EOSC114 Natural Disasters

Volcanoes
with
Dr. Dominique Weis



 
 
 Field Trip Reminder!!!

• Saturday 14d October

• Sign up at EOSC 2020 Main Office
• It will be fun!!
• Lecture 1 - Volcanology Overview

• Lecture 2 - Types of volcanoes & eruptions

• Lecture 3 – Volcanic Explosivity

• Lecture 4 – Volcanic Hazards

- Volcano monitoring and predicting

• Lecture 5
eruptions
 OUTLINE

• Volcano distribution
• Main types of volcanoes
• Eruption style
D. Weis 2009
Mauna Kea, from Mauna Loa
Hawaii

Given a global map including plate boundaries, indicate
generally where volcanoes occur and explain their
distribution.

 Compare and contrast the types of volcanoes that occur at

the three types of plate boundaries and at hotspots.

 Compare and contrast the morphology, dominant rock type,

and typical eruption style of four different types of volcanoes.

 Determine the type of volcano and predict the lava type

based on photos of the volcano and its surroundings.

 Identify the locations and types of the three main volcanoes

near SW BC and explain what the most common type of
volcano is in terms of this region’s tectonic setting.
 Where do Volcanoes Occur

1. Plate boundaries
2. Hotspots 
 





 

 


 


 
 
 
Plate Tectonic Map of Earth

USGS: Plate Boundaries

Plate Boundaries: 3 Main Types
  












 














 

Your Planet Earth: Univ. Bristol

*Crust composition and melt origin will strongly influence

the type of volcanism.
Plate Boundaries: 3 Main Types
Distribution of Volcanoes







 
 








Pacific Ring of Fire


 


 


 





 
Your Planet Earth: Univ. Bristol
 Where do Subduction Zones
Occur

A. At divergent boundaries
B. At continent-continent collision boundaries
C. Where rifting is occurring
D. At continent-ocean collision boundaries
E. At ocean-ocean collision boundaries
 Where do Volcanoes Occur

1. Plate Boundaries
1. Mid-Oceanic Ridges

Most-voluminous volcanism on Earth.

Not exposed at the Earth’s surface,
except in one location, Iceland,
because of the presence of a hotspot

Reykjanes Peninsula, Iceland - D. Weis 2014


 



     




Continental Volcanic Arcs:
Subduction Volcanoes

Felsic and
Intermediate
magmas/lavas

felsic
magma

mafic
magma
 Worksheet
Volcanism at a Continental Subduction Zone

 




 
 


  


  

   

   






 
A ‘Local’ Continental Volcanic Arc:

Active volcanoes
(last 2 Ma)

Subduction of the
Juan de Fuca Plate
under the
North American Plate

Cascadia Subduction Zone

 Mt. Lassen, Lake Helen

Cascade Volcanoes, what do they look like?

D. Weis 2014
Mt. Shasta & Shastina
Mazama - Crater Lake
Mt. Hood, Trillium Lake
Mt. St. Helens

D. Weis Dec 2010

Mt. Baker, Summit Vent

D. Weis Aug 2011

 Oceanic Volcanic Arcs
 










 





 








 

 

Western Aleutian Arc

Oceanic Volcanic Arcs

Cleveland USGS Pavlof USGS

Continent

Oceanic
crust

Oceanic crust

Redoubt
 Why are Arc Volcanoes Typically
Explosive?
A. They erupt mafic magma
B. They erupt gas-rich magmas
C. They erupt hot magmas
D. They erupt low viscosity magma

USGS
 Where do Volcanoes Occur

2. Hot Spots
 Hot Spot Distribution

Courtillot et al. 2003

 Mafic magma from a plume of hot mantle

 Plumes are stationary and pulsatory

    
  


2. Hot spots
http://esminfo.prenhall.com/science/geoanimations/animations/35_VolcanicAct.html
 The Hawaiian/Emperor Volcanic Chain




85 Ma of volcanic
activity related to
one mantle plume




























Kilauea Crater, Hawaii - D. Weis 2009

 Volcanic Settings
• Divergent Boundaries
– On continental crust, e.g. East African Rift Zone
– Between oceanic plates, e.g. Mid-Atlantic Ridge

• Subduction Zones (Convergent boundaries)

– Oceanic-continental, e.g. Cascades
– Oceanic-oceanic, e.g. Aleutian Islands

• Hot Spots
– Under Continental crust, e.g. Yellowstone
– Under Oceanic crust, e.g. Hawaii
 Melting Mechanisms
• Divergent Boundaries
– Mantle material rises in a dike, pressure decrease
– Mafic magma may melt overlying crust

• Subduction Zones
– Hydration of the mantle by subducting plate
– Mafic magma melts overlying crust

• Hot Spots
– Mantle material rises in cylindrical plume, pressure
decrease
– Mafic magma melts overlying crust
 Magma Types
• Divergent Boundaries
– On continental crust: mafic-int.-felsic
– Between oceanic plates: mafic

• Subduction Zones
– Beneath Continental crust: mafic-int.-felsic
– Beneath Oceanic crust: mafic

• Hot Spots
– Under Continental crust: mafic-int.-felsic
– Under Oceanic crust: mafic
 Why is Basalt the most Common Rock
Type in Hawaii ?
A. Because the Pacific plate is subducting,
which creates mafic magma

B. Because hotspots are always mafic

C. Because the Juan de Fuca plate is

subducting, which creates mafic magma

D. Because the hotspot is located beneath

continental crust, which melts to produce
mafic magma

E. Because the hotspot is located beneath

ocean crust, which melts to produce 


 
mafic magma. Kilauea, Hawaii - D. Weis 2009
 Types of Volcanoes
4 Main types:
1. Cinder cones – mafic, explosive
2. Shield volcanoes – mafic, non-explosive
3. Stratovolcanoes – intermediate, felsic, mixed
4. Calderas – felsic, explosive

*Different types can exist together – e.g. small cinder

cones grow on the sides of larger shield volcanoes
 1. Cinder Cones
Layers of pyroclastic ejecta
– from fire fountaining!
<500m
Mafic (basalt)

Angle of repose = 30-40

<2km

Small volcanoes that never

grow up.

Usually erupt for a few years

then never again.

K.Hodge
Cinder Cone
http://dli.taftcollege.edu/streams/Geography/Animations/VolcanoTypes.html
Paracutin, Mexico
Elfin Lakes and Opal Cone - Garibaldi Park

Vincent Chan-Ying 2015

Cinder Cones, Hawaii

Top of Mauna Kea, Hawaii - D. Weis 2009

 2. Shield Volcano

Lava erupts from fissure,
runs down gentle slopes,
4-10 km
cooling

Erupts often

Mafic lava flows

Flows of pahoehoe
followed by a’a

Generally not very 100 km

explosive

e.g. Mauna Loa, Hawaii (50,000km3)

Shield Volcano


  

  

Mauna Loa, Hawaii
 3. Stratovolcano (composite)

Interbedded lava flows,
pyroclastic flows, lahars

Usually intermediate or
felsic
<5 km

Frequently explosive, often
viscous magma

May erupt many times

and stay active for
100,000 years

10 km
e.g. Mt St Helens; Mt Garibaldi; Mt Baker
Stratovolcano (composite volcanoes)
http://dli.taftcollege.edu/streams/Geography/Animations/VolcanoTypes.html
Mt. Shasta & Shastina, USA

D. Weis 2014
Mount Fuji, Japan
Popocatepetl, Mexico
Mayon, Philippines
 Stratovolcanoes are Common
around the Ring of Fire - Why

A. This is where hot spots occur
B. Plate rifting allows mafic magma to rise through the
crust
C. Plate subduction creates a mountain belt
D. Plate subduction creates mafic magma that melts
the crust to produce felsic magma
E. Plate collision squeezes felsic magma up from the
mantle

Mt. Hood, Oregon - D. Weis 2014

 4. Calderas (Supervolcano)
• Caldera - created from large, explosive eruptions of felsic
pyroclastic material. The caldera is created when the roof
of the magma chamber collapses.

• Up to 10’s km across

• Different from a crater

e.g. Yellowstone, Wyoming, Crater Lake

Caldera
http://www.fccj.info/gly1001/animations/Chapter9/Caldera.html
Crater Lake, OR
 What Type of Volcano is Mt Baker

A. Cinder cone
B. Shield volcano
C. Stratovolcano
D. Caldera
E. None of the above
 Size of Volcanoes

Change of scale!!













 4 Main Types of Volcano:

Frequency of eruption:

1. Cinder cones  FREQUENT

2. Shield volcanoes  FREQUENT-CONTINUOUS
3. Stratovolcanoes  FREQUENT
4. Calderas  RARE

Caldera volcanoes produce the MOST DEVASTATING

eruptions, but these are VERY RARE.
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 Next class:
• Lecture 1 - Volcano Basics

• Lecture 2 - Types of volcanoes & Eruptions

• Lecture 3 – Volcanic Explosivity

• Lecture 4 – Volcanic hazards

- Volcano monitoring and predicting

• Lecture 5
eruptions