment Specifications ......................................................................................................... . .............. 30
12.1 USB Channel Numbers ..................................................................................................................... 30
12.2 Environmental Conditions ..............................................................................................................- 31
PC-0055698 4 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd Manual TH4
13 Routine Maintenance .................................................................................................................................. 32

13.1 Responsibility ....................................................................................................................................... 32
13.2 Genera! ............ ................................. — ............................................................................................. 32
14 Laboratory Teaching Exercises ................................................................................................................. 36
14.1 Index to Exercises ................................................................................................................................ 36
14.2 Nomenclature ...................................................................................................................................... 37
14.3 Data Sheet 1 .......................................................................................................................................... 40
14.4 Data Sheet 2 .......................................................................................................................................... 41
14.5 Data Sheet 3 ......................................................................................................................................... 42
15 Exercise A - Steady State Mass Balance ................................................................................................ 43
16 Exercise B - Steady State Heat Balance ................................................................. .............................. 46
17 Exercise C - Unsteady State Heat Balance ............................................................................................ 49
18 Exercise D - Steady Flow Energy Equation ........................................................................................... 52
19 Exercise E - Response rates ....................................................................................................................... 56
20 Contact Details for Further Information ................................................................................................ 59

3 Disclaimer
This document and all the information contained within it are proprietary to Armfield Limited. This document
must not be used for any purpose other than that for which it is supplied and its contents must not be
reproduced, modified, adapted, published, translated or disclosed to any third party, in whole or in part,
without the prior written permission of Armfield Limited.
Should you have any queries or comments, please contact the Armfield Customer Support helpdesk (Monday
to Thursday: 0830 - 1730 and Friday: 0830 - 1300 UK time). Contact details are as follows:
t, • , International
United Kingdom
(0) 1425 478781 (calls charged at local rate) +44 (0) 1425 478781 (international
rates apply)
Email: support@armfield.co.uk
Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916
4 Copyright and trademarks

Copyright© 2016 Armfield Limited. All rights reserved.
Any technical documentation made available by Armfield Limited is the copyright work of Armfield Limited
and wholly owned by Armfield Limited.
Brands and product names mentioned in this manual may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their
respective companies and are hereby acknowledged.
PC-0055698 6 Issue 11 April 2016

muiiinmtttttfttniniimttttttrmmttm Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual TH4
5 Symbols
A General warning indicating the potential risk of personal injury
A
■ "Danger warning /\
£»Caution: Explosion Risk
• ' ■■Electrical hazard
Cold Burn hazard
High Voltage hazard Caution: Flammable
A Rotating parts hazard Caution: Biohazard
Ac
aution: corrosive material
Do not remove safety guards from Do not repair or oil machine whilst in
rotating parts motion
o This symbol draws your attention to the

information
Wear protective gloves
Wear eye protection Wear ear protection
©
w
Wear safety shoes Wear breathing protection

6 Safety
6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards
o Failure to comply with the safety standards described in this manual and those relating to common sense
can cause danger to people and the environment and damage the Equipment.
Specifically, such non-observance can cause:
• inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;
• damage to the machine and /or plant;
• electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;
• environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.
Failure to observe and comply with these safety standards will invalidate the warranty.
Keep these instructions and all related documents together, ensure that they are legible and easily accessible
to all employees.
Do not remove any safety equipment before operating the Equipment or during its operation. Make sure
that there is no evident danger before powering up the Equipment. The system must be inspected regularly
to check for damage and to ensure that all safety devices are in good working order.
A
• ^The Equipment contains moving parts. Do not insert limbs or materials other than the processing material
while the Equipment is functioning. In the event of malfunction, danger or lack of appropriate safety systems,
shut down the Equipment immediately and inform the qualified personnel.
6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance

The customer is required to verify the suitability of the Equipment for his specific needs, to provide the
necessary processing data for a correct selection of the Equipment type and the accessories needed to
guarantee the safety of the Equipment. If the user notices that any accessories he considers useful or essential
are missing in the order confirmation, it is the customer’s responsibility to contact the manufacturer and
request that the accessory or accessories be applied to the Equipment.
PC-0055698 8 Issue 11 April 2016

A<SA While the Equipment is being used the safety devices provided must be present and
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correctly installed. Do not carry out any operation on the safety devices while the Equipment is operating.
6.3 Intended conditions of use

H4 Recycle Loops Unit is designed to give students an appreciation of the operational cnaracteristics
of a Recycle Loop using heated water as the operating fluid.
© The Equipment must always observe the operating limitations for which it was constructed and those
stated in the order confirmation: observe the temperature, pressure, capacity, viscosity and speed limits. Unless
otherwise stated in the order, the Equipment ,'-jst not be used in environments subject to the formation of
potentially explosive atmospheres.
6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly work
A- k
i he user must ensure that all maintenance, inspection and assembly operations re:ated to the
Equipment are carried out by qualified technicians.
echnicians must carefully read this instruction manual before acting on the Equipment. Only authorised and
T
trained personnel are permitted to work on the Equipment.
6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts
A,
-^Changes or modifications to the machine, within the limits that do not go beyond extraordinary
maintenance, are only permitted if agreed on beforehand with the manufacturer.
Only original spare parts or parts specifically declared as compatible by Armfield Limited must be used for
regular maintenance operations.
These parts have been designed specifically for the system. There is no guarantee that nonoriginal parts can
withstand the loads, and function correctly and safely.
The use of non-original parts voids the warranty.

6.6 Noise
The A-weighted sound power level emitted by the machine does not exceed 85dB(A).
This value is guaranteed if the Equipment is installed correctly, that is, in stable conditions with appropriate
fastenings and measured at a distance of 1 metre from the Equipment.
6.7 Chemical Safety
A
The unit is designed to use clean water during normal operation, but cleaning should be carried out
regularly as described in the maintenance section of this manual which may involve the use of
detergents/chemicals. In addition, under certain conditions causing algal growth, it may be necessary to use
disinfectants or biocides to avoid the possibility of waterborne infections as described above.
6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances
O
^CJFThe Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations
The COSHH regulations impose a duty on employers to protect employees and others from substances used
at work which may be hazardous to health.
COSHH covers substances that are hazardous to health. Substances can take many forms and include:
• chemicals
• products containing chemicals
• fumes
• dusts
• vapours
• mists
• nanotechnology
• gases and asphyxiating gases and

• biological agents (germs). If the packaging has any of the hazard symbols then it is classed as a
hazardous substance.
• germs that cause diseases such as leptospirosis or legionnaires disease and germs used in
laboratories.
PC-0055698 10 Issue 11 April 2016

n tut tutu ttmmtmmtmntmtmtmmr Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual TH4
The regulations require you to make an assessment of all operations which are liable to expose any person
to these hazards. You are also required to introduce suitable procedures for handling these substances and
keep appropriate records.
S -se the equipment supplied by Armfield Limited may involve the use of substances which :=- ce hazardous
(for example, cleaning fluids used for maintenance or chemicals used for part cu ar demonstrations) it is
essential that the responsible person in authority implements -e COSHH regulations or local equivalent.
Safety data sheets

_
ê -egulations also ensure that the relevant Health and Safety Data Sheets must be available for all hazardous
substances used in the laboratory.
Products you use may be 'dangerous for supply’. If so, they will have a label that has one or more hazard
symbols. These products include common substances in everyday use such as paint, bleach, solvent or fillers.
When a product is ‘dangerous for supply’, by law, the supplier must provide you with a safety data sheet.
Note: medicines, pesticides and cosmetic products have different legislation and don’t have a safety data
sheet. Ask the supplier how the product can be used safely.
Ary verson using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:
Physical data about the substance.
Any hazard from fire or explosion.
Any hazard to health.
Appropriate First Aid treatment.
Any hazard from reaction with other substances.
How to clean/dispose of spillage.
Appropriate protective measures.
Appropriate storage and handling.

Although these regulations may not be applicable in your country, it is strongly recommended that a similar
approach is adopted for the protection of the users operating the equipment. Local regulations must also be
considered.
More information can be found on http://www.hse.qov.uk/coshh/index.htm
Any such chemicals used must be stored, handled, prepared and used in accordance with the
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manufacturer’s instructions and with all applicable local regulations. Protective clothing (e.g. gloves, eye
protection) should be worn when appropriate, and users should be supplied with any relevant safety
information (e.g. the correct procedure in the event of contact with skin or eyes, the correct procedure in the
event of a spill, etc.).
PC-0055698 11 Issue 11 April 2016

6.9 Water Borne Hazards
k
The equipment described in this instruction manual involves the use of water/fluid, which under certain
conditions can create a health hazard due to infection by harmful microorganisms.
For example, the microscopic bacterium called Legionella pneumophila will feed on any scale, rust, algae or
sludge in water and will breed rapidly if the temperature of water is between 20 and 45°C. Any water
containing this bacterium which is sprayed or splashed creating air-borne droplets can produce a form of
pneumonia called Legionnaires Disease which is potentially fatal.
Legionella is not the only harmful micro-organism which can infect water, but it serves as a useful example of
the need for cleanliness.
Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:
• Any water/fluid contained within the product must not be allowed to stagnate, i.e. the water must be
changed regularly.
• Any rust, sludge, scale or algae on which micro-organisms can feed must be removed regularly, i.e.
the equipment must be cleaned regularly.
• Where practicable the water/fluid should be maintained at a temperature below 20°C or the water
should be disinfected. In the TH4 water fresh water continuously flows through the system but water
may stagnate if left in the system after use. The reservoir will be especially prone to algal growth so
this should be drained after use and filled with fresh water for each run. Note that other hazards may
exist in the handling of biocides if these are used to disinfect the water.
• After use the water system should be filled and run with water containing a mild disinfectant such as
‘Milton’ to kill any micro-organisms or algal growth then flushed with clean water and left empty.
• A scheme should be prepared for preventing or controlling the risk incorporating all of the actions
listed above.
Further details on preventing infection are contained in the publication “The Control of Legionellosis including
Legionnaires Disease” - Health and Safety Series booklet HS (G) 70.
6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces
This unit contains components that that operate with a maximum temperature of 100°C and
minimum temperature of 5°C.
PC-0055698 12 Issue 11 April 2016

Do not touch any surfaces close to ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning labels, any of the interconnecting tubing or
components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature.
6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids
AA This unit is designed to operate with a maximum liquid temperature of 70°C and
— — iquid temperature of 5°C.
e s also a potential risk of scalding from hot liquids or vapours (e.g. steam).
Before disconnecting any-otthe pipes or tubing:
• Stop the liquid pump.

• Leave time for the equipment to return to room temperature.
. Check that the temperature of the Equipment and liquid is at a safe level
Do not touch any surfaces close to ‘Hot Surfaces’ warning labels, any of the interconnecting tuning or
components whilst the equipment is in use or returning to a safe temperature.
6 12 Leakage of hazardous fluids
A A ^
f * H - J V / ^ 8r | f the Equipment is used to pump/operate with hazardous liquids (toxic, corrosive,
flammable, etc.), the volumes of fluid that leak through the seals must be collected and disposed of without
endangering human health or the environment and in accordance to local legislation.
6.13 Protective clothing

Wear appropriate protective clothing to protect body parts.
Safety gloves
Wear suitable gloves to protect your hands from various types of possible hazards: mechanical, electrical,
chemical and high/low temperatures.
Clothing
Wear appropriate clothing to protect your body from chemical hazards.
PC-0055698 13 Issue 11 April 2016

Footware
Wear safety footwear to protect your feet from falling objects.
Eye Protection
Wear suitable eye protection to protect your eyes from various types of possible hazards: mechanical debris,
chemicals and hot water/steam.
Ear Protection
Wear suitable ear protection to protect your ears from excessive noise.
ta'i
Breathing Protection
Wear suitable breathing protection to protect your respiratory system from fumes.
6.14 Machine maintenance
Do not disassemble the Equipment before emptying the contents/fluids (if applicable).
Even if the tubes are all empty, some liquid could remain in the unit. The fluid(s) can be hazardous to human
health and the environment, and can be very hot/cold.
A
■ 1 ■ "*All maintenance work must be carried out with the machine isolated from the power supply.
Before beginning maintenance on the Equipment

remember to isolate the power
supply. All the devices must be secured against automatic or accidental restart. (Where possible turn the main
switch to OFF and disconnect the electrical supply). In particular situations where you need to run the
Equipment while servicing at least 2 persons must be present so that in the event of danger one person will
be able to disconnect the power supply or raise the alarm. Once maintenance has been completed remember
to restore the safety devices and check that they are in good working order.
Q
'LFTO give increased operator protection, the unit incorporates a Residual Current Device (RCD), alternatively
called an Earth Leakage Circuit Breaker, as an integral part of this equipment. If through misuse or accident
the equipment becomes electrically compromised, the RCD will switch off the electrical supply and reduce the
severity of any electric shock
PC-0055698 14 Issue 11 April 2016

received by an operator to a level which, under normal circumstances, will not cause injury to that person.
AA At least once each month, check that the RCD is operating correctly by pressing the TEST button.
The circuit breaker MUST trip when the button is pressed. Failure to trip —eans that the operator is not
protected and the equipment must be checked and repaired by a competent electrician before it is used.
tmmtntr
PC-0055698 15 Issue 11 April 2016

7 General Overview
The TH range is designed to introduce the fundamental principles of thermodynamics to the student. The
range of equipment starts at basic concepts such as temperature and pressure measurement and leads on to
introducing the relationships between these fundamentals, the first and second law of thermodynamics, the
principles of reversibility, entropy, enthalpy etc.
The equipment allows the student to gain a true understanding of these principles. The small scale of the
equipment allows the relevant teaching exercises to be carried out in a relatively short period of time.
This instruction manual describes the operation of the TH4 'Recycle Loops' apparatus that has been designed
by Armfield to demonstrate clearly, both visually and experimentally, what recycle is and to allow mass and
energy balances to be performed under steady state and unsteady state conditions. Recycle is a simple
phenomenon which occurs in many aspects of everyday life but a concept that can lead to confusion in
engineering applications when combined with other principles such as mass and energy balances and the use
of the steady flow energy equation.
The application modelled is typical of a heating arrangement in the chemical, food or pharmaceutical
industries whereby the temperature of product is raised or lowered offline by recirculating some of the product
through a heat exchanger.
PC-0055698 16 Issue 11 April 2016

Arm field Ltd instruction
Manual TH4
8 Equipment Diagrams
Figure 1: Front View of TH4 Recycle Loops Apparatus
PC-0055698 17 issue 11
April 2016
Arm field Ltd instruction
Manual TH4
Figure 2: Plan View of TH4 Recycle Loops Apparatus
PC-0055698 18 issue 11 April

2016
Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual
Figure 3: Electrical connections at rear
PC-0055698 19
Arm field
Ltd instruc
tion Manual TH4
Cold water supply
I > Pressure regulator 1/
Recycle
loop
pump
j 4X
F1
PC-
0055698
20 issue 11 April 2016
Arm field Ltd
Fx = Flow sensor Tx = instruction Manual TH4
Temperature sensor
Figure 4: Flow Diagram of TH4
PC-0055698 21 issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd - '.’a'.a TH4
9 Description
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section 8.
9.1 Overview
PC-0055698 22 Issue 11 April 2016

The TH4 Recycle Loops apparatus s a bench top unit designed to introduce students to the characteristics of
a recycle loop, ano the typical responses under steady state and unsteady conditions. The apparatus is
ffrrtttttnuuuinuntrrm
mounted on a moulded ABS support plinth (1). The components associated with the flow loop are mounted
on a plastic plate (2) that is located on top of the support plinth by four knurled fixings.
The apparatus consists of a through pipe (5) conveying water from the cold water mains supply (4) to a
suitable drain (6), with a loop of pipework in parallel with the inlet and outlet connections. This recycle loop
incorporates a circulating pump (10) which transfers water from the through pipe just before the drain
connection (7), and returns the water back to the tnrough pipe downstream of the supply connection (8). A
heater in the recycle loop (11) raises the temperature of the water in the loop, which then mixes with fresh cold
water entering the system.
_
~e : xulating pump (10) is a gear pump with an external bypass arrangement incorporating a casing valve (9),
which allows the flow rate through the loop to be varied using a simple ~dw control valve (13). The pump is
turned on/off by the switch (25) on the console. The s~2 scale of the loop ensures that time constants are
short enough to allow responses to be fully evaluated in a normal laboratory session.
~ne water heater (11) consists of a 2 kW cylindrical cartridge heater mounted concentrically within an insulated
tube, so that water flows along the annulus and over the surface of the neater. A switch (24) on the console
allows the heater to be switched on or off, to generate step changes when investigating the transient
responses of the recycle loop. To prevent overheating, the heater cannot operate unless the circulating pump
is switched on and fiowrates F1 and F2 are at least 1 l/min. The ‘Heater On’ LED (23) on the console is not
Ruminated if power to the heater has been cut by the protection circuit because the flow rates are too low.
To allow the volume of the loop to be changed, and hence to demonstrate the effect of residence time, a pair
of self-sealing fittings (14) allow a short length of pipe or a reservoir (18) to be connected in series with the
recycle loop. The arrangement permits different lengths of flexible tubing to be connected in series with the
loop, if it is required to create further changes in residence time. The clear acrylic reservoir incorporates an air
bleed screw (41) on the top to aid priming and draining.
Water temperatures at the inlet (T1), at the outlet (T3), and within the recycle loop after the heater (T2) are
measured using type K thermocouples (15), installed in tappings in the pipework. The flow rates are measured
at the inlet (F1), at the outlet (F3) and in the recycle loop (F2) using miniature turbine-type flow sensors (16).
Flow in the recycle loop can be varied from 0 to 3 l/min. The 'through flow' of water can be varied from 0 to
3 l/min. However, power to the heater will be cut if the flow in either stream is less than 1 l/min.
Cold fluid for the equipment is provided by an external cold water supply. A pressure regulator (17) after the
cold water supply inlet (4) minimises fluctuations in the supply pressure to maintain the flow at a steady rate.
A strainer built into the pressure regulator
PC-0055698 23 Issue 11 April 2016

traps particles in the water which could damage the regulator or flow sensors. A manual control valve ( 12)
allows the through flow of cold water to be varied as required.
Drain valves located at the rear left-hand side and front right-hand side of the pipework on the plinth top
allow the front and rear sections of the flow loop to be drained after use. A drain valve, located in a recess at
the left-hand end of the ABS support, allows the channel in the top of the moulded support plinth to be
drained, when necessary.
A mains switch (32), located on the front of the plinth below the control console, allows the TH4 to be turned
on and off as required and isolates all of the individual electrical circuits inside the plinth when switched off.
9.2 Rear of Unit

The following electrical devices are located on an electrical panel at the rear of the plinth:
The Residual Current Device (33) is a device for the protection of personnel in the event of an electrical fault
or short to earth. All electrical circuits inside the plinth are protected by this device. The operation, purpose
and testing of the Residual Current Device are explained in more detail on page 4 of this manual. Normal
operation of the equipment is achieved with the switch in the UP position.
The miniature circuit breakers (34, 35 & 36) are re-settable devices which protect individual electrical circuits
inside the plinth and console. These three circuit breakers protect the water heater (34), the low voltage DC
supplies (35) and the mains output socket (36). If any of these breakers are activated, this indicates a fault in
the particular circuit and if the breaker will not reset, further investigation will be required by a competent
electrician. Normal operation of the equipment is achieved with these switches in the UP position.
The service unit is provided with a 4-metre length of mains cable which is fitted with a plug to suit the mains
power input socket (39). The cable allows connection of the unit to an appropriate electrical supply.
The mains power output socket (40) is an extra mains power source used for driving external ancillary
equipment up to 1 Amp maximum.
The low voltage DC output socket (37) is used to provide 18 V dc for the motor on the circulating pump ( 10)
in the recycle loop.
The heater socket (38) is used to provide mains electrical power to the electrical heater (11) incorporated in
the recycle loop.
9.3 Electrical Console

The three thermocouples (T1, T2 & T3) installed on the equipment are numbered to allow connection to the
appropriate sockets (26, 27 & 28) on the front of the console.
The required temperature reading is selected via a switch (22) and displayed on the adjacent LCD panel meter
(21). Readings are displayed directly on the meter in units of °C (Temperature measurement range 4 to 100°C).
PC-0055698 24 Issue 11 April 2016

The three turbine type flow sensors (F1, F2 & F3) installed on the equipment are numbered to allow
connections to the appropriate sockets (29, 30 & 31) on the front of the console. The required flow reading is
selected via a switch (22) and displayed on the adjacent LCD panel meter (21). Readings are displayed directly
on the meter in units of litres per minute (flow measurement ranges are 1.0 to 3.00 l/min for F1, F2 & F3).
A 50 way IDC socket on the right hand side of the console (the Data I/O Port) allows all of the temperature
and flow measurements to be connected simultaneously to a PC via an optional Armfield interface device
which is supplied with the Data Logging Accessory. (The Data Logging Accessory includes Windows™ based
data logging software with appropriate teaching exercises to suit the TH4).
10 Installation
10.1 Advisory
Before operating the equipment, it must be unpacked, assembled and installed as described in the steps that
follow. Safe use of the equipment depends on following the correct installation procedure.
10.2 Electrical Supply Electrical
supply for version TH4-A

The equipment requires connection to a single phase, fused electrical supply. The standard electrical supply
for this equipment is 220/240V, 50Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of the electrical supply agree with
the label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connectioa.should be made as follows:
GREEN/YELLOW - EARTH
BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Fuse rating - 10 AMP
Electrical supply for version TH4-B

for this equipment is 120V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of the electrical supply agree with the
label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connection should be made as follows:
BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL
Electrical supply for version TH4-G

for this equipment is 220V, 60Hz. Check that the voltage and frequency of the electrical supply agree with the
label attached to the supply cable on the equipment. Connection should be made as follows:
PC-0055698 25 Issue 11 April 2016

BROWN - LIVE (HOT)
BLUE - NEUTRAL

10.3 Cold water supply
The unit requires connection to a source of clean, cold water with a minimum flowrate of 3.0 l/min @ 1 Bar
gauge. The temperature of the water supply is not critical for demonstration of the recycle loop but a source
of cold water at 20°C or less is ideal. Water at higher temperatures can be used but flowrates through the
equipment must be increased to prevent excessive temperatures in the equipment.
10.4 Laboratory drain

A suitable sink or floor drain is required to dispose of the water exiting the apparatus. (As the cooling water
used in this unit is only warmed in the recycle loop and does not become polluted, the water can be recycled
provided that the capacity of the system is large enough to minimise temperature rise as the various tests are
performed.)
A drain valve in the base of the plinth on the left-hand side also requires connection to a sink or floor drain
and is normally left open. This drain allows any water spilled on the plinth top to ce rrained from the collecting
channel in the plinth top.
10.5 Installing the optional TH Software

If ft s required to log data from TH4 using the optional TH software with a PC, please refer to t.-e sc^vare
installation instructions on the Armsoft CD ROM or data stick supplied with the accessory.
10.6 Installing the Equipment

Carefully remove the 'Recycle Loops' apparatus from its carton. Place the support plinth in a suitable location
on a firm work surface adjacent to a mains electrical socket. Do not connect the electrical supply at this stage.
The equipment will also require permanent connection to a cold water supply and a drain so this should be
considered when choosing a suitable location.
Carefully remove any transit packaging, taking care not to discard any of the loose items.
The equipment is supplied fully assembled and ready for operation with the exception of the clear acrylic
reservoir that is packed separately to avoid damage in transit. Place the reservoir on the support bracket that
is located behind the electrical console on the plinth top.
10.7 Commissioning
Refer to Figures 1, 2, & 3 in Equipment Diagrams section 8.
Note: When commissioning the TH4 apparatus, it is strongly recommended that flow readings are taken
using the built-in console display and NOT the optional data logging
PC-0055698 26 Issue 11 April 2016

software. The maximum flow rate measurable by the software is restricted due to signal voltage limitations.
Ensure that the flexible pipe is connected between the quick release fittings (14) in the recycle loop. Close the
cold water flow control valve (12).
Connect the cold water inlet (4) to the cold water supply using flexible tubing (not supplied). Secure the tubing
to the inlet using a pipe clip. Connect the hot water outlet ( 6) to a suitable drain using flexible tubing (not
supplied). Turn on the cold water supply.
Set the selector switch (22) on the console to position F1. Open the cold water flow control valve (12) fully. Pull
the grey knob on the pressure regulator (17) upwards - towards the right - then adjust the regulator until the
display (21) indicates 3.2 l/min (rotate the knob anticlockwise to decrease the flow, clockwise to increase the
flow).
Push the grey knob on the pressure regulator down to lock the setting.
With water flowing through the apparatus to drain, half-open the recycle flow control valve (13) then start the
circulating pump using the switch (25) on the console.
Slowly open then close the recycle flow control valve several times to force water through the pump bypass
(9) and remove all air from the pipe loop. Allow water to flow through the flow loop until all air has been
expelled.
Set the selector switch (22) position F1. Adjust the cold water flow control valve until the display ( 21) indicates
2.00 litre/min (do not vary the flow by changing the setting of the pressure regulator).
Set the selector switch (22) to position F2. Adjust the recycle flow control valve (13) until the display ( 21)
indicates 2.00 l/min.
Set the selector switch (22) to position T1 and observe that the display (21) indicates a sensible temperature
for the water in °C. Check that T2 and T3 are the same (no heating).
Set the selector switch to T2.

Switch on the heater (11) in the recycle loop using the heater on/off switch (24) on the console.
Note: If the heater is switched on with no water in the system or the flow of water in either loop is less than
1 l/min then a protection circuit will operate and turn off the power to the heater to prevent damage to the
equipment. The ‘Heater On’ LED (23) on the console will not be illuminated if F1 or F2 is set below 1 l/min. The
protection circuit will automatically restore power to the heater when normal operating conditions are
restored - by turning on or increasing the flow of cold water through the equipment.
Observe that the temperature of the water in the loop gradually rises and stabilises at an elevated value.
Check that T2 > T3 >T1.
Switch off the heater and observe that the temperatures gradually return to ambient values. Check operation
of the reservoir as follows:

Close the cold water flow control valve (12) and switch off the heater and circulating pump.
Remove the loop of flexible pipe from the quick release fittings (14) by pressing the button on each fitting.
Remove the reservoir (18) from its storage bracket at the rear of the
PC-0055698 27 Issue 11 April 2016

equipment and connect it to the quick release fittings. Ensure that the reservoir is located correctly over the
two fittings then press downwards until the fittings latch.
Remove the air bleed screw (located on top of the clear acrylic reservoir). Open the cold water flow control
valve (12) fully to allow water to flow through the apparatus to drain. Halfopen the recycle flow control valve
(13) then start the circulating pump. While the reservoir is filling with water adjust the position of the recycle
flow control valve to ensure that the clear stand-pipe inside the reservoir remains filled with water (if the level
falls near to the bottom close the recycle valve until the stand-pipe remains filled). When the level inside the
r
eservoir is above the stand-pipe, refit and tighten the air bleed screw.
Slowly open then close the recycle flow control valve several times to force water through the pump bypass
(9) and remove all air from the pipe loop. Allow water to flow through the flow loop until all air has been
expelled.
Close the cold water flow control valve and switch off the circulating pump. Remove the air bleed screw on
top of the reservoir, open the drain valve at the rear of the apparatus (left hand side of heater assembly) then
allow the reservoir to drain. When empty the reservoir can be removed by pressing the catch on both quick
release connectors at the same time. ~ne reservoir should be replaced on the bracket at the rear of the
console. The air bleed screw should be replaced on the top of the reservoir. The flexible pipe should be
connected zer.seen the two quick release connectors.
_
-e :asic operation of the 'Recycle Loops' apparatus has been confirmed. Refer to the Ope'=:ion section for
further information.
10.8 Electrical Wiring Diagram

Please see the following wiring diagrams attached at the rear of this manual. If you are viewing this
manual electronically please see accompanying pdf.
Wiring Diagram CDM27984H

11 Operation
Where necessary, refer to the drawings in Equipment Diagrams section 8.
11.1 Operating the optional TH Software

If it is required to log data from TH4 using the optional TC software with a PC, please refer to the software
operating instructions on the Armsoft CD ROM or data stick supplied with the TH Data Logging Accessory.
11.2 Operating the Equipment

11.2.1 Setting the cold water pressure regulator
Ensure that the reservoir (18) or a length of flexible tubing is connected between the two self-sealing-fittings
(14) in the recycle loop, as required for the particular demonstration.
Close the cold water flow control valve (12).
Connect the cold water inlet (4) to the cold water supply using flexible tubing (not supplied). Secure the tubing
to the inlet using a pipe clip. Connect the hot water outlet ( 6) to a suitable drain using flexible tubing (not
supplied). Turn on the cold water supply.
Set the selector switch (22) on the console to position F1. Open the cold water flow control valve (12) fully. Pull
the grey knob on the pressure regulator (17) upwards - towards the right - then adjust the regulator until the
PC-0055698 28 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd Insiruction Manual TH4
display (21) indicates 3.2 l/min (3.0 l/min if using the optional software). Rotate the knob anticlockwise to
decrease the flow, clockwise to increase the flow.
Push the grey knob on the pressure regulator down to lock the setting.
11.2.2 Priming the flow loop (When not using the clear acrylic reservoir)
Ensure that the loop of pipe is fitted between the two self-sealing fittings (14). With water flowing through the
apparatus to drain, half-open the recycle flow control valve (13) then start the circulating pump using the
switch (25) on the console. Slowly open then close the recycle flow control valve (13) several times to force
water through the pump bypass (9). Allow water to flow through the flow loop until all air has been expelled.
11.2.3 Priming the flow loop (When using the clear acrylic reservoir)
Ensure that the reservoir is securely fitted by pressing it down onto the self-sealing fittings until they both
latch. Ensure that with water is flowing through the apparatus to drain. Remove the air bleed screw (located
on the top of the clear acrylic reservoir). Open the recycle flow control valve (13) half-way then operate the
pump and allow the vessel to fill with water. Adjust the recycle flow control flow control valve if necessary to
ensure that the stand-pipe inside the reservoir does not empty completely. When the reservoir has filled to a
level above the stand-pipe replace and tighten the air bleed screw. Slowly open then close the recycle flow
control valve several times to force water through the pump bypass. Allow water to flow through the flow
loop until all air has been expelled.
11.2.4 Setting and measuring the water flowrate (Through flow)

Set the selector switch (22) position F1. Adjust the cold water flow control valve (12) until the display ( 21)
indicates the required 'through flow' in the range 1.00 - 3.00 l/min (1.00 to 2.80 l/min if using the software).
Do not vary the flow by changing the setting of the pressure
PC-0055698 29 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd Insiruction Manual TH4
Jin in mi liiiiui jjjjjjjjiuimui
regulator. The minimum 'through flow1 (F1) is limited to 1.00 l/min to prevent excessive temperatures in the
equipment. If the ‘Heater On’ LED is not illuminated when the heater is switched on then the 'through-flow'
or the 'recycle flow' must be increased as appropriate to prevent over-heating.
Note: When fully primed, the inflow (F1) and outflow (F2) must always be the same.
11.2.5 Setting and Measuring the water flowrate (Recycle flow)

Set the selector switch (22) to position F2. Switch on the recycle pump (switch 25) then adjust the recycle flow
control valve (13) until the display (21) indicates the required recycle flow in the range 1.00 - 3.00 l/min (1.00 -
2.80 l/min if using the software). The minimum 'recycle flow' (F2) is limited to 1.00 l/min to prevent excessive
temperatures in the equipment. If the ‘Heater On’ LED is not illuminated when the heater is switched on then
the 'through flow' or the 'recyete .flow'roust be increased as appropriate to prevent over-heating.
11.2.6 Applying a step change to the heater

The heater (11) in the recycle loop can be switched on or off as required to create a step change of
temperature in the system. The heater is operated using the heater on/off switch 24) on the console.
Note: £ the heater is switched on with no water in the system, or the flow of water is not a:ei_=:e then a
protection circuit will operate and turn off the power to the heater to prevent ; = ~age to the equipment.
The ‘Heater On' LED (23) on the console will not illuminate if or F2 is less than 1.00 l/min. The protection
h circuit will automatically restore :: the heater when normal operating conditions are restored - by turning on
or
- —ess Tg the flow of cold water through the equipment.
11.2.7 Measuring the temperatures in the system
Set the selector switch (22) to position T1, T2 or T3 as required. The display (21) indicates the appropriate
temperature in the range 4 - 1 0 0 °C. Maximum operating temperature is typically 70 °C at T2.
IJJ JJJJ
PC-0055698 30 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd Instruction
Manual TH4
12 Equipment Specifications
12.1 USB Channel Numbers

The channel numbers for the USB port are listed below for information:
PC-0055698 31 Issue 11 April

2016
Pin No Channel No Signal Function

■i
Analog Out puts (0-5 V dc exported from socket):
1-4 Not used
5 Ch 2 Signal Temperature T1 (0-100°C)
6 Ch 2 Return
7 Ch 3 Signal Temperature T2 (0 - 100°C)
8 Ch 3 Return
9 Ch 4 Signal Temperature T3 (0 - 100°C)
10 Ch 4 Return
11 Ch 5 Signal Flow F1 (0 - 3.0 l/min)
12 Ch 5 Return
13 Ch 6 Signal Flow F2 (0 - 3.0 l/min)
14 Ch 6 Return
15 Ch 7 signal Flow F3 (0 - 3.0 l/min)
16 Ch 7 return
17-21 Not used
Analog Inputs (0-5V dc input from socket):
22-25 Not used
Digital Outputs (0-5V dc):

....... ....................... ..............................................
L26-37
--- ---------------------------
Not Used - . .... ,. ....................... .... ........ ........ ...............
Digital Inputs (0-5V dc): ■ -• •-

•
38-50 Not used
PC-0055698 32 Issue 11 April

2016
12.2 Environmental Conditions

This equipment has been designed for operation in the following environmental conditions. Operation outside
of these conditions may result reduced performance, damage to the equipment or hazard to the operator.
a. Indoor use;
b. Altitude up to 2000 m;
c. Temperature 5 °C to 40 °C;
d. Maximum relative humidity 80 % for temperatures up to 31 °C, decreasing linearly to 50 % relative
humidity at 40 °C;
e. Mains supply voltage fluctuations up to ±10% of the nominal voltage;
f. Transient over-voltages typically present on the MAINS supply;
Note: The normal level of transient over-voltages is impulse withstand (over-voltage) category II of
IEC 60364-4-443;
g. Pollution degree 2.
Normally only nonconductive pollution occurs.
Temporary conductivity caused by condensation is to be expected.
Typical of an office or laboratory environment.
PC-0055698 33 Issue 11 April 2016

13 Routine Maintenance
13.1 Responsibility
To preserve the life and efficient operation of the equipment it is important that the equipment is properly
maintained. Regular maintenance of the equipment is the responsibility of the end user and must be performed
by qualified personnel who understand the operation of the equipment.
13.2 General
In addition to regular maintenance the following notes should be observed:
1. The equipment should be disconnected from the electrical supply when not in use.
2. The pipework and reservoir associated with the recycle loop and the channel in the support plinth base
should be drained after use. Drain valves located at the rear left- hand side and front right-hand side of
the pipework on the plinth top allow the front and rear sections of the flow loop to be drained after use.
A drain valve, located in a recess at the left-hand end of the ABS support, allows the channel in the top
of the moulded support plinth to be drained, when necessary.
Note: Before removing the reservoir close the cold water flow control valve, switch off the circulating
pump, open the rear drain valve then unscrew the bleed screw on the top of the reservoir until the
reservoir has drained. Press the latches on both quick release fittings at the base of the reservoir to detach
it.
3. The various plugs and sockets on the equipment should be given a light spray of de- moisturising
lubricant at regular intervals to ensure smooth and reliable connections.
4. Test the RCD by pressing the TEST button at least once a month. If the RCD does not trip when the TEST
button in pressed then the equipment must not be used and should be checked by a competent
electrician.
5. Re-calibration of the thermocouple conditioning circuits.

The thermocouple conditioning circuits (which provide readings from the three thermocouples fitted to
the flow loop) are located on a PCB inside the electrical console. These circuits are calibrated before
despatch and should not require recalibration. However, should recalibration become necessary the
appropriate zero and span potentiometers can be located using the diagram below.
A Type K thermocouple simulator should be connected to each socket in turn on the front of the console
and the corresponding zero and span potentiometers adjusted to calibrate the circuit. Calibration at 0°C
(zero potentiometer) and 100°C (span potentiometer) is recommended.
If a thermocouple simulator is not available then a Type K thermocouple (E.g. a thermocouple can be
removed from the quick release fitting at one of the measuring points) can be used with crushed ice and
boiling water as the reference points.
PC-0055698 34 Issue 11 April 2016

ntmmuttmu
Note: Maintenance of the TH4 Recycle Loops apparatus does not require access to the electrical circuits or
components located inside the moulded plinth. However, in the event of an electrical problem, it may be
necessary for a competent electrician to gain access to the inside of the moulding as follows:
Ensure that the equipment is disconnected from the electrical supply (not just switched off).
Disconnect the cold water supply.

Unscrew the channel drain valve located in the recess at the left-hand end of the moulded plinth.
Disconnect the electrical leads to the heater and circulating pump from the electrical panel at the rear oTthe
plinth.
Carefully remove the front panel from the electrical console by unscrewing the four fixings.
Disconnect the electrical connections between the top and bottom plinth sections by disconnecting the
appropriate connectors.
Unscrew the six fixings around the periphery of the plinth top.
Carefully lift the top moulded section away from the bottom moulded section and place the top section in a
suitable location.
The electrical circuits inside the bottom moulded plinth section are accessible for working on.
A circuit diagram showing the mains and DC electrical circuits inside the plinth is included in Electrical Wiring
Diagram section 10.8 to assist in fault finding.
Should it be necessary to remove the PCB from inside the electrical console then the PCB Connections diagram
below shows the location and function of the electrical connectors on the PCB to aid re-assembly. Re-assembly
of the equipment is the inverse of the above instructions.
PC-0055698 35 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual jH4
OVERTEMP HEATER
FLOW (irt4nin)
I! El B IE
TEMPERATURE ("O
PCB Connections
PC-0055698 34 Issue 11 April 2016

t t tmu t m tm tmm Ltnm tti tmti
Manual TH4
ZERO
SPAN
Location of Temperature Calibration Potentiometers on PCB
PC-0055698 35 Issue 11
April 2016
14 Laboratory Teaching Exercises
14.1 Index to Exercises
Exercise A - Steady State Mass Balance Exercise
B - Steady State Heat Balance Exercise C -
Unsteady State Heat Balance Exercise D - Steady
Flow Energy Equation Exercise E - Response
rates
When using the appropriate Armfield Teaching Software (optional accessory) the Teaching Exercises may
differ, particularly in the suggested flow rates, and it is recommended that reference is made to the help text
incorporated in the software rather than this manual.
Due to voltage limits on the sensor signals, the software cannot measure flow rates above
3.0 l/min. Flow rates higher than this will be displayed as 3.0 l/min. When operating at flows close to this
value, it is recommended that the flow rate displayed on the integrated control console is also monitored, to
ensure that any deviation above the 3.0 l/min software limit is noted.
PC-0055698 36 Issue 11 April 2016

14.2 Nomenclature
The following nomenclature has been used for the theory presented in this manual:
Name Symbol jllnit Type Definition

| :>V ' -
Time t S
Used in theory Time taken for a given volume of water
to pass a given point.
Volume V m3/s Used in theory Volume of water passing a given point

in a given time.
Inside diameter d m Diameter of the pipe at the point of

of pipe ,8.10 mm temperature measurement. This is the
same for all three locations.
(0.0081 m)
Area of pipfe A m2 Calculated Area of the pipe at the point of
temperature measurement
A = Tt d2
Density of water P kg/m3 Referenced Density of water entering system.

Referenced using inlet flow
temperature.
Recorded inlet Fi l/min Recorded Flow rate at inlet, recorded from flow
flow rate meter display
Recorded F2 l/min Recorded Flow rate in recycle loop, recorded from

recycle flow rate flow meter display
Recorded outlet F3 l/min Recorded Flow rate at outlet, recorded from flow
flow rate meter display
Volume flow rate Qv m3/s Used in theory °v" 7
Inlet volume Qvi m3/s Calculated Q - Fl v1 60,000

flow rate
Recycle volume QV2 m3/s Calculated Q - F2 v2 60,000

flow rate
Outlet volume QV3 m3/s Calculated Q - Fs v3 60,000

flow rate
Inlet mass flow Qm1 kg/s Calculated

rate Mass flow rate at inlet Qm1 “ p Qv1
PC-0055698 37 Issue 11 April 2016

PC-0055698 38 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield Ltd Instruction Manual
Recycle mass Qm2 kg/s Calculated Mass flow rate through the recycle
flow rate loop
Qm2 = P QV2
Outlet mass flow Qm3 kg/s Calculated Mass flow rate at outlet
rate
Qm3 = p QV3
Inlet flow U1 m/s Calculated Velocity of the fluid at the inlet

velocity
Recycle flow U2 m/s Calculated Velocity of the fluid in the recycle loop
velocity - „ Qv2 u2 = —
Outlet flow U3 m/s Calculated Velocity of the fluid at the outlet

velocity „ QV3 u3= —
Inlet Ti °C Recorded Temperature of water measured at

temperature inlet
Recycle t2 °C Recorded Temperature of water in recycle loop

temperature
Outlet t3 °C Recorded Temperature of water measured at

temperature outlet
Steady state Ts °C Recorded Final steady temperature reached by

temperature outlet flow in unsteady-state
experiments
Heat input H J Calculated Combined heat input of heater and

pump
Specific heat C J/kg/K Referenced Specific heat capacity of water.

capacity Referenced using inlet flow
temperature.
Enthalpy of h J/kg Referenced Enthalpy of water. Referenced using

water fluid temperature at required point in
system.
Heat transfer QT J/s Calculated Rate of heat transfer from heater and
rate pump to fluid.
PC-0055698 39 Issue 11 April 2016

Armfield
Ltd
TSO-JC&OC Manual TH4 (hi -h3) + i (i32 -ui2)

QT =QI
PC-
0055698
40 Issue 11 April 2016

14.3 Data Sheet 1
Manual TH4
Temp. Temp. Density Temp. Temp. Density
water water water water water water
°C K kg / m3 °C K kg / m3
1 274.15 999.9015 46 319.15 989.7944
2 275.15 999.9429 47 320.15 989.3657
3 276.15 999.9672 48 321.15 988.9303
4 277.15 999.9750 49 322.15 988.4881
5 278.15 999.9668 50 323.15 988.0393
6 279.15 999.9432 51 324.15 987.5839
7 280.15 99 9.9045 52 325.15 987.1220
8 281.15 999.8512 53 326.15 986.6537
9 282.15 999.7838 54 327.15 986.1791
10 283.15 999.7026 55 328.15 985.6982
11 284.15 999.6081 56 329.15 985.2111
12 285.15 999.5004 57 330.15 984.7178
13 286.15 9WMfn 58 331.15 984.2185
14 287.15 999.2474 59 332.15 983.7132
15 288.15 999.1026 60 333.15 983.2018
16 289.15 998.9460 61 334.15 982.6846
17 290.15 998.7779 62 335.15 982.1615
18 291.15 998.5986 63 336.15 981.6327
19 292.15 998.4082 64 337.15 981.0981
20 293.15 998.2071 65 338.15 980.5578
21 294.15 997.9955 66 339.15 980.0118
22 295.15 997.7735 67 340.15 979.4603
23 296.15 997.5415 68 341.15 978.9032
24 297.15 997.2995 69 342.15 978.3406
25 298.15 997.0479 70 343.15 977.7726
26 299.15 996.7867 71 344.15 977.1991
27 300.15 996.5162 72 345.15 976.6203
28 301.15 996.2365 73 346.15 976.0361
29 302.15 995.9478 74 347.15 975.4466
30 303.15 995.6502 75 348.15 974.8519
31 304.15 995.3440 76 349.15 974.2520
32 305.15 995.0292 77 350.15 973.6468
33 306.15 994.7060 78 351.15 973.0366
34 307.15 994.3745 79 352.15 972.4212
35 308.15 994.0349 80 353.15 971.8007
36 309.15 993.6872 81 354.15 971.1752
37 310.15 993.3316 82 355.15 970.5446
38 311.15 992.9683 83 356.15 969.9091
39 312.15 992.5973 84 357.15 969.2686
40 313.15 992.2187 85 358.15 968.6232
41 314.15 991.8327 86 359.15 967.9729
42 315.15 991.4394 87 360.15 967.3177
43 316.15 R9T0MP 88 361.15 966.6576
44 317.15 990.6310 89 362.15 995.9927
45 318.15 990.2162 90 363.15 965.3230
Density of Water
PC-0055698 41 Issue
11 April 2016
14.4 Data Sheet 2
Manual TH4
Temp. Temp. Specific Temp. Temp. Specific
water water heat water water water heat water
°C K J/kg/K °C K J/kg/K
itfwirnmrmmxmrnirnjmrmnimmw
1 274.15 4.2141 46 319.15 4.1797

2 275.15 4.2107 47 320.15 4.1799
3 276.15 4.2077 48 321.15 4.1802
4 277.15 4.2048 49 322.15 4.1804
5 278.15 4202.2 50 323.15 4.1807
6 279.15 4.1999 51 324.15 4.1810
7 280.15 4.1977 52 325.15 4.1814
8 281.15 4.1957 53 326.15 4.1817
9 282.15 4.1939 54 327.15 4.1820
10 283.15 4.1922 55 328.15 4.1824
11 284.15 4.1907 56 329.15 4.1828
12 285.15 4.1893 57 330.15 4.1832
13 286.15 4.1880 58 331.15 4.1836
14 287.15 4.1869 59 332.15 4.1840
15 288.15 4.1858 60 333.15 4.1844
16 289.15 4.1849 61 334.15 4.1849
17 290.15 4.1840 62 335.15 4.1853
18 291.15 4.1832 63 336.15 4.1858
19 292.15 4.1825 64 337.15 4.1863
20 293.15 4.1819 65 338.15 4.1868
21 294.15 4.1813 66 339.15 4.1874
22 295.15 4.1808 67 340.15 4.1879
23 296.15 4.1804 68 341.15 4.1885
24 297.15 4.1800 69 342.15 4.1890
25 298.15 4.1796 70 343.15 4.1896
26 299.15 4.1793 71 344.15 4.1902
27 300.15 4.1790 72 345.15 4.1908
28 301.15 4.1788 73 346.15 4.1915
29 302.15 4.1786 74 347.15 4.1921
30 303.15 4.1785 75 348.15 4.1928
31 304.15 4.1784 76 349.15 4.1935
32 305.15 4.1783 77 350.15 4.1942
33 306.15 4.1783 78 351.15 4.1949
34 307.15 4.1782 79 352.15 4.1957
35 308.15 4.1782 80 353.15 4.1964
36 309.15 4.1783 81 354.15 4.1972
37 310.15 4A1783 82 355.15 4.1980
38 311.15 4.1784 83 356.15 4.1988
39 312.15 4.1785 84 357.15 4.1997
40 313.15 4.1786 85 358.15 4.2005
41 ' 314.15 4.1787 86 359.15 4.2014
42 315.15 4.1789 87 360.15 4.2023
43 316.15 4.1791 88 361.15 4.2032
44 317.15 4.1792 89 362.15 4.2042
45 318.15 4.1797 ! 90 363.15 4.2051
Specific Heat Capacity of Water
PC-0055698 42 Issue
11 April 2016
Manual TH4
PC-0055698 43 Issue
11 April 2016
14.5 Data Sheet 3
Manual TH4
Temp. Temp. Enthalpy Temp. Temp. Enthalpy
water water of water J1 water water of water J
°C K kg °C K / kg
x 103 x 103
28.96 302.11 121.46 130.0 403.15 546.31
30.00 303.15 125.79 127.4 400.55 535.37

36.16 309.31 151.53 133.6 406.75 561.47
40.00 313.15 167.57 138.9 412.05 584.33
41.51 314.66 173.88 140.0 413.15 589.13
45.81 318.96 191.83 143.6 416.75 604.74
50.00 323.15 209.33 147.9 421.05 623.25
60.06 333.15 251.13 150.0 423.15 632.20
69.10 342.25 289.23 151.9 425.05 640.23
• 75.87 349.02 317.58 158.9 432.05 670.56
81.33 354.48 340.49 160.0 433.15 675.55
85.94 359.09 359.86 165.0 438.15 697.22
89.95 363.10 376.70 170.4 443.55 721.11
93.50 366.45 391.66 175.4 448.55 742.83
96.71 369.86 405.15 180.0 453.15 763.22
99.63 372.78 417.46 198.3 471.45 844.84
111.4 384.55 467.11 212.4 485.55 908.79
120.2 393.35 504.70
Enthalpy of water at atmospheric pressure
PC-0055698 44 Issue
11 April 2016
n rmtit m tr i m t mt m tm tmmtr t
15 Exercise A - Steady State MassInstruction

Armfield Ltd Balance
Manual TH4
Cold water supply

| Pressure regulator
Recycle
loop
pump
Fx = Flow sensor Tx =
Temperature sensor
Objective
To demonstrate the effect of recycle on the total mass flow rate of a system Method
To vary the flow through a recycle loop, while observing the inlet and outlet flow rates of the whole system.
Theory
The recycle loop apparatus may be simply modelled as a generic system, with an inflow (from the water
supply) and an outflow (to the drain).
Inlet Outlet Flow
Under steady state conditions, for equilibrium, the rate of mass flow entering a system must equal the rate of
mass flow leaving a system. The mass flow rate, Qm, is the mass of fluid passing a point in a given time. It may
be calculated as:
PC-0055698 45 Issue 11 April 2016

where
Manual TH4
p = density of fluid (1000 kg/m3 for water)
V = volume of fluid, in m3
t = time in seconds for volume V to pass a given point

V /1 is the volume flow rate, Qv, which can be measured using the flow meters included with the apparatus.
The flow meters measure the volume flow rate in litres per minute, which should be converted into cubic
metres per second using the formula:
Volume flow rate,Qv (m3/s)= Recordedflow rate,F (1/min)

60,000
The mass flow rate may then be calculated as

Qm = p Qv
The recycle loop apparatus includes elements inside the simple system model:
Inlet
Outlet Flow
However, the mass balance for
the overall system should theoretically remain
unchanged. Equipment Set Up

To set up the recycle loop apparatus, you will need to complete the recycle loop. Use the short length of
tubing provided to connect the two self-sealing couplings on the unit.
Check that the inlet is connected to the water supply, and the outlet to a suitable drain.
Check that the heater switch and the pump switch are both in the off (up) position.
Switch on the console, and fully open both the inlet and recycle loop valves.
Use the rotary selector switch on the console to display the output from the inlet flow meter F1 on the digital
meter. Turn on the water supply and increase the pressure slowly to give an indicated flow rate of
approximately 3.5 l/min, then close the pressure regulator to give a flow rate of approximately 3.2 l/min.
Switch on the recycle pump, and allow about five minutes for the air in the system to disperse. Open and
close the recycle loop valve a few times to help in this process.
Switch off the recycle loop pump and close both valves until you are ready to begin the experiment.
Procedure
Turn the rotary selector switch on the console to select the output from the inlet flow meter F1 on the display.
Adjust the inlet valve to give an indicated flowrate of about 1 litre/min.
PC-0055698 46 Issue 11 April 2016

ii 1111 mi m immimmimmtHimmtku
Armfield Ltd Use the rotary selector switch toInstruction
change the display between the sensors as required, record the inlet and
Manual outlet flowrates F1 & F3, and the inlet TH4flow temperature T1. Use the inlet flow temperature and the table
provided in Data Sheet 1 section 14.3 to find the inlet flow density.
Change the display to give the output from the recycle loop flow meter F2. Turn on the recycle loop pump,
and open the recycle loop valve to give an indicated recycle flowrate of about 1 litre/min. Wait for the flow
velocities to stabilise.
Record the flowrates for the inlet, the outlet, and the recycle loop.
Continue to open the recycle loop valve to give recycle flow rate increments of approximately 0.5 l/min,
recording the flowrates at each step. Do not exceed 3 l/min as readings will not be accurate from the flow
meter.
Repeat the whole experiment for a range of inlet flowrates. Do not exceed 3.0 l/min as readings will not be
accurate from the flow meter.
Results
Tabulate yoUr results under the following headings:
Temperature of inlet flow: Density of water at inlet:

°C = K
kg/m3
Inlet Recycle Outle Inlet Recycle Outlet Inlet Recycle Outlet

flow loop flow t flow loop flow flow mass loop mass mass
rate rate flow rate rate rate flow flow rate flow
rate rate rate
Cm2
Fi F2 Q«i 0^2 Ov3 Qmt kq/s Om3
l/min l/min F3 m3/s m /s
3 m3/s kp/s . kg/s _
l/min
Conclusions
Describe the effect on the inlet and outlet mass flow rates when the recycle rate is changed. Does this agree
with the theoretical result for the steady state mass balance?
i
PC-0055698 47 Issue 11 April 2016

Manual TH4
16 Exercise B - Steady State Heat Balance
Cold vâter supply To drain
I Pressure regulator
Recycle
loop
pump
Temperature sensor
Objective
To investigate the Steady State Heat Balance equation applied to a recycle loop.
Method
To vary the flow rate through a recycle loop, whilst heating the recycle fluid and observing the temperatures
of the inlet, outlet, and recycle loop flow.
Theory
A heat balance over the whole system shows that
T3 = Ti + ( H / QviC ) Equation (1)
where H is the combined heat input of the pump and heater
C is the specific heat capacity of water
Qvi is the volume flow rate at the inlet ( = Qvo, from Exercise A)
T1 is the inlet flow temperature
T3 is the outlet flow temperature

This is independent of the recycle rate. Similarly, a heat balance across the heater gives
the relationship:
Equation (2)
T2 = T, + ( H / QviC ) + ( H / QvrC )
PC-
0055698 48
Issue 11 April 2016
Armfield Ltd TH4
Equipment Set Up
tubing provided to con-ect the two self-sealing couplings on the unit.
Check that the inlet is connected to the water supply, and the outlet to a suitable drain.
Check that the heater switch and the pump switch are both in the off (up) position.
Use the rotary selector switch on the console to display the output from the inlet flow meter F1 on the digital
meter. Turn on the water supply and increase the pressure slowly to give an indicated flow rate of
approximately 3.5 l/min, then close the pressure regulator to give a flow rate of approximately 3.2 l/min.
Switch on the recycle pump, and allow about five minutes for the air in the system to disperse. Open and
close the recycle loop valve a few times to help in this process.
Switch off the recycle loop pump and close both valves until you are ready to begin the experiment.
Procedure
Open the inlet valve to give an inlet flow rate of approximately 1.5 l/min.
Open the recycle loop valve, and then switch on the recycle loop pump. Adjust the recycle oop valve to give
a low flow rate through the recycle loop (typically 1 l/min).
Switch on the heater.
Record the inlet flow rate and temperature. These can be assumed to be constants for each set of results.
Record the recycle loop flow rate, and the recycle loop and outlet temperatures.
Open the recycle loop valve in stages, to give a series of recycle rates. At each step, record the recycle loop
flow rate and temperature, and the outlet temperature.
Results
Tabulate your results under the following headings:
Inlet flow rate Qvi: l/min = m3/s
Inlet temperature Ti: °C = K
Heater power setting: W
PC-0055698 49 Issue 11 April 2016

Recycle loop Recycle volume Recycle Outlet 11

flow rate flow rate Ov2 m3/s temperature temperature Qv-l QV2
F2 T2 T3
l/min
°C K °C K
Convert the gauge temperatures from Celsius into Kelvin (add 273.15).
For each constant inlet flow rate, plot a graph of the recycle temperature, T 2 (in Kelvin), against (1/Qvi + 1/Qv2).
From Equation (2) in the theory, under steady-state conditions the gradient of this graph will be (H/C) and the
intercept with the y-axis will be (T1 + (H/QX)). H can then be found by obtaining the specific heat of water at
the recycle temperature, using the table provided in Data Sheet 2 section 14.4.
Conclusion
Does the recycle rate affect the temperature of the outlet flow, for constant inlet flow rate? Comment
on the heat input obtained from the graphs.

Is there any noticeable heat difference between the inlet and outlet flow temperatures when the heater is
switched off? What does this suggest about the heat input from the recycle loop pump?
PC-0055698 50 Issue 11 April 2016

Manual TH4
17 Exercise C - Unsteady State Heat Balance
Cold water supply I

Recycle
loop
pump
Pressure regulator
Temperature sensor
In unsteady state experiments both the inlet flow and recycle flow are fixed, and the heater is switched either
on or off. The apparatus takes several minutes to respond.
Theory
A heat balance for a small time interval, dt, in which the outlet temperature, T3, changes by dT gives
QviCT 1 + H + QviCT3 + VC ( dT / dt) (1)
where
V is the volume of the recycle circuit
PC-
0055698 51
Issue 11 April 2016
T1 is the inlet (initial) temperature of the fluid
C is the specific heat capacity of the fluid
Qvi is the volume flow rate during the time interval
Using Eq. (1) from Exercise B to eliminate H, and then integrating from T1 at time 0 gives
In [(Ts — T3 ) / (T* — T1)] = Q, / V (2)

Ts thus rises exponentially to the steady-state temperature Ts when the heater is switched on, and falls
exponentially to the temperature T1 when the heater is switched off. The time constant is independent of the
heater power and the recycle rate, but depends on Qvi, the inlet flow rate, and the volume of the system, V.
PC-0055698 52 Issue 11 April 2016

Equipment Set Up
Check that the inlet pipe is connected to the water supply, and the outlet pipe runs to a suitable drain.
Turn on the water supply, wait until water is flowing through the system, and then switch on the recycle loop
pump.
Open and close the recycle loop valve a few times to help disperse any air present.
Wait a few seconds until all the air is pumped from the system, then switch off the recycle loop pump and
close both valves until you are ready to begin the experiment.
Procedure
Open the irHet valve and the recycle loop valve. Switch on the recycle loop pump, and wait a few moments
for the system to stabilise.
If using automatic data logging, set the data logger or computer to log at five-second intervals.
If recording manually, note the inlet flow rate and temperature and the recycle rate; these may be assumed
constant for each set of results.
Begin logging or manual recording of the outlet and recycle loop temperatures as the heater is switched on.
If using manual recording, record the values at five-second intervals until the outlet temperature reaches a
constant or near-constant value. This is the steady-state temperature, Ts. If using automatic logging, the inlet
flow rate and temperature and the recycle rate may also be monitored.
Start a new results table, and begin logging or manual recording of the same parameters, this time as the
heater is switched off. Record or log at five-second intervals until the outlet temperature stabilises again.
Results
Inlet flow rate Qvi: l/min = m3/s

Inlet temperature Ti: °C K
Recycle rate QV2: l/min = m3/s
Steady-state temperature Ts: K
PC-0055698 53 Issue 11 April 2016

PC-0055698 54 Issue 11 April 2016

c Armfield Ltd
Elapsed
time
t
Recycle temperature
°c
T2
K °C
Outlet temperature
Instruction Manual T3
K
In [ ’ T3 )~|
,(VTi)
TH4
For each set of results, Tind TheTinal outlet temperature, and use this value as the value of
Ts.
Convert the gauge temperatures from Celsius into Kelvin (add 273.15).
Choose two example sets of results, one where the heater was switched off, and a second where the heater
was switched on. For these two results, plot a graph of T3 against elapsed time.
(TS-T3)~
In (VT-I).
For each inlet flow rate, plot a graph of For against time.
each graph, find the gradient -Q / V.

Plot a graph of the gradients against the inlet flow rate, Qvi. This graph should give a straight line of slope 1/V
through the origin.
Conclusion
Comment on the shape of the graphs of T3 against time. Does the shape match the expected result?
frs-T3)'
In (VT-i).
Discuss the results obtained from the graphs of against Qvi. against time and gradients
PC-0055698 55 Issue 11 April 2016

18 Exercise D - Steady Flow Energy Equation

Cold water supply To drain
| y Pressure regulator
AVVVVV1
Water heater Recycle

loop
pump
Additional
volume
Temperature sensor
Objective
To investigate the steady flow energy equation applied to a recycle loop.
Method
To calculate the heat transfer rate at a range of recycle rates, using the steady flow energy equation.
Theory
The steady flow energy equation may be stated as follows:
(h3- hi)+i(u32 - u12)+g(z3-z1)

QT-QW = QI
QT is the rate of heat transfer to the system
where
Qw is the work done by the system
Qm is the mass flow rate through the system
h is the enthalpy of the fluid
u is the velocity of the fluid
z is the height of the fluid above a datum
g is the acceleration due to gravity,
PC-
0055698 56
Issue 11 April 2016
and theLtdsubscripts
Armfield 1 and 3 refer to the inlet and the outlet
Instmction of the control volume respectively (the control
Manual TH4
volume can be considered to coincide with temperature sensors T1 and T3).
With the TH4 apparatus, some assumptions may be made to simplify this equation:
The inlet and outlet are at the same height, so the potential energy term g(z3 - Zi) goes to zero.
The system does no work, so the Qw term becomes negligible. The equation then becomes:
(hi - QT =QI
h3)+i ^32 -U!2)
Qt may be determined fry •experiment, by measuring the inlet and outlet flow rates and
temperatures, providing that the pipe diameter at inlet and outlet of the control volume is known.
Equipmentêt Up
pump.
Procedure
Open the inlet valve and the recycle loop valve. Switch on the recycle loop pump and the heater, and wait
for the outlet temperature to reach a steady value.
Take readings from each of the flow meters and temperature sensors.
Close the recycle valve a little to reduce the recycle rate, and repeat the readings.
Continue to close the recycle valve a little at a time, taking readings at each recycle rate.
Change the flow rate using the inlet valve, and repeat the experiment.
Continue to close the inlet valve a little at a time, and repeat the experiment until readings have been obtained
for a full range of inlet flow rates.
Determine the inlet and outlet enthalpies from the temperatures measured, using the reference table
provided in Data Shes- ? section 14.5. The inlet and outlet velocities may be determined from the inlet and ou
t f: v ate nd the pipe diameter:
Ul = u3 =
d2/4
and
PC-0055698 5: Issue 11 April 2016

A value for the pipe diameter at the point of flow measurement has been provided in the
nomenclature.
The inlet mass flow rate may be determined from the inlet flow rate and the inlet flow density. The density
may be found from the inlet temperature, using the reference table provided in Data Sheet 1 section 14.3.
QT, the rate of heat transfer, may then be determined.

Results
Density of water under experimental conditions:
Diameter of pipe:
PC-0055698 54 Issue 11 April 2016

CO co
jij
aj
c=
03 I
Pd
t=f E
O h-
E
o aj
a> "
IZ
JTO
- ja o-s;
2 to » ll a ° E
“ S" is
o ° to (-« «
a) u
ll Oi E a.
c ir SE O ”p
S'S aj u_ re LL E
Q:
Plot a graph of rate of heat transfer rate against recycle rate.
Conclusion
Describe any relationship found between recycle rate and heat transfer rate.
Comment on the assumptions made in the steady flow energy equation. What factors might affect the validity
of these assumptions?
PC-
0055698
55 Issue
11 April
What other factors may be affecting the results that have not been accounted for in the equation?
PC-0055698 56 Issue 11 April 2016

19 Exercise E - Response rates
Cold water supply To drain t

| y Pressure regulator
Water heater Recycle

✓ loop
pump
Temperature sensor
Objective
To investigate the effect of parameter changes on response rates.
Method
To vary parameters such as heater power and recycle loop volume, and investigate any subsequent change
in system response.
Theory
Following a change to the system input or parameters the system will take some time to return to equilibrium
conditions. The speed of this response and the shape of the response curve is of some importance in an
industrial situation, as it will affect how quickly the system can be matched to the required conditions.
Three system parameters will be investigated in this experiment. Each parameter will be varied independently,
and the corresponding effect on system response investigated:
Through flow, the total volume flow rate through the whole system, which determines the total mass
of fluid in the heat balance equation.
Recycle flow, the volume flow rate through the recycle loop.
Loop volume, the total volume of fluid that is contained in the recycle loop.
Equipment Set Up
To set up the recycle loop apparatus, you will need to complete the recycle loop. Use the clear Perspex
reservoir provided to connect the two self-sealing couplings on the unit.
PC-0055698 57 Issue 11 April 2016

pump.
Procedure
Open the inlet valve and the recycle loop valve and then switch on the recycle loop pump. Response rate
measurement procedure:
If using automatic data logging, set the data logger or computer to log at five-second intervals. ~
Note the inlet temperature. This can be assumed constant for each set of measurements.
Begin logging or manual recording of the outlet and recycle loop temperatures as the heater is switched on.
If using manual recording, record the values at five-second intervals until the outlet temperature reaches a
constant or near-constant value.
Start a new results table, and begin logging or manual recording of the same parameters, this time as the
heater is switched off. Record or log at five-second intervals until the outlet temperature stabilises again.
Through flow:
Keeping all other system parameters constant, change the system through flow by adjusting the inlet valve.
Perform response rate measurements for a range of through flow rates.
Recycle flow:
Keeping all other system parameters constant, change the recycle flow rate by adjusting the recycle loop
valve. Perform response rate measurements for a range of recycle rates.
Loop volume:
Keeping all other system parameters constant, change the recycle flow volume by replacing the Perspex
reservoir with the short length of flexible pipe provided. Perform the response rate measurement at this new
recycle loop volume. If desired, further changes in volume may be generated by using different lengths of
pipe (not supplied).
Results
Inlet temperature Ti: °C = K
Recycle circuit completed using: Reservoir / Short pipe / Other:
PC-0055698 58 Issue 11 April 2016

Manual TH4
Elapsed Heater Inlet Inlet Recycle Recycle Recycle Outlet
time power flow flow loop loop loop temp. temp.
rate rate flow flow T2 T3
t P rate rate
S F, Qvi F2
°c K °c K
W 0^2
l/min 3
m /s l/min m3/s
Convert the'gauge temperatures from Celsius into Kelvin (add 273.15).

Begin a new graph for each results table. On the same graph, plot outlet temperature and recycle loop
temperature against elapsed time.
Conclusion
Describe the effect that changing each parameter had on the response rate observed. Include observations
on both the direction and the magnitude of any change.
Compare the responses of the recycle loop temperature and the outlet temperature. Which parameter
changes produce the greatest lag between the two responses?
Compare the results from the different parameters. Which parameter produced the greatest change in
response? Which had the least effect?
PC-0055698 59 Issue 11 April 2016

20 Contact Details for Further Information
Main Office: Armfield Limited
Bridge House
West Street
Ringwood
Hampshire
England BH24
1DY
Tel: +44 (0)1425 478781
Fax: +44 (0)1425 470916
Email: sales@armfield.co.uk
support@armfield.co.uk
Web: http://www.armfield.co.uk
US Office: Armfield Inc.

9 Trenton - Lakewood Road
Clarksburg, NJ 085
mrjjrninjrmmrmMJJ’mwihmmHltHU
Tel: (609) 208 2800
Email: info@armfieldinc.com
PC-0055698 61 Issue 11 April 2016
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armfield Q in ISO 9001 Company

Engineering Teaching &

INSTRUCTION MANUAL ----

Fluid Mechanics Fluid Machines

Recycle Loops Instruction Manual

The declaration of conformity states the model and serial number.

2006/95/EC The Low Voltage Directive

2004/108/EC The Electromagnetic Compatibility Directive

2006/42/EC The Machinery Directive

PC-0055698 2 Issue 11 April 2016

BS EN 61010-1:2010 BS EN and construction of the equipment:

Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement, control,

BS EN 61000-6-3:2001 Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC). Generic standards. Emission

PC-0055698 Issue 11 April 2016

PC-0055698 4 Issue 11 April 2016

13 Routine Maintenance .................................................................................................................................. 32

PC-0055698 Issue 11 April 2016

Fax: +44 (0) 1425 470916

4 Copyright and trademarks

PC-0055698 6 Issue 11 April 2016

A General warning indicating the potential risk of personal injury

• ' ■■Electrical hazard

Cold Burn hazard

High Voltage hazard Caution: Flammable

A Rotating parts hazard Caution: Biohazard

o This symbol draws your attention to the

Wear eye protection Wear ear protection

PC-0055698 Issue 11 April 2016

6.1 Failure to comply with safety standards

Specifically, such non-observance can cause:

• inability of machine and/or plant to perform key functions;

• damage to the machine and /or plant;

• electrical, mechanical and/or chemical danger to persons;

• environmental danger due to leakage of hazardous substances.

6.2 Start up, operation and maintenance

PC-0055698 8 Issue 11 April 2016

6.3 Intended conditions of use

6.4 Safety guidelines relating to maintenance, inspection and assembly work

trained personnel are permitted to work on the Equipment.

6.5 Arbitrary production and transformation of spare parts

The use of non-original parts voids the warranty.

PC-0055698 Issue 11 April 2016

6.7 Chemical Safety

6.8 Control of Hazardous Substances

• products containing chemicals

• gases and asphyxiating gases and

PC-0055698 10 Issue 11 April 2016

Safety data sheets

Ary verson using a hazardous substance must be informed of the following:

Physical data about the substance.

Any hazard from fire or explosion.

Any hazard to health.

Appropriate First Aid treatment.

Any hazard from reaction with other substances.

How to clean/dispose of spillage.

Appropriate protective measures.

Appropriate storage and handling.

More information can be found on http://www.hse.qov.uk/coshh/index.htm

PC-0055698 11 Issue 11 April 2016

6.9 Water Borne Hazards

Under the COSHH regulations, the following precautions must be observed:

6.10 Hot/Cold Surfaces

PC-0055698 12 Issue 11 April 2016

6.11 Hot/Cold Liquids