Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jmmm
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Influence of induced magnetic field and heat flux with the suspension
13 of carbon nanotubes for the peristaltic flow in a permeable channel
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15 Q1 Noreen Sher Akbar a, M. Raza b,n, R. Ellahi b,c
16
a
17 DBS&H, CEME, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan
b
Department of Mathematics and Statistics, FBAS, IIU, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
18 c
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Bourns Hall A 373, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t
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Article history: This paper is intended for investigating the effects of heat flux and induced magnetic field for the
24 Received 15 November 2014 peristaltic flow of two different nanoparticles with the base fluid water in a symmetric vertical
25 Received in revised form permeable channel. A mathematical formulation is presented. Exact solutions have been evaluated from
26 9 December 2014
the resulting equations. The obtained expressions for pressure gradient, pressure rise, temperature, axial
Accepted 18 December 2014
27 magnetic field, current density and velocity are described through graphs for various pertinent para-
28 meters. Streamlines are drawn for some physical quantities to discuss the trapping phenomenon.
29 Keywords: & 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Induced MHD
30
Peristaltic flow
31 Carbon nanotubes
32 Permeable channel
33 Heat generation
Heat flux
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35 67
36 68
37 1. Introduction materials [4,5], electrical devices [6–9], hydrogen storage [10,11], 69
38 biomedical engineering [12–15], etc. All types of CNTs are good 70
39 The prominent properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) make thermal conductors along tube direction as well. Measurement has 71
40 CNTs attractive in biological engineering applications. CNT based shown that SWCNT had a thermal conductivity of 72
41 biomaterials for clinic use are expected in the near future. CNTs 3500 W m 1 K 1 at room temperature. This was almost 10 times 73
42 can be used to tune cellular fate through both extracellular path- the thermal conductivity of copper (385 W m 1 K 1) [16]. 74
43 way and intracellular pathway. CNT based biomaterials are applied Peristaltic pumping is a sort of fluid transport in a tube when a 75
44 to bone, nerves, and cardiovascular system. CNTs have also been progressive wave contraction or expansion propagates along its 76
45 used in controlling cellular alignment, to increase tissue re- 77
length. Peristalsis is an important mechanism known in many
46 Q3 78
generation, growth factor delivery and gene delivery. organisms and in various organs of a living body. Peristaltic flows
47 79
For the first time, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were discovered by also provide efficient ways for sanitary fluid transport and are thus
48 80
Iijima and Baughman [1,2]. A single CNT is one or multiple layers in industrial exploited peristaltic pumping and medical devices.
49 81
of graphene sheets which roll up. Depending on the number of the This mechanism is mainly used in the mechanical roller pumps
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graphene sheets, CNTs are mainly classified into single wall carbon using viscous fluids in the printing industry and for transporting
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nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes blood in heart lung machines.
52 84
(MWCNTs). SWCNTs have a diameter close to 1 nm with a varied Several mathematical models are obtained to study the effects
53 85
length from nanometers to centimeters whereas the interlayer of a train of periodic sinusoidal waves on the walls of an infinitely 86
54
distance for MWCNTs is approximately 0.34 nm [3]. Owing to long two dimensional channel or axisymmetric tubes containing a 87
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CNTs' extraordinary thermo-conductivity, electro-conductivity and Newtonian or non-Newtonian fluid. Nicoll and Webb [17] and 88
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mechanical property, CNTs find their applications as additives in Nicoll [18] reported that peristalsis plays an important role in 89
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structural materials such as golf stub, boat, aircraft, and bicycles. blood circulation. The investigation of peristaltic pumping from a 90
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Other than these, CNTs are intensively attractive in composite mechanical view point was launched with an experiment by La- 91
59
60 tham [19], who evaluated the problem analytically. The results of 92
61 n that experiment were generally in good agreement with the the- 93
Corresponding author.
62 E-mail addresses: mohsin.phdma11@iiu.edu.pk, oretical investigations of Shapiro [20]. 94
63 mohsinvirgo18@gmail.com (M. Raza). The study of fluid flow induced by unsteady motion of a wall is 95
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jmmm.2014.12.087
65 97
0304-8853/& 2015 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
66 98

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1 of great practical significance in the field of biomechanics. Nadeem Table 1 67

2 and Akbar [21] studied the influence of radially varying MHD on Thermal-physical properties of water and nanoparticles. 68
3 the peristaltic flow in an annulus with heat and mass transfer. 69
Physical properties Water (H2O) SNCT MNCT
4 Mekheimer and Elmaboud [22] discussed the influence of heat 70
5 transfer and magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of Newtonian ρ(kg m 3) 997.1 2600 1600 71
6 fluid in a vertical annulus under a zero Reynolds number and long Cp 4179 425 796 72
7 wavelength approximation. Ebaid [23] studied a new numerical β  105 (K 1) 21 2.6 2.8 73
k (W m 1 K 1) 0.613 6600 3000
8 solution for the MHD peristaltic flow of a biofluid with variable 74
9 viscosity in a circular cylindrical tube by an Adomian decomposi- 75
10 tion method. Mekheimer [24] investigated the impacts of the in- 76
11 duced magnetic field on the peristaltic flow of a couple stress fluid capacity of the nanoparticle material, k nf implies the effective 77
12 in a slit channel. Further important literature can be viewed via thermal conductivity, g stands for constant of gravity, μnf is the 78
13 Refs. [25–39]. effective viscosity of the fluid, d/dt gives the material time deri- 79
14 Motivated by the above discussion, we considered the peri- vative, and p is the pressure. q is radiative heat flux and defined by 80
15 staltic flow in a symmetric channel with permeable wall. We de- [27] 81
16 scribe the effect of induced magnetic field and heat generation and 82
17 heat flux on peristaltic flow of water and CNTs nanofluid. At the 4σ ⁎ ∂T 4 83
q= ,
18 same time, an exact solution of dimensionless governing equations 3k ⁎ ∂y (8) 84
19 for water and CNTs nanofluid will be suggested and discussed 85
20 through graphs. where σ ⁎ is the Stefan–Boltzmann constant and k⁎ is the mean 86
21 absorption coefficient. It is assumed that the temperature differ- 87
22 ences within the flow are small, so that the term T4 may be ex- 88
23 pressed as a linear function of temperature. Hence by expanding T4 89
2. Mathematical formulation
24 in a Taylor's series about T∞ and neglecting higher-order terms 90
25 Consider the peristaltic transport of a CNTs water fluid in a 91
T 4 ≈ 4T∞
3 4
T − 3T∞ . (9)
26 symmetric channel with permeable wall of half-width ‘2a’. An 92
27 external transverse uniform constant magnetic field H0, an in- Combining Eqs. (2)–(4), we obtain the induction equation as 93
28 duced magnetic field H (hX (X , Y , t), H0 + hY (X , Y , t), 0) and the total follows: 94
29 magnetic field H +(hX (X , Y , t), H0 + hY (X , Y , t), 0) are taken into ac- 95
∂H + ⎛ ⎞ 1
30 count. Sinusoidal waves propagate beside the walls of the channel = ∇ ∧ ⎜V ∧ H +⎟ + ∇2H + , 96
31 ∂t ⎝ ⎠ ξ (10) 97
with continuous speed c. The wall deformation is given by
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⎡ 2π ⎛ ⎞⎤ where ζ = σμe is the magnetic diffusively, σ is the electrical con-
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Y = H = a + bcos⎢ ⎜X − ct ⎟⎥.
⎣ λ ⎝ ⎠⎦ ductivity, μe is magnetic permeability ρnf is the effective density of
34 (1) 100
35 the incompressible nanofluid, (ρc)nf is the heat capacity of the 101
In the above equations b denotes the wave amplitudes, λ is the nanofluid, (ρc)p gives effective heat capacity of the nanoparticle
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wavelength, t is the time, X is the direction of wave propagation material, k nf implies effective thermal conductivity of nanofluid, g
37 103
38
and Y is perpendicular to X . stands for constant of gravity, μnf is the effective viscosity of the 104
Equations governing the flow and temperature in the presence fluid, d/dt gives the material time derivative, and p is the pressure.
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of heat source or heat sink and the equation which governs the The appearance for static and wave structures are connected by
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MHD flow are given as follows: the subsequent associations:
41 107
(i) Maxwell's equations [24–26]:
42 x = X − ct , y = Y, u = U − c, v = V. (11) 108
43 ∇·H = 0, ∇· E = 0 , (2) 109
44 The dimensionless parameters used in the problem are defined as 110
45 ∇ ∧ H = J, J = σ {E + μe (V ∧ H)}, (3) follows: 111
46 112
a2 λ v y x c k
47 ∂H p = p, u= u, v = , y = , x = , t= t, Dα = , 113
∇ ∧ E = − μe , μf cλ ac c λ a λ a2
48 ∂t (4) T − T0
114
ρca a Φ Ψ
49 Re = , δ= , θ = , Φ¯ = , Ψ = , R m = σμe ac, 115
μf λ T0 H0a ca
50 (ii) continuity equation: 116
ρf gαa ⎜ ⎞⎟
2⎛
H0
51 ∇·V = 0, (5) h x = Φ¯ x , h y = − Φ¯ y , Gr = T0 ,
μf c ⎜⎝ ⎟⎠
S1 =
c
. 117
(12)
52 118
53 (iii) equations of motion 119
After using the above non-dimensional parameters and transfor-
54 ⎛ ∂V ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ mation in Eq. (11) employing the assumptions of long wavelength 120
55 ρnf ⎜ + V·∇V⎟ = − ∇p + μnf div V + (ρβ)nf gα⎜T − T0⎟ 121
⎝ ∂t ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (δ → 0), the dimensionless governing equations (without using
56 bars) for nanofluid in the wave frame take the final form 122
57 123
58 ⎛1 2⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ∂u ∂v 124
− ∇⎜ μe (H +) ⎟ − μe ⎜H +. ∇⎟H + = 0,
59 ⎝2 ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ (6) ∂x ∂y (13) 125
60 126
(iv) energy equation ⎛ ⎞
61 dp ∂ 3Ψ ⎜ μnf ⎟ 2
(ρβ)nf 127
62 ⎛ ∂T ⎞ ∂q dx
= 3 ⎜ ⎟ + Re S1 Φyy + (ρβ) Gr θ , 128
(ρc)f ⎜ + V·∇T⎟ = ∇·k nf ∇T + Q 0 − , ∂y ⎝ μf ⎠ f (14)
63 ⎝ ∂t ⎠ ∂y (7) 129
64 130
65 where ρnf is the effective density of the incompressible fluid, (ρc)nf dp
= 0, 131
66 is the heat capacity of the fluid, (ρc)p gives the effective heat dy (15) 132

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1 ⎛ ∂Ψ ⎞ Putting Eq. (16) into Eq. (14) we get 67

2 Φyy = R m⎜E − ⎟, 68
⎝ ∂y ⎠ (16) ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
3 dp ∂ 3Ψ ⎜ μnf ⎟ ∂Ψ ⎟ (ρβ)nf 69
= ⎜ ⎟ + Re S12R m⎜⎜E − + Gr θ .
4 ⎛k ⎞ ∂ 2θ dx 3
∂y ⎝ μf ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎟⎠ (ρβ)f (18) 70
5 ⎜⎜ nf − N ⎟⎟ + Q o = 0. 71
2
6 ⎝ kf ⎠ ∂y (17) Taking the derivative of the above equation with respect to y fi- 72
7 nally we get 73
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66 Fig. 1. Variation of pressure gradient dp/dx for different flow parameters. 132

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1 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ 2 ⎞ (ρβ) ∂ 2Ψ 67
∂ 4Ψ ⎜ μnf ⎟ ∂ Ψ ∂θ
+ Re S12R m⎜⎜− 2 ⎟⎟ +
nf Ψ = 0, = 0 at y = 0.
2 4⎜μ ⎟
Gr = 0. 68
(ρβ)f ∂y ∂y2 (20)
3 ∂y ⎝ f ⎠ ⎝ ∂y ⎠ (19) 69
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5 At the non-dimensional boundaries 71
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66 Fig. 2. Variation of pressure rise Δp for different flow parameters. 132

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1 Dα ∂ 2Ψ ⎛ ⎞ 67
Ψ = F,
∂Ψ
=−1− at y = h. ρnf = ⎜1 − 
f ⎟ρf + 
f ρs ,
2 ⎝ ⎠ 68
∂y α ∂y2 (21)
3 ⎛ ⎞ 69
(ρcp)nf = ⎜1 − 
f ⎟(ρcp) + 
f (ρcp) .
4
∂θ ⎝ ⎠ f s (27) 70
5 = 0 at y = 0, θ = 0 at y = h, 71
∂y (22)
6 72
Here, 
f is the solid volume fraction. Hereafter, subscripts f, nf and s
7 73
∂Φ stand for base fluid, nanofluid and nanoparticles, respectively.
8 = 0 at y = 0, Φ = 0 at y = h. 74
∂y (23) There are different relations for calculating the dynamic viscosity
9 75
of nanofluid. Here we use the relation developed by Corcione [29] Q4
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The pressure rise ΔP , axially induced magnetic field hx and current based on the existing experimental data in the literature:
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12 density Jz in non-dimensional form are defined as follows: μnf 78
1
13 = 79
1 dp
μf ⎛ d ⎞−0.3 1.03
14  80
15
Δp = ∫0 dx
dx,
(24)
1 − 34.87⎜⎜ s ⎟⎟
⎝ df ⎠
()f
(28) 81
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17 ∂Φ 83
hx = , df is the equivalent diameter of a base fluid molecule, given by
18 ∂y (25) 84
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∂hx ⎛ ⎞1/3
6M ⎟
20 Jz = − . df = 0.1⎜⎜ ⎟
86
21 ∂y (26) ⎝ N *πρfo ⎠ (29) 87
22 88
23 The effective density is ρnf , the effective dynamic viscosity μnf and where M is the molecular weight of the base fluid, N⁎ is the Avo- 89
24 αnf is the thermal diffusibility of the nanofluid; we need to de- gadro number (≈6.023 × 1023), and ρfo is the density of the base
90
25 termine properties of the mixture (nanofluid) as a function of the 91
fluid calculated at temperature T0 = 293 K .
26 concentration of nanoparticles. Density of the nanofluid is simply 92
For the thermal conductivity of the nanofluid, the Chon et al.
27 determined [28]: 93
[30] model is chosen: Q5
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66 Fig. 3. Variation of temperature profile θ for different flow parameters. 132

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19 Fig. 4. Variation of axially induced magnetic field hx for different flow parameters. 85
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41 Fig. 5. Variation of current density Jz for different flow parameters. 107
42 108
43 presented in [31–33] and Table 1. Q6109
44 k nf 0.746⎛ df ⎞
0.369
⎛ k ⎞0.7476 110
45 = 1 + 64.7  ()
f ⎜ ⎟ ⎜⎜ s ⎟⎟ 111
kf ⎝ ds ⎠ ⎝ kf ⎠
46 112
47 × (Pr)0.9955·(Re)1.2321 (30) 3. Solution of the problem 113
48 114
49 df and ds are the diameter of the molecule of the base fluid and The exact solutions of the above equations are found as follows: 115
50 nanoparticles, respectively. Pr = μf /ρf αf and Re = ρ fk T /3πμf2l f are 116
b
51 specific Prandtl number and Reynolds number, respectively, where θ (x, y)
117
52 αf is the thermal diffusivity, kb is the Boltzmann constant and lf is ⎛ ⎞⎛ ⎞ 118
53 the mean free path of the base fluid which has been considered ⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟ 119
⎜ ⎟⎜ ⎟
54 equal to 0.17 nm for water. ⎜ 1 ⎟ ⎜ 2 2⎟ 120
Q0 y −h
55 Considering the effect of thermal dispersion, we can use ⎜ 0.369
⎛ k ⎞0.7476 ⎟⎜ ⎟ 121
⎜ 0.746 ⎛ df ⎞
 1.2321 ⎟⎜ ⎟
56 ⎜
⎝
1 + 64.7(f ) ⎜
⎜ ⎟
d
⎝ s⎠
⎟ ⎜ s⎟
⎜k ⎟
⎝ f⎠
× ( Pr ) 0.9955
· ( Re ) ⎟⎜
⎠⎝
⎟
⎠
122
57 k eff = k nf + kd (31) = 123
⎛ ⎞
58 ⎜ ⎟ 124
59 where kd is the thermal conductivity due to thermal dispersion ⎜ ⎟ 125
⎜ 1 ⎟
60 and is obtained from kd = C (ρcp)nf u2 + v 2 +  f dp , where C is an 2N
⎜
0.746 ⎛ df ⎞
0.369
⎛ k ⎞0.7476 ⎟
−2
126
⎜  1.2321 ⎟
⎜ 1 + 64.7(f )
61 empirical constant obtained from experimental results [31]. Values ⎜
⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎜
⎜
s⎟
⎟ × (Pr) 0.9955
·(Re) 127
⎟
⎝ ⎝ ds ⎠ ⎝ kf ⎠ ⎠
62 of kd are neglected comparing with the value of knf for the case of 128
63 the current work and will not be considered here. Using the above . (32) 129
64 mentioned relation, properties of the nanofluid can be calculated 130
65 and applied to the governing equations. 131
66 Thermal physical properties of water and nanoparticles are 132

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58 Fig. 6. Variation of velocity profile u for different flow parameters. 124
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66 132

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14 Fig. 7. Stream lines of SWCNT for different values of Rm : (a) Rm = 0.5, (b) Rm = 1.0 , (c) Rm = 1.5, and (d) Rm = 2.0 . The other parameters are Q = 2, α = 2.0 , a = 0.7, b = 0.8, 80
15 S1 = 1, N = 0.02, Dα = 0.002, Q 0 = 0.5. 81
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30 Fig. 8. Stream lines of MWCNT for different values of Rm : (a) Rm = 0.5, (b) Rm = 1.0 , (c) Rm = 1.5, and (d) Rm = 2.0 . The other parameters are Q = 2, α = 2.0 , a = 0.7, b = 0.8, 96
31 S1 = 1, N = 0.02, Dα = 0.002, and Q 0 = 0.5. 97
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46 Fig. 9. Stream lines of SWCNT for different values of S1: (a) S1 = 1.0 , (b) S1 = 2.0 , (c) S1 = 3.0 , and (d) S1 = 4.0 . The other parameters are Q = 2, α = 2.0 , a = 0.7, b = 0.8, 112
Rm = 1, N = 0.02, Dα = 0.002, and Q 0 = 0.5.
47 113
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62 Fig. 10. Stream lines of MWCNT for different values of S1: (a) S1 = 1.0 , (b) S1 = 2.0 , (c) S1 = 3.0 , and (d) S1 = 4.0 . The other parameters are Q = 2, α = 2.0 , a = 0.7, b = 0.8, 128
Rm = 1, N = 0.02, Dα = 0.002, and Q 0 = 0.5.
63 129
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66 132

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14 Fig. 11. Stream lines of SWCNT for different values of Dα : (a) Dα = 0.1, (b) Dα = 0.2, (c) Dα = 0.3, and (d) Dα = 0.4 . The other parameters are Q = 2, α = 2.0 , a = 0.7, b = 0.8, 80
15 S1 = 1, N = 0.02, Rm = 1.0, and Q 0 = 0.5. 81
16 82
17 83
18 84
19 85
20 86
21 87
22 88
23 89
24 90
25 91
26 92
27 93
28 94
29 95
30 Fig. 12. Stream lines of MWCNT for different values of Dα : (a) Dα = 0.1, (b) Dα = 0.2, (c) Dα = 0.3, and (d) Dα = 0.4 . The other parameters are Q = 2, α = 2.0 , a = 0.7, b = 0.8, 96
31 S1 = 1, N = 0.02, Rm = 1.0, and Q 0 = 0.5. 97
32 98
33 Ψ (x , y ) Q=F+1 (35) 99
34 ⎛ ⎛ ⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ 100
⎜ ⎜
= ⎜k f ⎜6Nβf ρf μ nf ⎜⎜⎜A2 − A1⎟ sinh⎜
1 f m ⎟
35 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
101
⎜ ⎜ μ nf and pressure gradient dp/dx is obtained as
36 ⎝ ⎝ ⎝⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 102
37 ⎛ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞⎞⎞ ⎞ 103
1 f m ⎟⎟⎟ ⎟ ⎛ h Re S μ R ⎞
38 + ⎜A1 + A2 cosh⎜ ⎟ + Gr Q y 3
μ β ρ ⎟ dp 104
= sinh⎜⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎜ μ nf ⎟⎟⎟ 0 f nf nf
⎟
1 f m
⎝ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎠ ⎟
39 dx
⎝
μnf
⎠ 105
⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞
40 ⎜ 1 f m ⎟ 106
− 6βf ρf k nf μ nf ⎜⎜A2 − A1⎟ sinh⎜ ⎛ ⎞
41 ⎜⎜⎝
⎝
⎟
⎠
⎜
⎝ μ nf ⎟
⎠
2
(
⎜ 6Re S1 βf ρf R m Nkf − k nf )(
Dα F Re S12μf R m + αμnf ) ⎟ 107
⎜ ⎟
42 108
43
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞⎞⎞
+ ⎜A1 + A2 ⎟cosh⎜
1 f m ⎟⎟⎟
/(6Re S12βf μf ρf R m(Nk f − k nf )) + A 4 y ⎝ 0 f nf nf nf( ( α )
⎜⎜ +Gr hQ k β ρ 3μ 2 D + αh − D h2 Re S 2μ R
α 1 f m )
⎟⎟
⎠ 109
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ μ nf ⎟⎟⎟⎟
44 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎠⎠ ⎛ h Re S μ R ⎞ 110
μnf cosh⎜⎜ ⎟
1 f m
45 + A3 . (33) + α Re S1 μf R m ⎟ 111
μnf
46 ⎝ ⎠ 112
⎛
47 ⎛
⎜
⎞
⎟
Φ(x, y) = − 12N Re S12y 2⎜E − A 4 ⎟βf kf μf3/2ρf R m
2
(
⎜ 6F Re S1 βf ρf R m Nkf − k nf )⎞⎟6Re S 2β ρ R 113
48 ⎜ ⎟
⎜ ⎟ 1 f f (Nkf − k nf )
m 114
⎜ 3
−Gr h Q 0kf βnf ρnf ⎟
49 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 115
50 ⎛ ⎛ h Re S μ R ⎞⎛ ⎞ ⎞ 116
⎜ ⎜ m ⎟⎜ ⎟
Dα h Re S12μf R m − αμnf ⎟⎟ + αh Re S1⎟
1 f
51 ⎛ ⎞ 117
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ sinh⎜ ⎟ ⎜
+ 12Re S12y 2⎜E − A 4 ⎟βf μf3/2ρf k nf R m ⎜ μ ⎟
52 ⎝ nf ⎠⎝ ⎠ 118
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
53 ⎝ ⎠ ⎜ ⎛ h Re S μ R ⎞ ⎟ 119
⎜ μf R m μnf cosh⎜⎜ 1 f m ⎟
⎟
54 ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ 120
μnf
⎛ ⎝ ⎠
55 24Nβf kf ρf μnf3/2 ⎜⎛⎜ ⎞
⎟
⎛ Re S y μ R
⎜ 1 f m
⎞ ⎛ ⎞
⎟ − ⎜A − A ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (36) 121
56 + ⎜⎜⎜A1 + A2 ⎟ sinh⎜ μnf ⎟ ⎜ 1 2⎟ 122
Re S1 R m ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
57 ⎝ 123
58 ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞⎞ 24β ρ k μ 3/2 ⎛⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ 124
cosh⎜⎜
1 f m ⎟⎟ + f f nf nf ⎜⎜ ⎟ ⎜ 1 f m ⎟
59 μnf ⎟⎟⎟ ⎜⎜⎜A1 + A2 ⎟ sinh⎜ μnf ⎟ 125
⎝ ⎠⎠ Re S1 R m ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
60 ⎝ 126
61 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞⎞ 127
−⎜⎜A1 − A2 ⎟⎟ cosh⎜⎜
1 f m ⎟⎟ + Gr Q y 4 k μ 3/2β ρ /(24Re S 2β
62 μnf ⎟⎟⎟ 0 f f nf nf 1 f 128
63 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠⎠ 129
64 μf3/2ρf (Nkf − k nf )) + A 6 y + A5 (34) 130
65 131
66 Q7 The mean volume flow rate Q over one period is given as 132

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jmmm.2014.12.087i
 10 N. Sher Akbar et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

1 ⎛ In order to analyze pumping characteristics, numerical in- 67

2 hx = A6 − ⎜−24N Re S12y E − A 4 βf kf μf3/2 ρf R m + 24 Re S12
( ) tegration is performed and results show the variation of pressure 68
⎜
3 ⎝ rise per wavelength Δp against time average flux Q = F + 1 in Fig. 2 69
4 (a)–(e). Fig. 2(a) presents the effects of volume fraction 
f on the 70
5 ( ) ( )
y E − A 4 βf μf3/2 ρf k nf R m − 24 A1 − A2 Nβf kf μf ρf μnf
pressure rise Δp . It is noticed here that pressure rise is a decreasing 71
6 ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 72
function with the increase of  f throughout the domain. Fig. 2
sinh⎜ ⎟ + 24⎜A + A ⎟
1 f m
7 73
⎜ μnf ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟ (b) depicts that as we increase the value of Rm the pressure rise
8 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ 74
increases in the region (Δp < 0, Q < 0), but Δp decreases in the
9 ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ 75
pumping region (Δp > 0, Q > 0). Fig. 2(c) shows the effect of S1 on
Nβf kf μf ρf μnf cosh⎜ ⎟ + 24⎜A − A ⎟
1 f m
10 pressure rise, it is observed that pressure rise shows the same 76
⎜ μnf ⎟ ⎜ 1 2 ⎟
11 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ behavior which is shown for Rm , Fig. 2(e) and (f) shows the effect 77
12 ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ of Q0 and N, respectively; we observed that pressure rise decreases 78
βf μf ρf k nf μnf sinh⎜ ⎟
13 1 f m 79
by increasing Q0 and N in the whole domain for (SWCNT + H2O)
14 ⎜ μ ⎟ 80
⎝ nf ⎠ and (MWCNT + H2O).
15 Fig. 3(a)–(c) shows the variation of temperature distribution for 81
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞
16 82
− 24⎜A1 + A2 ⎟βf μf ρf k nf μnf cosh⎜ ⎟ different values of 
1 f m
f , Q 0 and N . Fig. 3(a) shows that θ decreases as
17 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ μ ⎟ 83
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ nf ⎠ we increase  f for both types of fluid. In Fig. 3(b) and (c), the same
18 84
19 ⎞ trend is observed for heat generation parameter Q0 and heat flux 85
20 +4Gr Q 0y 3 kf μf3/2 βnf ρnf )/(24Re S12βf μf3/2 ρf Nkf − k nf ⎟.
( ) parameter N , respectively, we have observed that by increasing Q0 86
⎟
21 ⎠ (37) and N, θ also increases. 87
22 Fig. 4(a) and (b) shows the variations of magnetic Reynolds and 88
Stommer's number on an axial induced magnetic field hx versus y.
23
24
(
μf Gr Q 0y2 kf βnf ρnf − 2Re S12 E − A 4 ( ) It is interesting to note that in the half-region of the channel, the
89
90
induced magnetic field is in one direction. However, it is in the
25 (
βf ρf R m Nkf − k nf )) opposite direction in the other half-region of the channel. Fig. 4
91
26 92
⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ (a) displays that the magnitude of hx increases when Rm increases
27 93
+2⎜A1 + A2 ⎟ Re S1βf ρf R m μnf ⎜Nkf − k nf ⎟ from wall h to the middle of channel, but a decreasing trend is
28 ⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟ 94
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ noticed in the other half of the channel keeping Rm increased. On
29 95
30 ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ the other hand, the effects of S1 on hx are quite opposite in com- 96
sinh⎜ ⎟
1 f m
31 parison to Rm . 97
⎜ μ ⎟
32 ⎝ nf ⎠ In Fig. 5(a) and (b) the current density jz is shown as a function 98
33 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ of y for three different values of Rm and S1, respectively; both of 99
34 −2⎜A1 − A2 ⎟ Re S1βf ρf R m μnf ⎜Nkf − k nf ⎟ these figures are of parabolic type; one can see in Fig. 5(a) that 100
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
35 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ with increasing Rm, jz also increases but Fig. 5(b) shows that jz 101
36 ⎛ Re S y μ R ⎞ decreases as the values of S1 increase. 102
cosh⎜ ⎟
1 f m We have plotted Fig. 6 to illustrate the effects of pertinent
37 103
38 ⎜ μ ⎟ parameters on velocity profile (u). It is observed from Fig. 6(a) that 104
⎝ nf ⎠
39 Jz = velocity profile increases along the walls but decreases at the 105
40 (
2Re S12βf μf ρf Nkf − k nf ) (38) middle of channel with increasing value of  f . We have presented 106
41 Fig. 6(b) and (c) to obtain the variation of velocity profile u with 107
42 The pressure rise Δp in non-dimensional form is defined as 108
varying magnitude of the parameters Rm and S1 for both types of
43 1 dp fluid. It depicts that velocity decreases with increase of Rm and S1 109
44
Δp = ∫0 dx
dx.
(39) at the middle of channel but opposite behavior is seen at the 110
45 middle of channel. We have presented Fig. 6(d) to obtain the 111
46 A1–A6 are constants evaluated using Mathematica 9. variation of velocity profile u with varying magnitude of the 112
47 parameter Q0. It depicts that velocity increases with increase of Q 0 113
48 at the middle of channel but opposite behavior is seen along the 114
49 4. Results and discussions left and right walls of channel. 115
50 Fig. 6(e) shows the effect of the Darcy number (Dα) on velocity 116
51 The behavior of the solutions for several values of nanoparticle profile; it is observed that near the left and right walls, velocity 117
52 volume fraction  f , magnetic Reynolds number Rm , Strommer's profile increases by increase of Dα , but at the center of channel, we 118
53 number S1, heat generation parameter Q0 and heat flux parameter have noticed the opposite behavior of velocity profile. To observe 119
54 N have been studied for both CNTs with water as the base fluid. the effect of slip parameter α on velocity profile, we displayed 120
55 Fig. 6(f); this figure shows that along the walls, velocity profile 121
The effect of 
f on the pressure gradient is illustrated in Fig. 1(a). It
56 decreases with increasing α , but at the center of the channel, ve- 122
is evident that increasing the value of 
f has a tendency to increase
57 locity profile increases. 123
58 the pressure gradient; it is observed that the effect of 
f on pres- Another important phenomenon in peristaltic transport is 124
59 sure gradient is the least in case of (SWCNT + H2O) whereas the trapping. The formation of an internally circulating bolus of fluid 125
60 effect of 
f is relatively larger in case of (MWCNT + H O). The 2 by closed streamlines is called trapping and it is pushed as a head 126
61 variation of Rm and S1 on pressure gradient is shown in Fig. 1 along with the peristaltic wave. This physical phenomena may be 127
62 (b) and (c); it shows that pressure gradient increases with an in- responsible for thrombus formation in blood and the movement of 128
63 crease in Rm and S1 for both types of fluid, Fig. 1(d) and (e) displays food bolus in gastrointestinal tract. Figs. 7 and 8 show contour 129
64 that pressure gradient decreases with an increase in heat gen- maps for the streamlines with four values of Rm 130
65 eration parameter and heat flux parameter throughout the chan- (Rm = 0.5, Rm = 1.0, Rm = 1.5, Rm = 2.0) for both SWCNT and 131
66 nel for both types of fluid. MWCNT. It is noticed that the bolus becomes large when we give 132

Please cite this article as: N. Sher Akbar, et al., Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.
jmmm.2014.12.087i
 N. Sher Akbar et al. / Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎ 11

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