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Advancing 2094-9243
ISSNPharmacy
2449-4844
Research Advancing Pharmacy Research
Online
Online ISSN
ISSN 2244-047X
2094-9588
KHAIRA S. TAURAC
ORCID No. 0000-0002-0541-5163
khairataurac@gmail.com
AMELIA T. VALENDEZ
ORCID No. 0000-0001-8155-7342
valendezamelia@gmail.com
Liceo de Cagayan University
Cagayan de Oro City, Philippines
ABSTRACT
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INTRODUCTION
Many infectious diseases are taken from anywhere most especially in the toilet
bowl. Every house, school, office and other facilities have a toilet, but some are
actually not fond of cleaning them. Many are using water flush, as it only requires
a push of a button. In this regular way of cleaning may not be enough, toilet bowl
may require extra effort to make them clean.
Based on evidences that toilet bowl is one of the main source of diseases in
the community, such as shigellosis causes infections, severe diarrhea, abdominal
cramping and other gastrointestinal distress that may lose for week, also
staphylococcus bacteria that causes skin infection, pneumonia and lingers around
on the toilet surfaces for longer period which increasing the chances of disease
transmission. The clean bowl will just simply mean that people will not expose to
various germs that may cause sickness or diseases.
Synthetic preparation is commonly used toilet bowl cleaner nowadays which
is acidic and expensive. Many of these preparations are available in the market
that can kill bacteria and viruses that could be found in the toilet, but harmful to
the skin, not safe for a human used and the environment. Toilet bowl cleaner that
comes from organic materials can be effective as a synthetic product, less acidic
that is safe for human use, less irritating to the skin, safe to the environment and
effective against bacteria.
Garlic is widely known as a holy and miraculous plant, which is an effective
organic antimicrobial agent. Naturally, occurring plant has played important role
in the discovery of new therapeutic agent since ancient time. It has been known
for treating some infectious diseases, important dietary and medicinal role for
centuries.
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Research Setting
The experiment was conducted at the Pharmacy Laboratory of Liceo De
Cagayan University located at Rodolfo N. Pelaez Blvd, Kauswagan, Cagayan de
Oro City. The Laboratory provided the instruments needed. The microorganisms
were taken from the toilet bowl of Taurac’s residence in Macanhan, Cagayan de
Oro City
Research Design
The researchers utilized an experimental design; this was used in the
formulation of an organic Toilet spray preparation, and to determine the efficacy
of garlic as an antimicrobial agent.
Preparation of Extract
Two hundred sixty-five grams of garlic bulb was weighed, washed and peeled.
Clove of garlic was crushed using a mortar and pestle and placed in a glass
container. Enough amount of 95% ethanol was added to the crushed garlic to
make 100 ml.
It was allowed to stand for ten days. After ten days of maceration, macerated
garlic was filtered and placed in a beaker. Using a hot plate, the filtrate (extractive)
was concentrated on a water bath, until the alcohol was being totally evaporated
and extract remained. The extract obtained was then divided into three parts 50g,
75g, and 100g.
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Source of microorganism
Together with the medical laboratory technician, the researchers collected
sample of the microorganisms from the toilet bowl of Taurac’s residence,
Swabbing was done and this was inoculated in Fluid Thioglycollate Medium and
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MacFarland Solution
The solution for incubation was prepared by inoculating the diluents with
one to five isolated colonies from Nutrient Agar until turbidity was obtained.
Zone of Inhibition
The cultured plate was filled with the discs and incubated at 37°C for about
24 hours. After incubating, it was observed and measured using a ruler.
Statistical Techniques
For validation of results, the data obtained from the experiment was subjected
to statistical analysis employing Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
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cultured and inoculated to a Mueller Hinton Agar for the tests. Gram (-) bacteria
were identified in the toilet bowl.
The garlic extract underwent three different trials to show and identify the
zone of inhibition that showed the effect against the cultured bacteria that was
present in the toilet bowl.
In the 1st trial, it showed a zone of inhibition of 13mm, 2nd trial showed a
zone of inhibition of 12mm and 3rd trial showed 18mm. This implies that the
garlic extract’s a zone of inhibition in the three different trials indicate a positive
result of its antimicrobial activity and its efficacy against the cultured bacteria
that were present in the toilet bowl.
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The three trials show three different results because each plate of Petri dish
produced a different amount of bacteria present. The plate of the second trial had
numerous amounts of bacteria that were thicker than the plates of the first trial
and the third trial. The results reveal that the pure garlic extract demonstrated on
antimicrobial activity.
Table 2 shows the efficacy of the formulated concentrations with the negative
and positive control. In the first trial, only the positive control showed a zone
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of inhibition that is 18mm. This reveals that the three experimental group and
negative control showed no zone of inhibition. The findings denote that the
50%, 75%, 100% concentrations and negative control have no effect.
In the second trial, 75% concentration, 100% concentration, and positive
control showed a zone of inhibition. The 75% concentration showed an effect of
8mm zone of inhibition, 100% concentration showed 10mm zone of inhibition
and the positive control showed 16mm zone of inhibition. The following
concentration denotes that the positive control has a wider zone of inhibition
compared to the experimental group, this shows that the positive control is more
effective than the experimental group and negative control.
In the third trial, 50%, 100%, and positive control showed a zone of
inhibition. The 50% showed an effect of 8mm zone of inhibition, 100% showed
12mm zone of inhibition and positive control showed 21mm zone of inhibition.
This implies that the positive control, which is the Lysol, known for its 99.9%
antibacterial activity, showed a wider zone of inhibition than the experimental
group.
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difference in terms of zone of inhibition. This reveals that in three trials the three
concentrations showed different effects. Not all concentration showed a zone of
inhibition. There is a significant difference between the negative control and the
50% concentration of the extract, and 75% concentration of the extract, since it
showed a mean difference of 15.67, this means that the two concentrations are
effective as antimicrobial compared to the negative control. However, the positive
control did not show any significant difference among the three concentrations,
this implies that the three concentrations are not effective as with its positive
control in the experiment.
The result underwent scheffe analysis. The mean difference between the
concentration of 50% and 75% showed zero and the P-value is greater than the
alpha value which this indicates that there is no significant difference in the zone
of inhibition that resulted between the two concentrations.
In the comparison, the concentration between the 100% and the 50% and
75% the mean difference showed 4.67, and the P-value is 0.769, which indicates
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CONCLUSION
The garlic extract was formulated into liquid spray preparation. Based on the
results, the researchers conclude that garlic extract can be used as an alternative
ingredient that can be used as toilet bowl cleaner that is safer to human and
environmentally friendly because it is organic than the synthetic products.
RECOMMENDATIONS
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2. To utilize Allium sativum (Garlic) for future study to probe deeper into its
antimicrobial effect.
5. To use another vehicle such as sterile water in formulating the product instead
of distilled water.
7. To conduct phytochemical screening test for the presence of allicin with the
formulated 50%, 75%, 100% concentration.
LITERATURE CITED
Akintobi OA, Nwanze JC, Ogele JO, Idowu AA, Onianwa O, Okonko IO.
2012. Antimicrobial Activity of Allium sativum (Garlic) Extract
against Some Selected Pathogenic Bacteria. Available from: http://
www.sciencepub.net/nature
Barbara Penner. 2012. Small Rooms and Big Systems Available at:
https://placesjournal.org/article/we-shall-deal-here-with-humble-
things/?gclid=CPabjJj41M4CFU-VvQodcOYILQ
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Garlic extract Literature review. n.d. A short review of recent scientific literature
highlighting the beneficial effects of garlic extract in improving plant
health and performance. Available from: http://solufeed.com/
media/46101/garlic-extract-literature-review.pdf
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Melda Genç. 2009. The Evolution of Toilets and Its Current State
https://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610448/index.pdf
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APPENDICES
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