c


 


Y
1.0 China¶s introduction

China has fully developed alone and aloof, cut off from the rest of Eurasia by the
Himalayas to the southwest and the Siberian prairieland to the north. With an Ã
à of 9.6
million square kilometres, China is the fourth largest country in the world; practically the
same size as the United States and the most populous nation on earth, approximately
1,351,055,464 people. China also encompasses over 5000 islands, not to mention the
disputed territories such as the Spratly and the Paracels. A third of China comprises luxuriant
river plains, and another third arid desert, plateaux or mountains. China's longest river is the
à (6275km) and the highest peak is  
 Ã ± Mount Everest (8850m), on the
Nepalese border.

Map of China

The nation comprises five autonomous regions and twenty-two provinces, as well as
Hong Kong, which is now titled a 'Special Administrative Region'. The seat of government,
Beijing, is a large city of 11 million people, and like all of China's urban metropolises, life
here contrasts vastly with that of the peasant farmers in rural areas. Due to its size, China's
climate is obviously very diverse, ranging from an unbearable 48ºC in the northwest during
summer to an equally horrendous -40ºC in the far north in winter.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
Ên order of population, table 1.1 shows the list of the 56 ethnic groups in China that
are officially recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China. Members of
several ethnic groups reside in Hong Kong and Macau, but due to the long separation from
China, many of these ethnic groups are generally unknown to the Special Administrative
Regions (of People's Republic of China) of Hong Kong and of Macau.

|
 ÃÃ 
  

 


Ã
Ã
 ÃÃ


Han Han/HA Hàn Zú † Ë 1,230,117,207

Zhuang Zhuang/ZH Zhuàng Zú
 16,178,811
Manchu Man/MA Mǎn Zú † > 10,682,263
Hui Hui/HU Huí Zú   9,816,802
Miao Miao/MH Miáo Zú   8,940,116
Uyghurs Uyghur/UG Wéiwúěr Zú †
†
8,399,393
Tujia Tujia/TJ Tǔjiā Zú   8,028,133
Yi Yi/YÊ Yí Zú   7,762,286
Mongols Mongol/MG Měnggǔ Zú   5,813,947
Tibetan Zang/ZA Zàng Zú

5,416,021
Buyei Buyei/BY Bùyī Zú   2,971,460
Dong Dong/DO Dòng Zú 2,960,293
Yao Yao/YA Yáo Zú   2,637,421
Korean Chosen/CS Cháoxiǎn Zú †  1,923,842
Bai Bai/BA Bái Zú   1,858,063
Hani Hani/HN Hāní Zú   1,439,673
Kazakh Kazak/KZ Hāsàkè Zú †   1,420,458
Li Li/LÊ Lí Zú   1,247,814
Dai Dai/DA Dǎi Zú   1,158,989
She She/SH Shē Zú   709,592
Lisu Lisu/LS Lìsù Zú   634,912
Gelao Gelao/GL Gēlǎo Zú   579,357
Dongxiang Dongxiang/DX Dōngxiāng Zú † † `† 513,805
Gaoshan5 Gaoshan/GS Gāoshān Zú w w 458,000
Lahu Lahu/LH Lāhù Zú   453,705
Sui Sui/SU Shuǐ Zú   406,902
Va Va/VA Wǎ Zú   396,610

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
Nakhi Naxi/NX Nàxī Zú †  / 308,839
Qiang Qiang/QÊ Qiāng Zú    306,072
Tu Tu/TU Tǔ Zú   241,198
YMulao Mulao/ML Mùlǎo Zú   207,352
Xibe Xibe/XB Xíbó Zú †  ¢ 188,824
Kyrgyz Kirgiz/KG Kēěrkèzī Zú †

! 160,823
Daur Daur/DU Dáwòěr Zú "#† ˆ#
132,394
Jingpo Jingpo/JP Jǐngpō Zú $† $% 132,143
Maonan Maonan/MN Màonán Zú &' &' 107,166
Salar Salar/SL Sǎlá Zú ( ( 104,503
Blang Blang/BL Bùlǎng Zú ) ) 91,882
Tajik Tajik/TA Tǎjíkè Zú *+ *+ 41,028
Achang Achang/AC Āchāng Zú ,- ,- 33,936
Pumi Pumi/PM Pǔmǐ Zú ./ ./ 33,600
Ewenki Ewenki/EW Èwēnkè Zú 01 01 30,505
Nu Nu/NU Nù Zú 2 2 28,759
Jing Gin/GÊ Jīng Zú 3 3 22,517
Jino Jino/JN Jīnuò Zú 4† 45 20,899
De'ang Deang/DE Déáng Zú 67 67 17,935
Bonan Bonan/BO Bǎoān Zú 89 89 16,505
Russian Russ/RS Éluósī Zú :†  :;< 15,609
Yugur Yugur/YG Yùgù Zú => => 13,719
Uzbeks Uzbek/UZ Wūzībiékè Zú † †  T!†  12,370
Monba Monba/MB Ménbā Zú †  ‚ 8,923
Oroqen Oroqen/OR Èlúnchūn Zú 0†  0?@ 8,196
Derung Derung/DR Dúlóng Zú A†  7,426
Tatars Tatar/TT Tǎtǎěr Zú **† **
4,890
Hezhen Hezhen/HZ Hèzhé Zú BC BC 4,640
Lhoba Lhoba/LB Luòbā Zú D D 2,965

The official language in China is Mandarin, The official language in China is

Mandarin, as spoken in Beijing, but there are also many different dialects to listen for.
Chinese food (and much of the ingredients used to create it is like no other cuisine - and
again, this differs greatly between regions. Art in China is also stunningly unique, perhaps
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
best typified by calligraphy, performed with ink and brush, and held in extremely high esteem
by the Chinese.

1.1 Behavioural expectations

To communicate with people in China it is important to get to know how they behave
and what they expect from people who come from other country. China was crowned ³the
nation of manners´ in history.

Ên general, conception self among Chinese are a collective society with a need for
group affiliation, whether to their family, school, work group, or country. Ên order to maintain
a sense of harmony, they will act with decorum at all times and will not do anything to cause
someone else public embarrassment. They are willing to subjugate their own feelings for the
good of the group. This is often observed by the use of silence in very structured meetings. Êf
someone disagrees with what another person says, rather than disagree publicly, the person
will remain quiet. This gives face to the other person, while speaking up would make both
parties lose face. Ên China they more concern to group loyalty, making team size bigger, think
as a group, and spare people¶s feeling.

Next is about relationship establishment in China. First it does not have to be based on
money. Second, it starts with and builds on the trustworthiness of the individual or the
company. Third, being dependable and reliable definitely strengthens the relationship. Fourth,
frequent contacts with each other foster understanding and emotional bonds and the Chinese
often feel obligated to do business with their friends first.

Y Social relationship is formal and hierarchical in China. People feel more comfortable
in the presence of a hierarchy in which they know their position and the customs or rules for
behaviour in the situation. Small numbers of close and lifelong friends who feel deeply
obligated to give each other whatever help might seem required.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

1.2 Values of Chinese

For people in China the oldest people in a family have the most respect, honour and
dignity. This is because Chinese place more value on age and seniority. Ên china, youngsters
usually let their future decide by their parents. They used to give more importance to their
seniority and trust parents will do the best for them. For a simple example, a youngster may
continue his higher studies on the course that choose by their parents. Also in China, the
young people will call an older person as ò

ò (grandfather), and òò
(grandmother), òò (aunt), and ò  ò (uncle) as a sign of respect even if that person
is not family by blood.

As in the culture and tradition, children have the responsibility for their older
members in the family. The word care here means that as you, the child has to personally take
care of your parents and not let the nurse in the nursing home take care of them. So, it is very
common to see a grown adult to live with his/her family. Êf a person is an older lady or
gentleman, he or she should not be offended when the people there offer to help you because
in China it is a sign of respect and not pity towards the elders.

People in China give more attention to patience. Having patience also means having
the qualities of quiet steady perseverance. You must have steady persistence in your course of
action when met with obstacles, challenges and discouragement. Only then will you keep
going to meet success. Patience provides the stamina for you to meet with career success.
One who can bear the pain of a blade on one¶s heart truly has patience as the Chinese symbol
for patience demonstrates. People in China value high quality of immediate gain, and they
patiently wait for the best possible result and believe people who do not have such patience
usually do not last in the company they work.
There is a Chinese saying that goes like this:

The rich with patience will protect his home,
The poor with patience will save him from humiliation,
The father and son who is patient shows affection,
The siblings who are with patient shows sincerity,
The friend who is patient makes their relationship longer,
The couple that is patient lives in harmony.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
Next in China, Chinese prefer to follow an indirect, harmonious style when dealing
with others. Go- between moves to process along and interpersonal harmony is considered
more important than confrontation.

1.3 Patterns of operation in China

The Chinese government stipulates a five-day workweek with no more than 8 hours a
day and no more than 44 hours a week in the Labour Law of People's Republic of China.
The regular working time generally is from Monday to Friday, with Saturday and Sunday off.
The Chinese people usually work between 08:00 and 18:00 each day, with a lunch break from
12:00 to 14:00. However, local variations may occur due to the time difference or policy in
different cities. For instance, the working day in Xinjiang usually starts from 09:00 or 10:00
due to its longitude.

Hospitals, post offices, banks and tourist sites are always open daily from 08:30-09:30
to 16:00-18:00, but the hospital clinics and its first-aid centre are usually served for 24 hours.
Hotels also offer the round-the-clock service to any lodger. Shops, department stores and
supermarkets are open every day from 08:30-09:30 to 21:30, including public holidays.
Restaurants and bars are always open from around 10:00 to the late night, sometimes even
into the small hours or for all night.

Bank of China or Bank of China Limited in full is one of China¶s four state-owned
commercial banks. Êts businesses cover commercial banking, investment banking and
insurance. Members of the group include BOC Hong Kong, BOC Ênternational, BOCG
Ênsurance and other financial institutions. The Bank provides a comprehensive range of high-
quality financial services to individual and corporate customers as well as financial
institutions worldwide. Ên terms of tier one capital, it ranked 18th among the world¶s top
1,000 banks by The Banker magazine in 2005. Of course it is one of the top profits making
bank in the world.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

1.4 China¶s beliefs

Lantern festival

The Lantern Festival falls on the15th day of the first lunar month, the night of the first
full moon after the Spring Festival. Traditionally, people eat sweet dumplings during this
festival. Sweet dumplings, round balls of glutinous rice flour with sugar filling, symbolize
reunion. During the festival people display multicoloured lanterns on the street and
courtyards, and stroll around admiring them at night, hence the name "Lantern Festival."
Some places also hold evening parties for people to guess riddles written on lanterns.

There are many different beliefs about the origin of the Lantern Festival. But one
thing for sure is that it had something to do with celebrating and cultivating positive
relationship between people, families, nature and the higher beings they believed were
responsible for bringing/returning the light each year.

One legend tells us that it was a time to worship Taiyi, the God of Heaven in ancient
times. The belief was that the God of Heaven controlled the destiny of the human world. He
had sixteen dragons at his beck and call and he decided when to inflict drought, storms,
famine or pestilence upon human beings. Beginning with Qinshihuang, the first emperor to
unite the country, all the emperors ordered splendid ceremonies each year. The emperor
would ask Taiyi to bring favourable weather and good health to him and his people.
Y
Birthday celebration
Y

YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY Y Y
Y

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
A special kind of noodles called © 
 is prepared by stretching the dough. Making
these noodles has become almost an art form. The dough is stretched lengthwise between
both hands. The ends are folded together and the dough is stretched again and again,
becoming thinner and longer. Making lā miàn noodles takes speed and skill, as the dough
needs to remain intact and the noodles have to keep separate from one another. The longer
the noodles are, the better, because in China, it is served for lunch in honour of the birthday
person. The noodles are symbolizing a long life of that particular person.
7

1.5 Assumptions in China

Chinese traditional medicine master- Sunsimiao

Ên China, Chinese traditional medicine is a valuable heritage and it develops for the
promotion of health. Within Chinese cosmology, all creation is born from the marriage of two
polar which is yin and yang. Harmony of this union produces good health, where else,
disharmony leads to disease. The strategy of Chinese medicine is to restore harmony. One of
the major assumptions in traditional Chinese medicine is that disease is due to an internal
imbalance of yin and yang, so traditional doctors uses acupuncture, herbs and food to help
you to correct the yin and yang imbalance until the body returns to a healthy state.

Nature has air, sea and land in the same way the Chinese medicine assumes that the
human body possesses Qi, Moisture and blood. Qi means influence or energy which
motivates force behind all movement in our body. Moisture is the liquid substance which
protects and nurtures tissue. Lastly, blood is the foundation in which bones, nerves, skin,
muscles and organs are created.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

8
1.6 Norms of China

Êt is very important to know China¶s norms to understand them more in deeply. There
are few etiquette that practiced by people in China in their daily life.

Communication is the important part that a person should know before step into a
country like China. First, is when you introduce yourself with people in China, bowing will
appear right into your mind however you may offer a hand shake too, but to be wise wait for
them to offer their hand first. Greeting are always formal in China, especially it is important
to great the oldest person first. Large hand movements may distract the host, so Chinese don¶t
use large hand movements. Personal contact must be avoided at all cost and it is appropriate
for a man to touch a woman in public.YDo not point when speaking and if there is necessary
to point something do not use your index finger and it is better to use an open palm.

Gift giving is a very delicate issue in China and sending a gift to a guest, sometimes,
is a devotion to show one¶s sincere thanks or best wishes to others.Ên general, gifts are given
at Chinese New Year, weddings, births and in birthdays. The Chinese like food and a nice
food basket will make a great gift. Do not give scissors, knives or other cutting utensils as
they indicate the severing of the relationship. Do not give clocks, handkerchiefs or straw
sandals as they are associated with funerals and death. Do not give flowers, as many Chinese
associate these with funerals. Always present gifts with two hands. Ên order not to appear
greedy, a gift will not be immediately taken, but refused three times before finally being
accepted. Each time it¶s refused, you as the giver must graciously continue to offer the gift.
And once it¶s taken, tell the person you¶re happy it¶s been accepted. The gift is offered using
both hands and must be gift-wrapped; though it won¶t be opened it front of you. Do not wrap
gifts in white, blue or black paper. Four is an unlucky number so do not give four of
anything. Eight is the luckiest number, so giving eight of something brings luck to the
recipient. .

Êt is important to be punctual if become a Chinese person¶s guest. The Chinese prefer

to entertain in public places rather than in their homes, especially when entertaining
foreigners. Êf you are invited to their house, consider it a great honour. Êf you must turn down
such an honour, it is considered polite to explain the conflict in your schedule so that your
actions are not taken as a slight. The important think that a person should bear in mind before
entering their house is removing shoes. Êt is better to bring a small gift to the hostess rather
than empty handed. A person should eat well to demonstrate that they are enjoying the food.
Table manners are also important when joining to have meals with people in China. Misuses
of chopsticks consider seem serious in Chinese culture.Never erect the chopsticks in the bowl
because it is consider as a ritual for the respect of the dead, never cross the chopsticks on the
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
rim of the bowl, don¶t suck the chopsticks, chopsticks shouldn¶t be used to point others and
lastly don¶t use the chopsticks as other tool. A person should wait until to be told where to sit
because the guest of honour will be given a seat facing the door. The host begins eating first
and should try everything that is offered by hostess. As a guest never eat the last piece from
the serving tray and do not put bones in your bowl. Place them on the table or in a special
bowl for that purpose. Hold the rice bowl close to your mouth while eating. Êt is common
and do not be offended if a Chinese person makes slurping or belching sounds; it merely
indicates that they are enjoying their food.

1.7 Customs of China

The custom of crying marriage existed a long time ago in many areas of Southwest
China's Sichuan Province, and remained in vogue until the end of the Qing Dynasty (1644-
1911). Though not so popular as before, the custom is still observed by people in many
places, especially Tujia people, who view it as a necessary marriage procedure. Êt is very
much the same in different places of the province. According to elderly people, every bride
had to cry at the wedding prior to the liberation of the PRC in 1949. Otherwise, the bride's
neighbours would look down upon her as a poorly cultivated girl and she would become the
laughingstock of the village. Ên fact, there were cases in which the bride was beaten by her
mother for not crying at the wedding ceremony.

During the Warring States Period (475-221BC), as historical records reveal, the
princess of the Zhao State was married to the Yan State to be a queen. Her mother, on the
point of her daughter's departure, cried at her feet and asked her to return home as soon as
possible. Later, the story was alluded to as the origin of the "crying marriage" custom.
Usually, the bride begins to cry a month before the wedding day. As the night falls, the bride
walks inside the hall and weeps for about an hour. Ten days later, her mother joins her, crying
together with her.; another ten days later, the grandmother joins the daughter and mother, to
cry together with them. The sisters and aunts of the bride, if she has any, also have to join the
crying.

The bride may cry in different ways with diversified words, which was also called
"Crying Marriage Song"; the somewhat exaggerated singing helps to enhance the wedding
atmosphere. Ên a word, crying at wedding is a way by custom to set off the happiness of the
wedding via falsely sorrowful words. Some girls begin to learn crying at a young age, and
some parents even go so far as inviting an elderly woman to teach their daughters how to cry.
When they are fifteen or sixteen years old, the girls will practice crying with their young
companions, and sometimes teach each other how to cry.

The latter is also known as "accompanying ten sisters". On the eve of the wedding
day, the bride's parents usually invite nine single women to join the process, with the women
often sitting around a table. Ên the very beginning, two companions start the process with a
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
poem or a song, which is followed by songs from the other companions. Most of the songs
are themed on filial piety, diligence and etiquette, and the process lasts until dawn.
A Crying Song
The bird in the tree has grown up; my sister is getting married.
Once married, when is she going back home?
Let us share the deep feeling tonight.
My sister is like a white lotus root, and no man can resist her charm.
My sister has a sweet mouth, which every man wants to kiss.
My sister has a pair of deft hands, good at embroidery and weaving.
My sister is kind-hearted, respectful to both father and mother.
10
1.8 Rituals in China

Birth ritual

Ên China, when a baby is born, his or her family members will announce the news by
sending red boiled eggs to the family¶s relative and friends. Moreover in some regions of
China the number of eggs represents the gender of the child and mostly an even number with
a black point dotted on one end will be delivered for boy and odd number without a black is
usually for girls.All of the rites related to a birth, from the praying for the inception of a child
when a woman is not yet pregnant to the time when the baby has reached the age of one full
year revolve around the theme of a long life.

The sequence of rites after the birth of the child are:   (three days after birth),

(a full month after birth),  (one hundred days after birth), and    (a full
year after birth). At the Sanzhao rite, the child will receive all manner of handsels (special
initiation gifts expressing a wish for good health and a prosperous life). At the Manyue rite,
the child will have its head shaved. At the Bairi rite, the uncle on the child's mother's side will
be identified, and the child will be given a name.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
When a child is a full year old, the rite of Zhuazhou is performed in order to predict
the child's future luck, or destiny. This rite is performed by having the child randomly, and of
its own volition, pick up items from an array of symbolic items placed in front of and within
reach of the child. However, the objects laid out for boys and girls are different. For boys the
items will be swards, pens, books and so on which symbolizes the career of general, poet,
scholar. Where else for girls it will be makeup, needle and thread which will be placed on a
girl¶s plate since woman are expected to be a good housewife.

11

1.9 Symbols in China

The National symbols are the landmarks which come across to a person¶s mind when
people say China. First it will be the Flags of People¶s Republic of China which adopted in
1949. YYThe Chinese flag meaning has many conflicting interpretations. Êt is said that the red
colour base of the Chinese flag represents the blood of the heroes who gave up their lives
during the revolution. This bloodshed by the revolutionary martyrs led to the political change
in the country. The largest star is said to be a representation of Communist Party of China.
The ethnic groups of China (Manchurian, Mongolian, Tibetan, and Muslims) are represented
by the four smaller stars. The point of each star that is pointing towards the large star
symbolizes the that all Chinese people are under the leadership of the Communist Party. The
indication that China's bright future lies with socialism is represented by the yellow star.

Another meaning associated with the four stars is that they represent the four classes of the
Chinese people. These classes include workers, peasants, petty bourgeoisie and national
bourgeoisie. Ên a more historical context, the four stars may represent the four categories of
the people. These are the gōng (workers), nóng (farmers), shì (intellectual) and the shāng
(businessmen). The colours red symbolizes communism and revolution. The colour gold or
yellow represents the Chinese nation's yellow race. The white flag staff means that flawless
purity and loftiness.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
Next will be the National Animal. The Giant Panda is the national animal of China.
Êt's a mammal classified in the bear family, native to central and southern China. Êt is easily
known by its large, distinctive black patches around the eyes, ears and on its rotund body.

Actually, the Chinese Dragon is the symbol of China's feudal monarchy. The dragon
is based on a 7,000-year-old Chinese legend, and has a horse's head, a snake's body and
chook's claws. Êt represented the emperor's power during the years of China's feudal system
and it is also a sign of auspiciousness and wealth among the people.

12

Nationalized Patriotic Symbol of China is The Great Wall of China. Êt is the pride of
the Chinese people. The Great Wall of China was built over 2,000 years ago, by Qin Shi
Huangdi, the first emperor of China during the Qin (Ch'in) Dynasty (221 B.C - 206 B.C.). Ên
Chinese the wall is called "Wan-Li Qang-Qeng" which means 10,000-Li Long Wall (10,000
Li = about 5,000 km). The Great Wall is the world's longest man-made structure. Êt stretches
across the mountains of northern China, winding north and northwest of Beijing.

National Costume is the expression of a nation's geographical, cultural and political identity
through costume. The Chinese male wears Cheongsam and the female Qipao .

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

China does not have an "official" national flower, but the tree peony can be regarded as a
national favourite. Peony was voted to the top in a study conducted in 1994 in every corner of
China asking people to select a National Flower.

13

National Anthem of the Republic of China, composed in 1935 and originally known
as the March of the Volunteers, describes the wrath of the Chinese people against imperialist
aggression and their determination to protect their motherland against invaders. This the
Lyrics in Chinese with pinyin :

qǐ lai bú yuàn zuò nú lì de rén men

N
     †

bǎ wǒ men de xuè ròu

†   ,

zhù chéng wǒ men xīn de cháng chéng


† Õ  † ì

Zhōng huá mín zú dào le zuì wēi xiǎn de shí hòu

†  E F G H†  †  ,

Měi gè rén bèi pò zhe fā chū zuì hòu de hǒu shēng

 I    † GJ  

qǐ lai qǐ lai qǐ lai

N
N
N

wǒ men wàn zhòng yì xīn

† \
 ,

Mào zhe dí rén de pào huǒ qián jìn

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
¸  †    , † !

Mào zhe dí rén de pào huǒ qián jìn

¸  †    , † !

qián jìn qián jìn jìn

† ! † ! † !

English Translation
Arise! All who refuse to be slaves!
Let our flesh and blood become our new Great Wall!
As the Chinese nation faces its greatest peril,
All forcefully expend their last cries.
Arise! Arise! Arise!
Million hearts as one,
Brave the enemy's fire, March on!
Brave the enemy's fire, March on!
March on! March on! On!

14

2.0 Êntroduction to United States

Map of United States of America

The United States of America is located on the continent of North America. There
are 50 states in the U.S. Forty-eight of the states form the contiguous United States. The U.S.
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
borders on Canada to the north, and Mexico and the Gulf of Mexico to the south. On the east
coast, the U.S. is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean, and on the west coast it is bordered by the
Pacific Ocean.

To the northwest of Canada is the state of Alaska. The state of Hawaii is located in
the Pacific Ocean, southwest of California. Ên addition to the 50 states, the U.S. has several
territories and possessions, located in the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean.
The United States has a total resident population of 309,707,000. Êt is a very urbanized
population, with 81% residing in cities and suburbs as of mid-2005 (the worldwide urban rate
was 49%). California and Texas are the most populous states, as the mean centre of United
States population has consistently shifted westward and southward.

Racially, the U.S. has a White American majority. Minorities compose just over one-
third of the population (102.5 million in 2007), with Hispanic and Latino Americans and
African Americans as the largest minority groups, by ethnicity and race, respectively.
Traditionally, the East Coast is more conservative and formal in their dress and manners than
the West Coast. That is not to say a West Coast meeting carries any less importance. The
climate and lifestyle are just more relaxed, which is reflected in the pace and informality.

15

Below are the groups in United States of America

Table 1.1



 
± 
Ã


Adult population, Responded 94.8%
Ã
 Ã !"

Ã
# 25.1%
$Ã
#  Ã 50.9%
%Ã 15.8%
&Ã

 Ã 12.9%

 5.0%
 
 3.8%


 2.1%
©© 1.1%

! "! 0.3%
 Ã ±

# 14.2%
! 
"
 7.2%
#

© 3.5%
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
!

# 
"
 2.3%
$
©© 0.9%


#Ã
Ã  Ã# 3.5%


©# 
"
 2.4%


©
"% 0.4%
! "% 0.3%
?
 
Ã
3.1%
'
 Ã
! 
"! 0.8%
&
$'(
 0.8%

$
#)$
 0.4%
& (Ã
$'Ã Ã 1.4%
Ã
$ Ã

 )*

+
, 1.2%
|Ã
 

 0.9%
  0.5%
&
 0.6%
-
, 

 &.

 1.2%
16
2.1 Behaviour expectations

The United States of America is the land of the free, the land of opportunity, the
wealthiest country in the world, a country that half the modern world is modelled after. Êts
President is referred to as the "Leader of the free world".

Êndividualism is being seen as a gift for Americans.YBecause modern society finds it

important that people think independently, decide autonomously and take personal initiatives,
the concept of individualism has acquired a positive connotation. Êndividualistic cultures like
USA are more self-centred and emphasize mostly on their individual goals. People from
individualistic cultures tend to think only of themselves as individuals and as ³Ê´ distinctive
from other people. They make just a little different between in-group and out-group
communication. They prefer clarity in their conversations to communicate more effectively
and come in general directly to the point. Ên an individualistic system of governance, the
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
individual is valued higher than a group and enjoys human and economic liberty that ruling
authorities are obligated to protect and defend. Practically, individualism is understood to
mean that individual¶s right to direct particular person¶s own life, to enjoy whatever that
person wants and to bear responsibility for his or her actions.

Next is social relationship in United States are mostly informalYand egalitarian. People
there more comfortable with social equals and it makes less importance for social rankings.
American prefers large collection of ³friends´Yand acquaintances which changes over time
and involves only limited mutual obligations.YAccording to the World Values Survey, 59.7%
of Americans feel that friends are very important, a percent that makes the United States rank
twelfth in that category.YAmerican people avoid interdependent relationships and situations
that might entail long-term obligations.
Y

17

2.2 Values of American

American emphasizes individual achievement and is results-oriented; therefore they

value directness and openness when dealing with others, enabling individuals to finish tasks
more quickly. Because of these values of directness and equality, American tends to be
informal when speaking and writing, often using first name.

Many other countries have developed subtle, sometimes highly ritualistic, ways of
informing others of unpleasant information. Americans prefer the direct approach. They are
likely to be completely honest in delivering their negative evaluations, and to consider
anything other than the most direct and open approach to be ò
òand ò

ò.
Anyone in the U.S. who uses an intermediary to deliver the message will also be considered
ò
 ©$
ò and ò  *ò. Êf you come from a country where saving face is
important, be assured that Americans are not trying to make you lose face with their
directness.

Equality is so cherished in the U.S. that it is seen as having a religious basis.

Americans believe that all people are created equal and that all should have an equal
opportunity to succeed. This concept of equality is strange to seven-eighths of the world
which views status and authority as desirable, even if they happen to be near the bottom of
the social order. Since Americans like to treat foreigners ò& ©+

©
ò, newcomers
to the U.S. should realize that no insult or personal indignity is intended if they are treated in
a less than-deferential manner by waiters in restaurants, clerks in stores and hotels, taxi
drivers, and other service personnel.
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
Ên American culture, the phrase ³time is money´ is commonly accepted as a
framework for the desire to finish a task in the shortest amount of time with the greatest
profit. Êf a process is considered inefficient, it ³wastes´ time and money and possibly will be
abandoned. Êt is something to be on, kept, filled, saved, used, spent, wasted, lost, gained,
planned, given, and even killed. Americans are more concerned with getting things
accomplished on time than they are with developing interpersonal relations. Their lives seem
controlled by the little machines they wear on their wrists, cutting their discussions off
abruptly to make their next appointment on time. This philosophy has enabled Americans to
be extremely productive, and productivity is highly valued in their countryY

2.3 Patterns of operation in United States of America

Business hours are the hours during the day in which business is commonly
conducted. By observing common informal standards for business hours, workers may
communicate with each other more easily and find a convenient divide between work life and
home life.

Ên the United States , the hours between 9 am and 5 pm are typically considered to be
standard business hours, although in the United States this varies by region due to local
tradition and the need to conduct business by telephone with people in other time zones. For
instance, business in Chicago is often conducted between 8 am and 4:30 pm.

The Federal Reserve System (also known as the Federal Reserve, and informally as
the Fed) is the central banking system of the United States. Êt was created in 1913 with the
enactment of the Federal Reserve Act, and was largely a response to a series of financial
panics, particularly a severe panic in 1907. Over time, the roles and responsibilities of the
Federal Reserve System have expanded and its structure has evolved. According to the board
of governors of the Federal Reserve, "Êt is not 'owned' by anyone and is 'not a private, profit -
making institution'. Ênstead, it is an independent entity within the government, having both
public purposes and private aspects."The U.S. Government does not own shares in the
Federal Reserve System or its component banks, but does receive all of the system's annual
profits after a statutory dividend of 6% on their capital investment is paid to member banks
and a capital account surplus is maintained

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

19
2.4 Beliefs in United States

Halloween festival

Halloween is an annual holiday observed on October 31. Êt has roots in the Celtic
festival of Samhain and the Christian holiday All Saints' Day, but is today largely a secular
celebration. Historian Nicholas Rogers, exploring the origins of Halloween, notes that while
"some folklorists have detected its origins in the Roman feast of Pomona, the goddess of
fruits and seeds, or in the festival of the dead called Parentalia, it is more typically linked to
the Celtic festival of Samhain. The name is derived from Old Êrish and means roughly
"summer's end". A similar festival was held by the ancient Britons and is known as Calan
Gaeaf .

The ancient Celts believed that the border between this world and the Otherworld
became thin on Samhain, allowing spirits (both harmless and harmful) to pass through. The
family's ancestors were honoured and invited home while harmful spirits were warded off. Êt
is believed that the need to ward off harmful spirits led to the wearing of costumes and
masks. Their purpose was to disguise oneself as a harmful spirit and thus avoid harm.

Birthday celebration

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Ên Western culture Birthday Cake is defined as a pastry or dessert served to a person

on his or her birthday. Birthday cakes are usually decorated with person¶s name and carry a
message of congratulations. Candles equal to the number of years a person has been alive are
also placed on the cake. There is also a tradition to place one extra candle to bring good luck.
Birthday cakes are usually spongy and the most popular flavour in cakes is chocolate.

Ên earlier times, Birthday cakes were mostly round in shape. Some scholar in America
beliefs that cake in the ancient world has association with the annual cycles. Round shapes of
cakes were preferred as these represented the cyclical nature of life especially sun or moon.

Ên medieval times people of America used to place symbolic objects like coins, rings
and thimbles in the batter of the cake. Êt was believed that those who found coin in the cake
would be wealthy while the unlucky finder of the thimble would never marry. Wedding was
signified for the person who found the slice of cake with ring. Even today some people
follow the tradition and place small figures, fake coins and small candies inside the cake.
There is also a belief that if the cake fell while baking it was considered to be a bad omen and
signified bad luck for the person in the coming year.
20
2.5 Assumption

American not used to assume things. As Chinese having their own assumption on
Chinese medicine¶s and treatments, American doesn¶t have such things. They prefer using
modern medicines with the help of doctor¶s advice rather than using traditional medicines.
They not only feel secured in using modern medicines but they are used to all those
traditional medicines.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

21
2.6 Norms of Americans

Greetings are casual in United States. Stand while being introduced. Only the elderly,
the ill and physically unable persons remain seated while greeting or being introduced.
Handshakes are usually brief. Light handshakes are considered distasteful. Use a firm grip.
Eye contact is important when shaking someone¶s hand. Keep your distance when
conversing. Americans are generally uncomfortable with same-sex touching, especially
between males. Americans smile a great deal, even at strangers. They like to have their smiles
returned. Men and women will sit with legs crossed at the ankles or knees, or one ankle
crossed on the knee. Êt is considered rude to stare, ask questions or otherwise bring attention
to someone's disability. An embrace and one kiss on the cheek are common between friends
and acquaintances.

Ên general, Americans give gifts for birthdays, anniversaries and major holidays, such
as Christmas. A gift can be as simple as a card and personal note to something more elaborate
for a person with whom you are close. Gift giving is not an elaborate event, except at
Christmas. When invited to someone's home for dinner, it is polite to bring a small box of
good chocolates, a bottle of wine, a potted plant or flowers for the hostess.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Êt has become customary to give the gift of fresh Flowers to the opposite sex on
almost any occasion. Ên times of illness and death, Flowers are given regardless of gender.
The gift of Flowers to couples is customary for such occasions as Weddings, Anniversaries
and Holidays. Many men buy Flowers for their favourite woman on a weekly basis to show
their love and affection. Gifts are normally opened when received.

Americans socialise in their homes and µbackyards¶, in restaurants and in other public
places. Êt's not at all unusual for social events to be as casual as a backyard barbecue or a
picnic in the park. Table manners are more relaxed in the U.S. than in many other countries.
The fork is held in the right hand and is used for eating. The fork is held tines down. The
knife is used to cut or spread something. To use the knife, the fork is switched to the left
hand. To continue eating, the fork is switched back to the right hand. Êf you have not finished
eating, cross your knife and fork on your plate with the fork over the knife. Êndicate you have
finished eating by laying your knife and fork parallel across the right side of your plate. Êf
you are more comfortable eating in the Continental manner, go ahead. Êt will not offend
anyone. Feel free to refuse specific foods or drinks without offering an explanation. Many
foods are eaten by hand. Food is often served family-style, which means that it is in large
serving dishes and passed around the table for everyone to serve themselves. Do not rest your
elbows on the table. Put your napkin in your lap as soon as you sit down.

22

2.7 Customs of American

Originating from ancient Jewish tradition, the "chuppah" or wedding canopy has
become more popular with secular and interfaith couples as well, particularly with outdoor
weddings. The canopy represents the home the couple will make together. Ên Judaism,
instead of the traditional Christian ritual of the father of the bride walking the bride down the
aisle, the parents of both partners escort their child to the Chuppah. The procession itself
symbolizes the adult child leaving their parent's home, and making their new home with their
beloved. The canopy itself is symbolic, too. The walls of the canopy remain open to family
and friends, while the covering overhead protects the couple from the harshest elements in
life. The wedding canopy is usually decorated with flowers.

Ên the Jewish tradition, "kiddush" wine is used to sanctify a ceremony. The sweetness of
the wine symbolizes the sweetness of life. The Officinal blesses the glass of wine and offers
it to the couple to share. Ên Japan, Sake is sometimes used in a similar way. Many other
communities around the world offer the bride and groom wine during the wedding ceremony,
and some have a full Eucharist or Communion service. Wine can also be used for "libations"
in an African-American wedding, where wine may be poured on the ground as an act of
holiness, instead of being sipped by partners.

Another ancient Jewish custom that can be incorporated beautifully into interfaith
weddings is the "Breaking of the Glass". At the end of a Jewish wedding, after the
pronouncement of the new status as a married couple, the groom traditionally stomps on a
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
wine glass wrapped in a cloth napkin or towel. Êt is said "Just as it would be impossible to
return the glass to its original condition; the lives of the wedding couple are forever
changed." The popping noise marks the end of the ceremony and the beginning of the new
life together. Êmmediately afterward, the guests break out into a joyous chorus of "Mazel
Tov" (Congratulations). Today, many egalitarian couples each have a glass to break at the
same time. (Logistical suggestion -- Wine glasses can be tough to break. Many couples
"cheat" and use light bulbs instead, which break more easily and make a loud popping
sound.) Many couple save the pieces of their broken glass as a souvenir.

23

2.8 Rituals in United States

Affusion is a method of baptism where water is poured on the head of the person
being baptized. The word "affusion" comes from the Latin "" , meaning "to pour on´.
Affusion is one of three methods of baptism, in addition to the greater wetting of total
immersion and sprinkling, used by Christians. Christian denominations that baptize by
affusion do not deny the legitimacy of baptizing by immersion or aspersion; rather, they
consider that affusion is a sufficient, if not preferable, method of baptism.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Affusion and aspersion tend to be practiced by Christian denominations that also

practice infant baptism. This may be due to the practical difficulties of totally immersing an
infant underwater. However, Eastern Orthodox and some Roman Catholics practice infant
immersion.

24
2.9 Symbols

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
The national flag of the United States of America (the American flag) consists of
thirteen equal horizontal stripes of red (top and bottom) alternating with white, with a blue
rectangle in the canton (referred to specifically as the "union") bearing fifty small, white,
five-pointed stars arranged in nine offset horizontal rows of six stars (top and bottom)
alternating with rows of five stars. Betsy Ross, made the first flag. A new star is added to the
flag on the July 4th following the entry into the Union of the new state. The fifty stars on the
flag represent the 50 states and the 13 stripes represent the original thirteen colonies that
rebelled against the British monarchy and became the first states in the Union. Nicknames for
the flag include the Stars and Stripes, Glory, and The Star-Spangled Banner (also the name of
the national anthem). The flag of the United States is one of the nation's most widely
recognized symbols.

Within the U.S. it is frequently displayed, not only on public buildings, but on private
residences. Apart from the numbers of stars and stripes representing the number of current
and original states, respectively, and the union with its stars representing a constellation, there
is no legally defined symbolism to the colours and shapes on the flag.

White: Signifies purity and innocence

Red: Signifies valour and bravery
Blue: Signifies Vigilance, perseverance, and justice

When Alaska and Hawaii were being considered for statehood in the 1950s, more
than 1,500 designs were spontaneously submitted to President Dwight D. Eisenhower.
Although some of them were 49-star versions, the vast majority were 50-star proposals

25

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

The bald eagle is a large, powerful, brown bird with a white head and tail. The term
"bald" does not mean that this bird lacks feathers. Ênstead, it comes from the word piebald, an
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
old word, meaning "marked with white."The bald eagle was made the national bird of the
United States in 1782. The image of the bald eagle can be found in many places in the U.S.,
such as on the Great Seal, Federal agency seals, the President's flag, and on the one-dollar
bill.

The Founding Fathers wanted to choose an animal that was unique to the United
States. For six years, the members of Congress engaged in a dispute over what the national
emblem should be. As a result of the debate, the bald eagle was chosen because it symbolized
strength, courage, freedom, and immortality and that it would look much better as a national
symbol.

The Statue of Liberty is a huge sculpture that is located on Liberty Êsland in New
York Harbour. This monument was a gift to the USA from the people of France in
recognition of the French-American alliance during the American Revolution. The formal
name of the statue is "Liberty Enlightening the World." Êt pictures a woman who has
escaping the chains of tyranny (the broken chains lie at her feet). Liberty's right hand holds a
torch that is a symbol of liberty. Liberty was designed by the French sculptor Frederic
Auguste Bartholdi.

The hollow copper statue was built in France and was finished in July, 1884. Êt was
brought to the USA in 350 pieces on a French ship called the "Êsere" (in June, 1885). The
statue was re-assembled in the USA and was completed on October 28, 1886. There are 354
steps inside the statue and its pedestal. There are 25 viewing windows in the crown. The
seven rays of Liberty's crown symbolize the seven seas and seven continents of the world.
Liberty holds a tablet in her left hand that reads "July 4, 1776" (in Roman numerals),
Êndependence Day of the United States of America.

26

There is no national dress or attire in America because Americans are descended from
immigrants from all over the world (mostly from Europe). Members of some ethnic groups
may have traditional costumes that they wear in their own cultural festivals and such but for
the most part America is blending of many different cultures.

The rose, said to be about 35 million years old, has been used as a symbol of love, beauty,
war, and politics throughout the world. The flowers are generally red, pink, white, or yellow
and grow naturally throughout North America. The rose became the official flower of the
United States in 1986.
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Ên October 1985, the Senate passed a resolution that declared the rose as
the National Floral Emblem of the United States. Senate Joint Resolution
159 was passed by the House of Representatives on September 23, 1986.

The resolution asked the president to issue a proclamation declaring the

rose as the national flower. A proclamation announces an act by the
government and does not have the effect of law.

President Reagan signed the resolution on October 7, 1986 in a ceremony in the White House
Rose Garden. On November 20, 1986, President Reagan issued Proclamation 5574: The
National Floral Emblem of the United States of America: The Rose.

º

Y Y
 Y
 Y

During the War of 1812, on September 13, 1814, Francis Scott Key visited the British
fleet in Chesapeake Bay to secure the release of Dr. William Beanes, who had been captured
after the burning of Washington DC. The release was completed, but Key was held by the
British overnight during the shelling of Fort McHenry, one of the forts defending Baltimore.
Ên the morning, Key peered through clearing smoke to see an enormous American flag flying
proudly after a 25-hour British bombardment of Fort McHenry.

He was so delighted to see the flag still flying over the fort that he began a poem to
commemorate the occasion, with a note that it should be sung to the popular British melody
"To Anacreon in Heaven."

Ên 1916, President Woodrow Wilson ordered that it be played at military and naval
occasions. Ên 1931, the Star-Spangled Banner became our national anthem.
27

National Anthem of United States of America

Y  YY Y Y YY Y
 YYY Y
 YYYYY Y Y
Y Y
Y 
 YY
Y 
Y
YY
  YY
YY

 YY
Y
Y Y Y 
YYY
 Y
Y
YY  Y
YY
Y
Y
Y
YYYY 
YY Y Y
 YY  Y  YY 
! Y
Y
YY
YYY YY
YYY Y YY
YY

YY 
Y Y Y
YY  Y YYY
YY  Y Y YY
Y
Y
  YY YYYY
"Y 
YY 
Y Y YY Y  Y Y
  Y Y   Y# YY YYY YY
 Y
YY$YY
Y

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Y Y  Y YY 
%Y& YY 
! Y
'YY Y YYY
YY
Y YY
YYY Y YY
 YY

Y
Y YYY Y Y Y 
Y&YY Y Y
YYY Y   Y

Y YYY 
Y  YY Y Y
Y&
Y Y YY Y
Y Y   Y
   Y# Y
Y Y YY
YY Y
YY


Y YY
YY Y YY

%YYY 
! Y
YY
Y YY
YYY YY
YYY Y
YY
 YY

'Y YYY
YY
Y Y Y(Y
Y Y  YYY
 Y
  'Y( YY
YYY YY!
 YYº
 YYº 
YY
YYY
 
Y YY  Y&Y )
YY Y
Y 
Y YY Y* YY YY

Y  %Y+$Y Y Y 
Y
  +YYY 
! Y
Y

Y YY
YYY Y
Y
YYY Y YY
'

28
3.1 Problems

The problems that may occurs cause of different kind of behavioural expectation of
China and United States of America are mainly about the conception of the self. This is
because China is following collectivism behaviour but United States (U.S) is well known for
its individualism.

Êf we talk about problems that may a firm can face just through following an
individualistic style, first it would be no opportunity to speak with others who already did
what you are thinking of doing. Êt is hard to follow a particular person¶s idea and make
decisions in critical moments. Another major problem that others may feel from
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
individualism is selfishness.YAn employer should think from his or her employee¶s situation
to understand them better and to create a better relationship with them. Êf that particular
employer just simply follows individualism without bothering others it¶s consider he/she see
things from only one perspective and it can affect the firms stability.

Next is relationship establishment, actually this is slightly tricky compare to others

because both China and U.S are friendly with clients, tourist and even employees. However,
the time period and the way they behave are quite different from each other.

Solutions

For American to start a business deal with Chinese they should understand the
importance of collectivism. Group decisions help to combine individual strengths of the
group members and hence has a set of varied skill sets applied in the decision making
process. Êndividual opinions can be biased or affected with pre-conceives notions are
restricted perspectives, group decision help to get a broader perspective owing to differences
of perception between individual in the group. A group decision always means enhanced
collective understanding of the course of action to be taken after the decision is taken. The
fact is a through collectivism it helps an individual gains greater group commitment since
everyone has his/her share in the decision making. Collectivism can create a better individual
but individualism can never help to create a better group.

Êts better learn to make long term relationship than a short while in business.
American used to short term relationship that may affect the progress of a particular business.

29
3.2 Problems

Sometimes when interacting with people in different culture and tradition it will be
rude and not appropriate when conveying their mistakes directly. This will not only, create
an opportunity to that person to cancel their business deal but also will affect the company¶s
future development.

Although respecting elders is important but at the same time qualification should be
bear in mind when handling responsible in business environment. For an example, if staffs
have been given increment for his or her experience in the office, then it will affect the
working performance of efficient and high skilled staffs of the office.
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Patience in business will bring harm to that particular business. This is because in
business if you are practicing patience then it will create opportunity to your competitor to
win your opportunities.

Solutions

Êt is better to follow Chinese value as conveying negative messages indirectly to that

person although you know they did a mistake. Êt will not only save your business deal but
also will help to create your firm a good image among others.

Through practicing equality a firm able to have more staffs knowledge. A firm should
motivate their workers on how to convey an experiential ideas and good decision making
methods. Equality will create a good working environment among staffs and they will feel
that they are contributing to the firm and will put more effort to help the company to improve.

As a business dealer time is more important and a person should give importance to
money at the same time, we are not handling non profit firm to give importance to other
matters. Time keeping among staffs also will create a discipline in working environment and
will increase the profit of the firm.

30
3.3 Problems

Different working hours in between two different companies will potentially affect
the business deal and will make each country to think before signing an agreement. Different
working hours may not only create a conflict but will be delay in starting work. Due to
sudden change of time, it will affect the progress and image of the company.

Solutions
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

To solve the problem both companies with different time must follow one specific
time which is easier for both. Not only that, both companies will need extra labour power
until all the workers able to finish and start work according the new working schedule.

31

3.4 Problems

Different kind of beliefs between both countries doesn¶t create any conflict if the
companies make a business deal each other. Êf an American have been invited to a birthday
party which conduct by a Chinese hostess and been served noodles which replace cake will
make him get confused. At the same time, problem when announcing annual leave of the
company will make the Chinese staffs anger if they didn¶t get it for the special festival¶s
celebrated at their country. At the same time, a firm cannot announce leave for their staffs as
per their wish.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Solutions

At the same time, westerns won¶t feel hard to have noodles, because they just to it
too. But the thing is announcing a fair annual leave which wouldn¶t affect the mind of the
staff is important as a business dealer. So what the company can do is announcing annual
leave for important festivals of each country is better than going after other opinion.

3.5 Problems

There is no assumption in American tradition. So there will be no problems and

solutions in this case for both countries.

32
3.6 Problems

Non verbal communication like involving in touching and kissing may create a
problem between both countries. Giving flowers for any event is avoided at China where else
Americans love to receive flowers. A foreigner from America, if accidently brought flower to
pay visit to his Chinese friend¶s home, then it is considered bad luck to the Chinese.
There will be manners problem between both companies. Êf suppose an American don¶t really
know table manners and sit somewhere else he will find abit trouble by exchanging place
from one another. Others will be like problems of using chop sticks. Êt will be considered
rude if an American refuses the food that served by Chinese.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Solutions
Before visiting any country it is better to understand differences between the
countries. Understanding culture makes everyone easier to get to know about a country more
into detail. Before sending a representative of a company to another country to make a
business deal, a firm must make sure that that particular person knows everything about the
country. Ên other way around a firm also can train their representative before sending them to
that country so that can place a special place for them in their heart.

33

3.7 Problems

Êf an American have been invited to crying marriage that held in China, will may take
in other perception whether someone past away or if he or she understand that is a marriage
function he may think that the bride don¶t like the groom. Êf he asks in that manner to others
it will bring up a problem. Even maybe that American himself will might it¶s quite bad doing
that to a bride and try to convey his opinion may create a conflict between two companies.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Solutions

Conveying opinion to others is not a big problem, but there is a manner on how to do it.
Moreover it¶s their traditions; traditions shouldn¶t be commented but should be respected.
This is one of the business traditions a person should know before being a guest to other
country. Ên this case, a firm should not only look at the qualities of how able a person could
conduct a business but also very well disciplined person who could respect the customs of
others.

34

3.8 Problems

Rituals of both countries is not as rude as other countries which having functions like
sacrificing life of an animal, which will spoil the image of the firm and may create an
opportunity to cancel out the business deal if the guest is from nature lover country.

Solutions
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y

Sending red eggs is symbolizing, welcoming the child with happiness and this may
create a good image for that particular country. At the other way around baptism is a function
that held to wash away a person¶s sin, this is also consider good for that newborn child and it
will also can be accepted by other countries easily.

35

3.9 Problems

Symbols will not become a problem between two countries; it is just representing
both countries.

Solutions

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
But it¶s better for a representative of a company to know the symbols of a country this will
help him or her to set a place in the heart of that specific country people. Of course it will not
only create a good image on that representative but also make them feel happy and being
honoured by the representative.

36

Conclusion

To conclude it¶s not only about intelligence and hardworking will help a firm to make
a good business deal with firms from other country. Yet there are this nine cooperate
dimensions also must be followed strictly by that company for better relationship
establishment.

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
Learning about how they behave will help a firm to behave in the same as they behave
in that country. Êt is not important only to respect people in that country but also must learn
on how to respect their beliefs, customs, norms and rituals. This will help us to understand
about that particular country more into detail.

Working pattern of other companies should be known so that it will be able to make
business deal with them easily in future. Values can be practiced when dealing business with
that particular country.

So all this must be followed by a firm to create a relationship with firms from other
country.

37

References

1.Y×
×

 p
Y!Y



2.Y
{




3.Y
 {

×

4.Y
{
 

5.Y
 {


{
{
 

 
Y
Y
Y Y Y Y
 c


 

Y
6.
 
 


 
7.Y
  ×
× {
 {
  ×


8.

× ×× × ×


×
9.Y
 × ×
 
  {

10.Y
 ×{

×
 

11.www.wikimedia.com/china norms
12.Y×
×

 ‘
 
13.× 




 ×
  
{
{×
 ×
     

   
{

14.Y×
×

 ×× ××
15.Y ×

×   × 


Y!Y ×
×
16.Y
 
×   
{ 
17.Y

{  
  
{



18.Y
×   ×



! × "× Î

  
{# ××  
 Y
!Y



19.Y

  ×× 
×  



20.Y

  ×× 
× × × 
 

38

Y
Y
Y Y Y Y