Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
e d e diti
revis
New
2. Applications
3. Features
4. Products
5. Descriptions
6. System engineering
7. References
8. Index
After the huge blackout in August 2003, a federal order allowed the
first use of the Cross Sound Cable HVDC Light® Interconnector.
The cable interconnection made a major contribution to getting
Long Island out of the dark and restoring power to hundreds
of thousands of customers across Long Island. LIPA Chairman
Richard Kessel heralded Cross Sound Cable as a “national
symbol of how we need to enhance our infrastructure”.
ABB 3
Proven technology in new applications
In this book we present our response to these needs, the HVDC Light® tech-
nique. HVDC Light® makes invisible underground transmission systems tech-
nically and economically viable over long distances. The technology is also
well suited for a number of applications such as power supply to offshore plat-
forms, connecting offshore wind farms, improving grid reliability, city infeed and
powering islands. In these applications, specific characteristics of the technol-
ogy such as compact and light weight design, short installation and commis-
sioning time, low operation and maintenance costs and superior control of volt-
ages, active and reactive power can be utilized.
It is my true belief that the HVDC Light® technique will actively contribute to
the development of transmission systems, in line with the requests given from
our society.
March 2008
Per Haugland
Senior Vice President
Grid Systems
4 ABB
INTRODUCTION
1 Introduction
1.0 Development of 1.1 What is HVDC Light®? HVDC Light® has the capability to
HVDC technology HVDC Light® is the successful and rapidly control both active and reac-
– historical background environmentally-friendly way to tive power independently of each
Direct current was the first type of design a power transmission system other, to keep the voltage and fre-
transmission system used in the very for a submarine cable, an under- quency stable. This gives total flex-
early days of electrical engineer- ground cable, using over head lines ibility regarding the location of the
ing. Even though the AC transmis- or as a back-to-back transmission. converters in the AC system, since
sion system later on came to play a the requirements for the short-circuit
very important role, the development HVDC Light® is HVDC technology capacity of the connected AC net-
of DC transmission has always con- based on voltage source converters work are low (SCR down to zero).
tinued. In the 1930s, the striving for (VSCs). Combined with extruded DC
more and more power again raised cables, overhead lines or back-to- The HVDC Light® design is based
the interest in high voltage DC trans- back, power ratings from a few tenths on a modular concept. For DC volt-
mission as an efficient tool for the of megawatts up to over 1,000 MW ages up to ± 150 kV, most of the
transmission of large power volumes are available. HVDC Light® con- equipment is installed in enclosures
from remote localities. This initiated verters are based on insulated gate at the factory. For the highest DC
the development of mercury arc con- bipolar transistors (IGBTs) and oper- voltages, the equipment is installed
verters, and more than 20 years later, ate with high frequency pulse width in buildings. The required sizes of
in 1954, the world’s first commer- modulation in order to achieve high the site areas for the converter sta-
cial HVDC link based on mercury arc speed and, as a consequence, small tions are also small. All equipment
converters went into service between filters and independent control of except the power transformers is
the Swedish mainland and the island both active and reactive power. indoors.
of Gotland. This was followed by
HVDC Light® cables have extruded Well-proven and equipment tested
many small and larger mercury arc
polymer insulation. Their strength at the factory make installation and
schemes around the world. Around
and flexibility make them well suit- commissioning quick and efficient.
20 years later, in the early 1970s, the
ed for severe installation conditions,
thyristor semiconductor started to
both underground as a land cable
replace the mercury converters.
and as a submarine cable.
ABB has delivered more than 60
The converter station designs are
HVDC projects around the world
based on voltage source converters
providing more than 48,000 MW
employing state-of-the-art turn on/turn
capacity. The largest bipole deliv-
off IGBT power semiconductors.
ered is 3150 MW.
Ê£
ÊÓ
ABB 5
INTRODUCTION
6 ABB
INTRODUCTION
- Summary – Gotland HVDC Light® • Stability in the system. 1.2.2 Directlink, Australia
For the Gotland scheme it was pos-
• Power flows, reactive power - Client need
sible to develop and implement
demands, as well as voltage levels Environmentally-friendly power link
practical operational measures
in the system. To meet the output for power trading between two
thanks mainly to the experienced
power variation from the wind tur- states in Australia.
flexibility of HVDC Light®. Essential
aspects to consider were: bines, an automatic power flow con-
trol system has been developed to - ABB response
• Flicker problems were eliminated minimize the losses and avoid over- 3 x 60 MW HVDC Light® convert-
with the installation of HVDC Light®. load on the AC lines. In normal con- ers and 390 km (6 x 65 km) ± 80kV
Apparently, the transient voltage ditions the overall SCADA system HVDC Light® land cables.
control prevents the AC voltage from determines the set points for active Project commissioned 2000.
locking to the flicker. and reactive power to minimize the
total losses in the whole system. - Summary – Directlink
• Transient phenomena at which This function is important, so that Directlink is a 180 MVA HVDC Light®
faults were dominant. This was the there is no need for the operators to project, consisting of three parallel
most significant problem. be on line and to carry out the con- 60 MVA transmission links that con-
trol manually. nect the regional electricity markets
The parallel connection of HVDC
of New South Wales and Queen-
with the AC grid and the weak grid Overall experiences are that the sland. Directlink is a non-regulated
in one station make the response control of the power flow from the project, operating as a generator
time very important. Even the asyn- converters makes the AC grid easi- by delivering energy to the highest
chronous generator behavior has er to supervise than a conventional value regional market.
an impact during AC faults. It has AC network, and the power varia-
been shown that a standard voltage tions do not stress the AC grid as The Directlink project features three
controller cannot be used to man- much as in normal networks. Volt- innovations which minimize its envi-
age these situations. The parameter age quality has also improved with ronmental, aesthetic and com-
settings have to consider that the the increased wind power produc- mercial impact: the cable is buried
system must not be too fast in nor- tion. Sensitive customers, such as underground for the entire 65 km;
mal operation, and that it has to act big industrial companies, now suffer it is an entrepreneurial project that
rapidly when something happens, less from disturbances due to volt- was paid for by its developers, and
which has been easily accomplished age dips and other voltage quality the flow of energy over HVDC Light®
with HVDC Light®. imperfections. Even if the network facilities can be precisely defined
cannot manage all AC faults, the and controlled. The voltage source
Studies of fault events in the AC
average behavior over a year points converter terminals can act inde-
system have shown considerable
to much better voltage quality. pendently of each other to provide
improvements in behavior both
ancillary services (such as VAR sup-
during the faults and at recovery,
port) in the weak networks to which
including improved stability.
Directlink connects.
ABB 7
INTRODUCTION
8 ABB
INTRODUCTION
1.2.4 Eagle Pass, US 1.2.5 Cross Sound Cable, US Testing of the Cross Sound Cable
project was completed in August
- Client need - Client need
2002. The big blackout in the north-
Stabilization of AC voltage and pos- Environmentally-friendly controllable
eastern states happened on August
sibility to import power from Mexico power transmission to Long Island.
14 2003, and the Cross Sound
during emergencies.
transmission became an important
- ABB response
power supply route to Long Island
- ABB response 330 MW MW HVDC Light® convert-
when restoring the network during
36 MVA HVDC Light® back-to-back ers and 84 km (2 x 42 km) ±150 kV
the blackout.
converters. Project commissioned HVDC Light® submarine cables.
2000. Project commissioned 2002. Some hours after the blackout, a
federal order was given to start
- Summary – Eagle Pass The two HVDC Light® power cables
emergency operation. In addition to
HVDC Light® back-to-back was and the multi-fiber optic cable were
providing power to Long Island, the
chosen since other alternatives laid bundled together to minimize
AC voltage control provided by the
would have been more expensive, the impact on the sea bottom and to
link of both the Long Island and the
and building a new AC line would protect oysters, scallops and other
Connecticut networks showed that
have faced the added impediment living species. The cables were bur-
it could keep the AC voltages con-
of having to overcome difficulties ied six feet into the sea floor to give
stant. During the thunderstorms that
in acquiring the necessary rights protection against fishing gear and
occurred before the networks were
of way. Furthermore, if an HVDC ships’ anchors. The submarine Fiber
completely restored, several +100
back-to-back based on convention- Optic cable is furnished with 192
to –70 Mvar swings were noticed
al technology had been considered, fibers.
over 20 seconds. AC voltage was
there were concerns that such a kept constant. The transmission
solution might not provide the nec- - Summary – Cross Sound Cable
remained in emergency operation
essary level of reliability because of The Cross Sound Cable project is
during the fall of 2003. The owner
the weakness of the AC system on a 42 km HVDC Light® transmission
has concluded that the cable inter-
the U.S. side of the border. between New Haven, Connecti-
connection made a major contribu-
cut and Shoreham on Long Island
tion to getting Long Island out of the
To mitigate possible voltage instabil- outside New York. It provides the
dark and restoring power to hun-
ity and, at the same time, to allow transmission of electric energy to
dreds of thousands of customers
power exchange in either direction Long Island. The rating is 330 MW
across Long Island.
between the U.S. and Mexico with- with the possibility of both local and
out first having to disrupt service to remote control.
distribution system customers, an
HVDC Light® back-to-back rated at
36 MVA at 138 kV was installed and
commissioned.
ABB 9
INTRODUCTION
10 ABB
INTRODUCTION
1.2.7 Troll A, Norway ±60 kV, and converters for two always maintained. There is no tele-
identical transmissions have been communication for control between
- Client need
installed and tested. On the Troll A the rectifier control on land and the
Environmentally-friendly elec-
platform, the HVDC Light® transmis- inverter motor control on the plat-
tric power to feed compressors to
sion system will directly feed a high- form - the only quantity that can be
increase the natural gas production
voltage variable-speed synchronous detected at both ends of the trans-
of the platform, combined with little
machine designed for compressor mission is the DC-link voltage.
need of manpower for operation.
drive with variable frequency and
variable voltage, from zero to max However, the control system has
- ABB response been designed so that, together with
speed (0-63 Hz) and from zero to
2 x 40 MW HVDC Light® convert- a telecommunication link, it could
max voltage (0-56 kV).
ers and 272 km (4 x 68 km) ±60 provide for land-based operation,
kV HVDC Light® submarine cables. The inverter control software has faultfinding and maintenance of the
Project commissioned 2005. been adapted to perform motor platform station.
speed and torque control. The con-
- Summary – Troll A trol hardware is identical for rectifier
With the Troll A pre-compression and motor converters.
project, HVDC transmission con-
verters are, for the first time, being Over the entire motor operating
installed offshore on a platform. The range, unity power factor and low
transmission design for this first harmonics are assured, while suf-
implementation is for 40 MW, ficiently high dynamic response is
ABB 11
INTRODUCTION
1.2.8 Estlink HVDC Light® link, - Summary – Estlink the Estonian side i.e. the converter
Estonia - Finland Estlink is a 350 MW, 31 km under- is automatically switched to house-
ground/ 74 km submarine cable hold operation if the AC grid is lost
- Client need transmission between the Harku making a fast energization of the
Improved security of the electricity substation in Estonia and Espoo network possible after a blackout
supply in the Baltic States and Finland. substation in Finland. It links the in the Estonian network. The imple-
Baltic power system to the Nord- mentation phase of the project was
Reduced dependence of the Bal-
pool market and uses the ability of 19 months, and the link has been in
tic power systems and an alterna-
HVDC Light® technology to control operation since the end of 2006.
tive electricity purchase channel to
the power flow over the facility. The
cover potential deficits in generating
voltage source converter terminals
capacity.
can act independently of each other
to provide ancillary services (such
- ABB response
as var support and voltage control),
350 MW HVDC Light® converters and
thereby improving the voltage stabil-
210 km (2 x 105 km) ± 150 kV HVDC
ity of the Estonian grid. The black-
Light®‚ submarine/land cables. Proj-
start capability is implemented at
ect commissioned 2006.
The HVDC Light® station at Harku on the Estonian side of the link.
12 ABB
INTRODUCTION
1.2.9 Valhall Re-development - Summary - Valhall These factors contribute to the cus-
Project Re-development project tomer BP’s vision of a safe, intelligent,
As a part of the redevelopment of the maintenance-free and remotely con-
- Client need Valhall field in the Norwegian sector, trollable field of the future. In addition,
Supply of electric power from shore, ABB will provide the converter sta- the HVDC Light® system will provide
to replace existing gas turbines tions to enable 78 MW to be supplied a very high quality electric supply
offshore and feed the entire exist- over a distance of almost 300 km from with respect to voltage and frequen-
ing field, as well as a new platform. shore to run the entire field facilities, cy, including during direct online
The important issues are to minimize including a new production and living start-up of the large gas compressor
emissions of CO2 and other climate quarters platform. motors, thereby eliminating the need
gases and, at the same time, to for additional soft start equipment.
reduce the operating and mainte- The main factors behind the decision
nance costs of electricity offshore. to choose power from shore were: The onshore station will be located
- reduced costs at Lista on Norway’s southern coast.
- ABB response Here the alternating current will be
- improved operational efficiency taken from the Norwegian grid at
HVDC Light® converter stations
onshore and offshore rated 78 MW 300 kV and converted to direct cur-
- minimized greenhouse gas emissions
at 150 kV. The project will be com- rent. This will be transmitted at 150 kV
missioned 2009. - improvement of all HSE elements over a distance of 292 km via a sin-
gle power cable with an integrated
metallic return conductor to the new
Valhall platform. There it will be con-
verted back to AC power at 11 kV
in the HVDC module and distributed to
all the platforms in the Valhall field.
ABB 13
INTRODUCTION
1.2.10 NordE.ON 1 offshore Independent control of active and utilizing an HVDC Light® intercon-
wind connection - Germany reactive power flow with total control nection of two weak AC networks
of power from zero to full power with- through a 970 km long ±350 kV
- Client need
out filter switching enables smooth overhead line.
A 200 km long submarine/land cable
and reliable operation of the offshore
connection from an offshore wind park In addition:
wind farm.
to be operational within 24 months. - Accurate AC voltage control of
A proven extruded cable technology the weak interconnected AC
- ABB response is used that simplifies installation on networks.
400 MW HVDC Light® converters, land and at sea allowing very short
one offshore on a platform and one - Feed of a passive AC network in
time for cable jointing. The oil-free
land-based and 400 km (2 x 200 the Caprivi strip.
HVDC Light® cables minimize the
km) ±150 kV HVDC Light® subma- environmental impact at sea and on
rine/land cables. The project will be land. - ABB response
commissioned 2009. HVDC Light® converter stations
In operation, the wind power project designed for a DC voltage of
- Summary - NordE.ON 1 offshore will reduce CO2 emissions by nearly ±350 kV to ground, to be built
wind connection 1.5 million tons per year by replacing in two stages:
The NordE.ON 1 offshore wind farm fossil-fuel generation.
cluster will be connected to the Ger- - first stage: a monopole 300 MW
man grid by a 400 MW HVDC Light® The transmission system supports (-350 kV to ground)
transmission system, comprising 75 wind power development in Germany.
- second stage: an upgrade to
km underground and 128 km subma-
2 x 300 MW bipole (±350 kV).
rine cable. Full Grid Code compliance 1.2.11 Caprivi Link
ensures a robust network connection. Interconnector The monopole will be put into oper-
ation at the end of year 2009. Elec-
For both the offshore and the onshore - Client need trode stations about 25 km from the
part, most equipment will be installed Import of hydro power and coal- converter stations.
indoors, thus ensuring safe operation fired power from Zambia to ensure
and minimal environmental impact. a secure power supply in Namibia - Summary – Caprivi Link
Interconnector
The Caprivi Link Interconnector will
be a 2 x 300 MW interconnection
between the Zambezi converter sta-
tion in the Caprivi strip in Namib-
ia, close to the border of Zambia,
and the Gerus converter station,
about 300 km North of Windhoek
in Namibia. The AC voltages are
320 kV and 400 kV at Zambezi and
Gerus respectively.
14 ABB
INTRODUCTION
In the monopole stage, the link will The condition for the upgrade to a In the event of outage of the con-
be operated with parallel DC lines 2 x 300 MW bipole is that the AC necting AC lines to Zambezi during
and earth return to reduce line loss- networks at Zambezi and Gerus are power import to Namibia, the power
es. In the bipole stage, the link will reinforced, including a new connec- transmission can be reversed rapidly
be operated as a balanced bipole tion to the Hwange coal fired power in order to re-energize and feed the
with zero ground current. station in Zimbabwe. black AC network at Zambezi.
The AC networks of today are The Zambezi and Gerus converter The client evaluated possible trans-
extremely weak at both ends, with stations will control the AC voltages mission alternatives and found that
short-circuit power levels of around in the surrounding grids rapidly and the HVDC Light® technology is the
300 MVA and long AC lines which accurately over the entire range of most feasible economically and
connect to remote generator sta- active power capability, by a continu- technically solution.
tions. Due to this fact, the AC net- ous adjustment of the reactive power
works are also exposed to a risk of absorption and generation between
50 Hz resonance. ABB has studied - 130 Mvar and + 130 Mvar.
the crucial AC and DC fault cases
and verified that the dynamic perfor-
mance of the HVDC Light® is in line
with the requirements of the client.
ABB 15
APPLICATIONS
2 Applications
2.1 General 2.2 Cable transmission systems - from the shore to the platform
A power system depends on stable
- from platform to shore
and reliable control of active and 2.2.1 Submarine cables
reactive power to keep its integ- - between platforms
- Power supply to islands
rity. Losing this control may lead to
The power supply to small islands
a system collapse. Voltage source The most important and desirable
is often provided by expensive local
converter (VSC) transmission sys- characteristics for offshore platform
generation, e.g. diesel generation.
tem technology, such as HVDC installations are the low weight and
By installing an HVDC Light® trans-
Light®, has the advantage of being volume of the HVDC Light® converter.
mission system, electricity from the
able almost instantly to change its Offshore, the converter is located
mainland grid can be imported.
working point within its capability, inside a module with a controlled
Another issue is the environmen-
and to control active and reactive environment, which makes it pos-
tal benefits to the island by reducing
power independently. This can be sible to design the converter even
emission from local generation.
used to support the grid with the smaller for an offshore installation
best mixture of active and reactive Since HVDC Light® is based on VSC than for a normal onshore converter
power during stressed conditions. technology, the converter can oper- station.
In many cases, a mix of active and ate without any other voltage source
reactive power is the best solu- on the island, i.e. no local generation
2.2.2 Underground cables
tion compared with active or reac- on the island is needed for proper
tive power only. VSC transmission operation of the system. - Interconnections
systems can therefore give added The environmental advantages of
support to the grid. - Remote small-scale generation HVDC Light® are of high value when
connecting two power systems. This
As an example, simulations done at Remote small-scale generating facili-
refers to the possibilities for control-
ABB have shown that, for a paral- ties are very often located on islands
ling the transmitted power to the
lel case (AC line and DC transmis- that will not need all the generated
desired value, as well as improving
sion), where the VSC transmission power in all situations. This power
AC network stability by providing and
system is connected in parallel with can then be transmitted by HVDC
controlling reactive power and volt-
an AC system, the VSC transmis- Light® to a consumer area on the
age support in the connected net-
sion system can damp oscillations mainland or an adjacent island.
works. Other important factors are:
2-3 times better than reactive shunt
- Interconnecting power systems avoiding loop flows, sharing of spin-
compensation.
ning reserve, emergency power etc.
The advantages of HVDC Light®
The benefits with a VSC transmis- The rapid AC voltage control by
are of high value when connecting
sion system during a grid restora- HVDC Light® converters can also be
between individual power systems,
tion can be considerable, since it used to operate the connected AC
especially when they are asynchro-
can control voltage and stabilize fre- networks close to their maximum
nous. This refers to the possibilities
quency when active power is avail- permitted AC voltage and in this way
for controlling the transmitted power
able at the remote end. The fre- to reduce the line losses in the con-
to an undertaken value, as well as
quency control is then not limited nected AC networks.
being able to provide and control
in the same way as a conventional
reactive power and voltage in both
power plant where boiler dynamics
the connected networks.
may limit the operation during grid
restoration. - Power to/from/between Offshore
platforms
With the above benefits, HVDC
Light® is the preferred system to With its small footprint and its possi-
be used for a variety of transmis- bilities to operate at low short-circuit
sion applications, using submarine power levels or even to operate with
cables, land cables and back-to- a “black” network, HVDC Light® has
back. made it possible to bring electricity:
16 ABB
APPLICATIONS
ABB 17
APPLICATIONS
- HVDC Light®, power from IGBT used as active component The pulse width controls both
50 – 1100 MW in valves active and reactive power
- High-speed device
Pmax Pmin
18 ABB
APPLICATIONS
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ABB 19
APPLICATIONS
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20 ABB
APPLICATIONS
- An HVDC Light® can control both active and reactive power 2.7 Summary of drivers for
choosing an HVDC Light®
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ABB 21
APPLICATIONS
2.7.2 Undergrounding by cables 2.8 HVDC Light® cables The following example shows the
- No visible impact of overhead lines difference:
– underground cables instead 2.8.1 Long lifetime with HVDC
Transmission of 550 MW by subma-
The inherent lifetime of insulating rine cables for a distance of 75 km:
- Easier to get permission
materials is better for HVDC than
- No relevant electromagnetic fields for AC. HVDC cable:
22 ABB
APPLICATIONS
ABB 23
APPLICATIONS
2.8.3 Underground Cables - Minimum bending radius for - No magnetic fields of power fre-
standard designs quency
- Permitting During installation, the bending radius There is no power frequency mag-
In many cases it is easier to get should exceed 18 x De. netic field from a DC cable; there is
right of way for underground cables, only a static magnetic field, similar to
compared with overhead transmis- When the cable is installed (no force the earth’s magnetic field.
sion lines. The main reasons are: applied to the cable), the bending
radius must exceed 12 x De. Recommended levels of static mag-
- Less visual impact netic field strength are significant-
De is the external diameter of the cable. ly higher than for power frequency
- Smaller width of the required right
fields (from AC power lines), since
of way. - Maximum pulling forces for land there is no induction effect, and the
cables
magnetic fields are similar to that of
- Handling When the pulling nose is attached to
the earth itself.
HVDC Light® cables have many the conductor, the following tensile
advantages compared with other forces should not be exceeded: A conventional mono-polar HVDC
cable types, e.g.: cable scheme with a current of 1000
- 70 N/mm2 for Cu conductors
amps gives a magnetic field of 20
- HVDC Light cables have small-
®
24 ABB
FEATURES
3 Features
3.1 Independent power transfer 3.2 Absolute and predictable 3.4 Power reversal
and power quality control power transfer and voltage control The HVDC Light® transmission sys-
The HVDC Light® system allows The active power flow can be deter- tem can transmit active power in
fully independent control of both mined either by means of an active any of the two directions with the
the active and the reactive power power order or by means of fre- same control setup and with the
flow within the operating range of quency control. same main circuit configuration. This
the HVDC Light® system. The active means that an active power trans-
power can be continuously con- The converter stations can be set to fer can be quickly reversed without
trolled from full power export to full generate reactive power through a any change of control mode, and
power import. Normally each sta- reactive power order, or to maintain without any filter switching or con-
tion controls its reactive power flow a desired voltage level in the con- verter blocking. The power reversal
independently of the other station. nected AC network. is obtained by changing the direc-
However, the flow of active power tion of the DC current and not by
The converter’s internal control loop
to the DC network must be bal- changing the polarity of the DC volt-
is active and reactive current, con-
anced, which means that the active age as for conventional HVDC. The
trolled through measurement of the
power leaving the DC network must speed of the reversal is determined
current in the converter inductor and
be equal to the active power com- by the network. The converter could
using orders from settings of active
ing into the DC network, minus the reverse to full power in milliseconds
and reactive power which an opera-
losses in the HVDC Light® system. A if needed.
tor can make.
difference in power would imply that
the DC voltage in the system would The reactive power controller oper-
In an AC network, the voltage at
rapidly increase or decrease, as the ates simultaneously and indepen-
a certain point can be increased/
DC capacitor increases its voltage dently in order to keep the ordered
reduced through the generation/
with increased charge. In a normal reactive power exchange unaffected
consumption of reactive power. This
design, the stored energy is equiv- during the power reversal.
means that HVDC Light® can con-
alent to around 2 ms power trans- trol the AC voltage independently in
mission on the system. To attain this each station. 3.5 Reduced power losses in
power balance, one of the stations connected AC systems
controls the DC voltage. 3.3 Low power operation By controlling the grid voltage level,
HVDC Light® can reduce losses in
This means that the other station Unlike conventional HVDC convert-
the connected grid. Both transmis-
can arbitrarily adjust the transmit- ers, the HVDC Light® converter can
sion line ohmic losses and genera-
ted power within the power capabil- operate at very low power, and even
tor magnetization losses can be
ity limits of the HVDC Light® system, at zero power. The active and reac-
reduced. Significant loss reductions
whereby the station that controls tive powers are controlled indepen-
can be obtained in each of the con-
the DC voltage will adjust its power dently, and at zero active power the
nected networks.
to ensure that the balance (i.e. con- full range of reactive power can be
stant DC voltage) is maintained. The utilized.
3.6 Increased transfer capacity
balance is attained without telecom-
in the existing system
munication between the stations,
quite simply based on measurement - Voltage increase
of the DC voltage. The rapid and accurate voltage con-
trol capability of the HVDC Light®
converter makes it possible to oper-
ate the grid closer to the upper limit.
Transient overvoltages would be
counteracted by the rapid reactive
power response. The higher volt-
age level would allow more power to
be transferred through the AC lines
without exceeding the current limits.
ABB 25
FEATURES
26 ABB
FEATURES
3.11 Undergrounding quencies might cause radio interfer- 3.14 Indoor design
Except for back-to-back, HVDC ence if not properly controlled and To avoid tall steel supporting struc-
Light® always employs HV cables for shielded. Considering these condi- tures, to facilitate maintenance and
DC power transmission. The cables tions, the overall and detailed design to improve personal safety, the AC
are buried all the way into the DC has been aimed at ensuring prop- filters, converter reactors and DC
part of each converter building. When er mitigation of radio interference filters are mounted directly on low
the landscape has been restored and corresponding fields. The elec- foundations/supports and are kept
after the cable laying, the transmis- tromagnetic field levels around the within a simple warehouse-style
sion route quickly becomes invisible. installation are therefore well below building with lockable gates and
the values stipulated in the relevant doors. The building will keep high-
standards for human exposure. frequency emissions and acoustic
3.12 No relevant magnetic fields
noise low and protect the equipment
The two HVDC Light® cables can The performance is verified through
from adverse weather.
normally be laid close together. As measurements.
they carry the same current in oppo-
site directions, the magnetic fields The HVDC Light® converter installa- 3.15 Short time schedule
from the cables more or less cancel tion is connected to the AC power The converter valves and associ-
each other out. The residual mag- grid/system through AC overhead ated control and cooling systems
netic field is extremely low, compa- lines or AC cables. Effective filter- are factory-assembled in transport-
rable to the level of the earth’s mag- ing prevents current harmonics from able enclosures. This ensures rapid
netic field. loading into the connected AC lines/ installation and on-site testing of the
cables. This means that they can core systems.
Magnetic fields from DC cables are be considered as normal AC lines/
static fields, which do not cause any cables installed within the power The building is made up of stan-
induction effects, as opposed to the grid/system. dardized parts, which are shipped to
fields from AC cables and lines. the site and quickly assembled.
3.13 Low environmental impact
The electromagnetic field around A typical delivery time from order
an HVDC Light® converter installa- The fact that no electric or mag- to hand-over for operation is 20
tion is quite low, since all apparatus netic clearance from the cables is months or less, depending of course
is located in a building designed to needed, and that the converter sta- on local conditions for converter
provide a very efficient shield. The tions are enclosed in a building, sites and cable route.
shielding is needed to minimize emis- makes the impact of the transmis-
sions in the radiofrequency range, i.e. sion system on the environment very
radio interference. The background low. The building can be designed
is that HVDC Light® operates with to resemble other buildings in the
high internal current derivatives and a neighborhood, and the cables are
commutation frequency in the order not even visible.
of 1-2 kHz. Such transients and fre-
ABB 27
PRODUCTS
4 Products
28 ABB
PRODUCTS
,iVÌviÀ ÛiÀÌiÀ With the OPWM (Optimized-Pulse- The P/Q diagram shown is for a
Width-Modulation, ref. Section 5.2.3) back-to-back, i.e. with no distance
$U control strategy, it is possible to cre- between the two stations. The 1st
$U
ate any phase angle or amplitude and 2nd quadrants represent the
(up to a certain limit) by changing the rectifier, and the 3rd and 4th the
PWM pattern. This offers the pos- inverter. A positive value of Q indi-
sibility of controlling both the active cates the delivery of reactive power
UF UC UF and reactive power independently. to the AC network. It should be
UC noted that the reactive power can
D
D The typical P/Q diagram, which is be controlled independently in each
valid within the whole steady-state station.
AC network voltage, is shown in the
IR figure below. Note that there are limitations that
have been taken into account in the
calculation of this typical P/Q diagram.
IR
Active power flow
*+Ê>}À>ÊÜ
iÊÛÌ>}iÊÀ>}i®
If the UC is in phase-lag, the active £°Óx £°Óx
power flows from AC to DC side
(rectifier) £
,i>VÌÛiÊ«ÜiÀÊ
,i>VÌÛiÊ«ÜiÀÊ ,i>VÌÛiÊ«ÜiÀÊ
VÌÛiÊ*ÜiÀÊ*°1°®
ä°Óx
VÃÕ«Ì
VÃÕ«Ì }iiÀ>Ì
* F ®
$U £°Óx £ ä°Çx ä°x ä°Óx ä ä°Óx ä°x ä°Çx £ £°Óx
ä°Óx
$U $U
ä°x
UF UF UF UC
ä°Çx
UC UC
£
IR IR IR £°Óx
£°Óx
£°Óx + F ® £°Óx
Reactive power flow ,i>VÌÛiÊ*ÜiÀÊ*°1°®
If UF > UC, there is reactive power Typical P/Q diagram within the whole voltage range. Y-axis: Active power
consumption.
ABB 29
PRODUCTS
4.2 HVDC Light® modules for each module. Note that a typical
For a specific project, the appropri- cable size has been chosen for the
ate HVDC Light® module and cable figures in the tables. The procedure
(if any) have to be selected. generally used for the selection of a
cable size leads to the minimum per-
The different HVDC Light® modules missible cross-sectional area, which
are presented below. The typical also minimizes the initial investment
power capacity and total losses for cost of the cable.
different cable lengths are also given
4.2.1 - 80 kV modules
Converter types M1 M2 M3
Max. DC voltage (pole to ground) kV 80 80 80
Base power MVA 101 199 304
DC current (IdcN) A 627 1233 1881
DC DC Sending
Converter DC cable Receiving power (MW)
voltage current power
800
types kV A Cu in mm2 MW Back-to-back 50 km 100 km 200 km 400 km
km
M1 80 627 300 102.0 98.7 96.0 93.0
M2 80 1233 1200 200.5 194.0 191.0 188.5 183.0
M3 80 1881 2800 306.1 296.0 293.0 290.5 285.0 274.0
30 ABB
PRODUCTS
- Typical layout
23.5 m 4.5 m
13.2 m
8m
DC equipment IGBT valves
16 m
ABB 31
PRODUCTS
- Datasheet (power)
Converter types M4 M5 M6
Max. DC voltage (pole to ground) kV 150 150 150
Base power MVA 190 373 570
DC current (IdcN) A 627 1233 1881
DC DC Sending
Converter DC cable Receiving power (MW)
voltage current power
types kV A Cu in mm2 MW Back-to-back 50 km 100 km 200 km 400 km 800 km
M4 150 627 300 191.3 185.0 182.0 179.0 174.0
M5 150 1233 1200 376.0 363.7 361.0 358.0 353.0 342.0
M6 150 1881 2800 573.9 555.1 552.0 549.5 544.0 533.0
Transfer capability for different cable lengths, typical values for 150 kV modules
Typical layout
HVDC Light® 350 MW block
80 x 25 x 11.5 meters
32 ABB
PRODUCTS
- Datasheet (power)
Converter types M7 M8 M9
Max. DC voltage (pole to ground) kV 320 320 320
DC DC DC Sending
Converter Receiving power (MW)
voltage current Cable power
Cu in Back-to-
types kV A MW 50 km 100 km 200 km 400 km 800 km
mm2 back
M7 320 627 300 408.1 396.4 391.4 388.8 382.9 370.6
M8 320 1233 1200 802.2 775.7 772.8 770.1 764.2 752.5 729.0
M9 320 1881 2800 1224.4 1184.1 1180.8 1178.1 1172.2 1160.5 1137.0
Transfer capability for different cable lengths, typical values for 320 kV modules
ABB 33
PRODUCTS
- Typical layout
HVDC Light® 1000 MW block
24 m
43 m
11 m
90 m
34 ABB
PRODUCTS
DC DC Sending
Converter DC cable Receiving power per pole (MW)
voltage current power
Cu in Back-to-
types kV A MW 50 km 100 km 200 km 400 km 800 km
mm2 back
M1A 150 627 300 95.6 92.5 90.0 87.1
M2A 150 1233 1200 187.9 181,0 179.0 176.7 171.5
M3A 150 1881 2800 286.9 277.5 274.6 272.3 267.1 256.8
Transfer capability for different cable lengths, typical values asymmetric 150 kV modules per pole
ABB 35
Converter types M4A M5A M6A
Max. DC voltage
kV 320 320 320
(pole to ground)
Base power per pole MVA 202 397 608
DC current (IdcN) A 627 1233 1881
DC DC Sending
Converter DC cable Receiving power per pole (MW)
voltage current power
Cu in Back-to-
types kV A MW 50 km 100 km 200 km 400 km 800 km
mm2 back
M4A 320 627 300 204.0 197.3 194.1 190.9 185.6
M5A 320 1233 1200 401.0 387.9 385.0 381.8 376.5 364.8
M6A 320 1881 2800 612.1 592.1 588.8 586.1 580.2 568.5
Transfer capability for different cable lengths, typical values for asymmetric 320 kV modules per pole
36 ABB
PRODUCTS
Sea soil: Temperature 28 degrees C, Burial 1.0 metre, Thermal resistivity 1.2 K × W /m
Cable: Copper conductor, HVDC polymer insulation, Steel wire armour
ABB 37
PRODUCTS
Sea soil: Temperature 15 degrees C, Burial 1.0 metre, Thermal resistivity 1.0 K × W /m
Cable: Copper conductor, HVDC polymer insulation, Steel wire armour
38 ABB
PRODUCTS
Sea soil: Temperature 28 degrees C, Burial 1.0 metre, Thermal resistivity 1.2 K × W /m
Cable: Aluminium conductor, HVDC polymer insulation, Copper wire screen
ABB 39
PRODUCTS
Sea soil: Temperature 15 degrees C, Burial 1.0 metre, Thermal resistivity 1.0 K × W /m
Cable: Aluminium conductor, HVDC polymer insulation, Copper wire screen
40 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
5 Descriptions
- Single-line diagram
1
Ú*£
Ú*£
³1`
1Ú*
Ú6-
*ÜiÀÊ 1Ú
ÌÀ>ÃvÀiÀ
+£
ÛiÀÌiÀ
Ài>VÌÀ
*
É,ÊvÌiÀ
ÕÝ>ÀÞÊ«ÜiÀ
ÊvÌiÀ
1`
VÃÕÀi
1
Ú*Ó
Ú*Ó
ÛiÀÌiÀÊ Õ`}
5.1.1 Power transformer The current in the transformer wind- The transformer may be provided
The transformer is an ordinary single- ings contains hardly any harmonics with a tertiary winding to feed the
phase or three-phase power trans- and is not exposed to any DC volt- station auxiliary power system.
former, with a tap changer. The sec- age. In order to maximize the active
ondary voltage, the filter bus voltage, power transfer, the converter gener-
will be controlled with the tap chang- ates a low frequency zero-sequence
er to achieve the maximum active voltage (<0.2 pu), which is blocked
and reactive power from the convert- by the ungrounded transformer sec-
er, both consumption and generation. ondary winding.
The tap changer is located on the
secondary side, which has the larg-
est voltage swing, and also in order
to ensure that the ratio between the
line winding and a possible tertiary
winding is fixed.
ABB 41
DESCRIPTIONS
The stray capacitance across the result in current pulses through all cies, and the capacitance across
reactor should be kept as low as capacitances to ground. These cur- the reactor should therefore be low.
possible in order to minimize the rent pulses should be minimized as These requirements have led to the
harmonics coupled to the filter side they pass through the valve. The fil- design of converter reactors with air
of the reactor. The high dv/dt on the ter side of the reactor can be con- coils without iron cores.
bridge terminal at each switching will sidered as ground at high frequen-
42 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
• Low inductance
ABB 43
DESCRIPTIONS
−1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Harmonic content of phase voltage, zero sequence components only
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Voltage source converter operated with a sinusoidal PWM with 3rd harmonic
injection. The blue dotted line shows the fundamental frequency voltage com-
ponent of the converter terminal to ground voltage.
44 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
−1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Harmonic content of phase voltage, zero sequence components only
1
0.5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Both the above figures give the con- Voltage source converter operated
verter terminal phase-to-ground volt- with a harmonic cancellation PWM.
age (with the fundamental compo- The blue dotted line shows the
nent indicated) together with the fundamental frequency voltage com-
corresponding harmonic spectrum. ponent of the converter terminal to
ground voltage.
The spectrum is given as positive
and negative sequence components
and zero-sequence components.
The power transformer between the C
filter bus and the connecting AC C 1
1
bus will effectively prevent the latter
entering the AC network.
L R
In a typical HVDC Light® scheme, L 1 1
AC filters contain two or three 1
grounded or ungrounded tuned filter
branches.
ABB 45
DESCRIPTIONS
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
−
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Hz
C-message weight
46 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
0.8
−
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000
Hz
5.1.6 High-frequency (HF) filters nections. For example, the valves If a power line carrier (PLC) is used
In voltage source converters, the contain HF damping circuits on both nearby in the connected power
necessarily high dv/dt in the switch- the AC and DC sides to ensure that grid, additional PLC filters may be
ing of valves means that the high as little HF disturbance as possible required, i.e. an additional AC line
frequency (HF) noise generation is will spread from the valve area. filter reactor and a properly tuned
significantly higher than for conven- capacitor to earth.
To further limit HF interference, a
tional HVDC converters. To prevent
radio interference (RI) filter capacitor
this HF noise spreading from the
is connected between the AC bus
converter to the connected power
and earth, and an AC line filter reac-
grids, particular attention is given
tor is installed. With these measures,
to the design of the valves, to the
the scheme will meet the require-
shielding of the housings and to
ments of applicable standards for
ensuring proper HF grounding con-
emissions.
R I d ef ens e l i n es
U V alve and reactor enclosures
U E nclosure cable connections
U EM C ROX
U F errites
U RI - Filtering
U House
U E arthing system
U EM C approved aux. systems
Applicable standards
• CISPR 11
• ENV50121-5
ABB 47
DESCRIPTIONS
48 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
- Valve function tive potential and the phase terminal All IGBTs and coolers in a stack are
To be able to switch voltages high- and one between the phase terminal mounted tightly together under very
er than the rated voltage of one and the negative potential. Thus, a high pressure, in order to minimize
IGBT, several positions are connect- three-phase converter has six valves, contact resistance and to increase
ed in series in each valve. The most three phase reactors and a set of cooling capacity.
important factor is that all IGBTs DC capacitors. The diagram below
must turn on and off at exactly the shows the schematics of an HVDC The stacks are pressed togeth-
same moment, in order to achieve Light® converter in principle. er with glass fiber bolts, which ful-
an evenly distributed voltage across fill both insulation and mechanical
the valve. ABB has a well-proven - Mechanical design strength criteria. Circular aluminum
solution that regulates each IGBT The HVDC Light® converter valves shields are mounted around the
position individually in the valve to are for DC voltages up to 150 kV IGBT stacks to smooth the electrical
the correct voltage level. The flex- assembled inside an enclosure field around the high-voltage equip-
ibility of the IGBT as a semiconduct- made of steel and aluminum. The ment. The stacks are suspended
ing device also makes it possible to shielded enclosure helps to improve on an insulator from the ceiling of
block the current immediately if a the electromagnetic compatibility of the valve enclosure. This installation
short circuit is detected, and thus the converter. Another advantage method makes the converter resis-
to prevent damage to the converter. is that the enclosure is made as a tant to earthquakes and other move-
A single valve for a 150 kV module standard container, which simplifies ments.
consists of around 300 series-con- the transport of the converter to the
Overall, the assembling method with
nected IGBTs. site. With this method, most of the
shielded stacks hanging in enclo-
HVDC Light® converter parts can
sures with controlled humidity lev-
- Valve bridge be pre-assembled at the produc-
els makes it possible to reduce the
HVDC Light® is based on a two-lev- tion location to minimize the assem-
distances between the high-volt-
el topology, meaning that the out- bly work on site. Some of the testing
age parts and the surroundings.
put voltage is switched between can also be done before transporta-
This makes HVDC Light® a compact
two voltage levels. Each phase has tion, thereby reducing the installation
power transmission technology.
two valves, one between the posi- and commissioning time on site.
6°6£ 6 °6£ 6
°6£
Ϋ >ÃiÊ
6°6Ó 6 °6Ó 6
°6Ó
ABB 49
DESCRIPTIONS
50 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
All major parts of the valve cooling The redundancy of all the equipment The valve cooling system used for
system are provided with redundant also simplifies the maintenance of HVDC Light® is based on the valve
equipment. The control system con- the valve cooling system. If mainte- cooling system used for thyristor
sists of two separate systems that nance is necessary, it is possible to valves in conventional HVDC con-
measure all parameters using differ- change which pump will run manu- verters since 1980.
ent transmitters, all in order to mini- ally directly from the operator com-
mize the risk of an unwanted stop. puter,. Some parts of the cooling
Both systems are able to control system can be closed and discon-
the two main pump motors, and the nected to allow maintenance to be
low-voltage switchgear has switcho- carried out without interrupting the
ver functions to ensure uninterrupt- power transmission.
ible operation. The software also
performs weekly changeovers of
the pumps in operation, in order to
ensure equal wear of the equipment.
ABB 51
DESCRIPTIONS
5.1.9 Station service power - Duplication of all critical equipment The valve enclosures, the control
The station service power system - valve cooling pumps enclosure and all areas that have a
is vital for reliable operation of the high demand because of sensitive
The duplicated valve cooling pumps equipment are detected with air sam-
HVDC Light® station. The design of
are controlled by frequency convert- pling systems. The air sampling sys-
station service power is focused on:
ers for maximum flexibility for the tem can detect smoke at a very early
- Redundant power supplies, one flow control of cooling water. The stage. Being able to detect smoke at
from the internal AC bus and one frequency converter also makes it an early stage is an advantage, since
from an external source. possible to use a DC backup source this can prevent unnecessary tripping
to keep the pump running if auxiliary or shutdown of the station.
The supply to the internal AC bus power is lost for a long time.
can be taken from a yoke winding The power transformer is isolated
on the converter transformer. - station battery system by firewalls. Depending on the local
regulations or client requirements,
In this way, the power supply is The control equipment and other
the transformer may or may not be
guaranteed at all times when the station DC loads are supplied from
protected by a sprinkler system.
station is in operation. The output a duplicated station battery system
The converter reactors have smoke
voltage is 6 –10 kV, which means an with a backup time of at least two
detectors.
intermediate transformer is neces- hours.
sary to provide a 400 V system. If necessary, the valve enclosures
Critical AC loads within the control
and other detected areas with air
The external power supply is taken equipment, such as servers, com-
sampling systems can be protected
from a local AC system provided by puters, LAN switches, etc., are sup-
with total flooding by gas or water
the customer and is used as a back- plied from a DC/AC inverter fed from
mist extinguishing systems in accor-
up source. the station battery and with an auto-
dance with NFPA 2001 or NFPA 750.
matic switchover to the alternative
- Duplication of all critical parts, AC supply in the event of inverter If a water pumping system is
valve cooling pumps, station bat- failure or overload. required, it consists of one electric
teries and battery chargers.
pump and one standby diesel-driv-
en pump. A ring main water loop will
- Automatic changeover 5.1.10 Fire protection
then be located on the site (under-
The incomers to the 400 V switch- For HVDC Light® projects, the fire
ground) for a fire-fighting water sup-
gear have automatic changeover protection area is generally small-
ply. It is connected to an isolation
control. The supply coming from the er than for conventional HVDC, but
valve that will bring redundancy
internal AC bus is pre-selected as a the requirements are the same. The
in the ring main loop for fire fight-
primary supply, and the supply from design of fire-fighting and fire pro-
ing water. Fire hydrants will be posi-
the external local AC system is pre- tection is in accordance with NFPA
tioned at strategic locations around
selected as a backup supply. If the (National Fire Protection Associa-
the site area close to the main loop.
pre-selected supply fails, change- tion) and with the requirements of all
Water supply storage will be con-
over to the backup supply takes authorities having jurisdiction over
nected to the fire fighting water loop.
place within a pre-set time. When any parts of the works.
the pre-selected supply returns, the The signals from the detection sys-
changeover system changes back tem and the pumps will be connect-
to the primary supply within the pre- ed to a fire alarm panel in the opera-
set time. tor control room.
52 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
- General
For HVDC Light® systems up to 150 kV,
land-based stations are built without
a dedicated valve hall. The converter
station has a compact layout, with
the majority of equipment housed
in a typical warehouse-style build-
ing. The buildings are made of sheet
steel and are provided with doors,
stairs and catwalks.
ABB 53
DESCRIPTIONS
5.1.12 Availability • the design must allow mainte- in the figure below. Since the num-
When designing a modern HVDC nance activities (forced and sched- ber of installed items of equipment
Light® transmission system, one of uled) to be performed with minimum is less for an HVDC Light® scheme
the main design objectives is to min- curtailment of the system operation compared with a conventional
imize the number of forced outag- HVDC scheme, the target value for
• scheduled maintenance that availability is equal or even better for
es and the down time due to forced
requires link shut-down must be HVDC Light® compared with con-
outages and scheduled mainte-
minimized ventional HVDC.
nance.
• the scheduled maintenance time
The HVDC Light® transmission is
has been kept low thanks to few
designed according to the follow-
mechanical parts
ing principles in order to assure high
reliability and availability: Maintainability is increased by the
introduction of redundancy up to
• simple station design
an economically reasonable level.
• use of components with proven The maintenance times, especial-
high reliability ly for work that requires curtailment
of the HVDC Light® transmission,
• automatic supervision should be minimized by the use of
exchange modules or components
• use of redundant and/or back-up
instead of repair.
control systems and equipment
such as measurements, pumps, etc. Observed energy availability from
two of our projects in commercial
• available spare units
operation is above 98%, as shown
99,2
99
98,8
98,6
Availability in %
Guarantee Value
98,4
Average availability
98,2
98
97,8
97,6
97,4
December
August
March
April
September
June
November
July
January
July
May
February
June
October
October
November
December
August
September
54 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
ABB 55
DESCRIPTIONS
The process of acoustic design All significant sound sources in the If a fault is detected in the active
of the plant includes the following plant are included in such a model. system, the standby system takes
steps: The most essential elements of sta- over control, becoming the new
tion surroundings which may influ- active system. The faulty system
• Identify the noise requirements for ence the sound propagation from (the previously active system) should
the plant the station are also included in the be checked before being taken into
model. The 3-D model makes it pos- operation as the standby system.
• Identify the real constraints for the
sible to study different possible lay-
noise design
outs and different configurations of - System changeover
• Influence the layout design so that the equipment for the future station. The system switchover commands
the noise requirements will be fulfilled The result of the prediction may be can be initiated manually or auto-
shown as a sound contribution map matically. The manual commands
• Predict the expected noise level for the area around the station and are initiated by a push-button in the
around the equipment used and the can also be supplemented with the active system, while the automatic
entire plant tables containing the exact sound commands are initiated by exten-
level values for the chosen locations sive internal supervision functions
• Decide the maximum permissible
of interest. of the subsystems, or on a protec-
noise levels for the most significant
tion order.
pieces of equipment
5.2 HVDC Light® control and
The switchover commands are
• Decide the acoustic properties protection
always initiated from the currently
of the enclosures, buildings and
active system. This switchover phi-
expected attenuation screens 5.2.1 Redundancy design and
losophy means that a fault or testing
changeover philosophy
• Work out the verification proce- activity in the standby system can-
dures for final compliance with the - Active/standby systems not result in an unintentional swi-
noise requirements for the plant The redundant PCP systems are tchover. Furthermore, a manual swi-
designed as duplicated systems act- tchover order to a faulty standby
- Noise sources in an HVDC Light® ing as active or hot standby. At any system is not possible.
station time only one of the two control sys-
Typical noise sources in the HVDC tems is active, controlling the con-
Light® station are: verter and associated equipment.
• Air-conditioning equipment.
- Prediction model
The calculation for prediction of the
sound contribution from the HVDC
Light® equipment is usually done in
a three-dimensional (3-D) model of
the plant and its surroundings. The
3-D model is created in the qualified
software, which is also used for cal-
culations.
An example of a 3D model and a result map for a typical HVDC Light® station.
56 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
=U =WP1
-T1
-T11 -T11
=WP2
u_pcc u_f
u_dc_n
i_dc_n
-U1 -T1
Valve Control
tap_pos u_pcc i_pcc i u_f u_dc_p u_dc_n i_dc_p i_dc_n
INTERFACE
AD conversion, Anti-Aliasing Filters, Resampling, Decimation Filters &
Normalization
U_PCC_Alpha/Beta
I_PCC_Alpha/Beta
U_DC_pos/neg
INC_TAP_POS Y_Alpha/Beta
U_Alpha/Beta
CURRENT CONTROL
DEC_TAP_POS Delta_IREF_Q AC Current Control
Voltage Seq. Estimator
P_PCC_REF
DQPLL
Q_PCC_REF PQU ORDER CONTROL DC Voltage Balance Ctrl
Pac Ctrl I_MAX_TEMP 3PWM
$P_PCC_REF
Qac Ctrl Sync. PLL
$Q _PCC_REF Uac Ctrl 3Ix
U_PCC_REF TCC
Temp. Limitation p_ref u_dq_pos
UDC_CTRL
q_ref u_dc_pos/neg
Runback Control CURRENT ORDER
UAC_CTRL
DCVC_enable CONTROL i_dc_pos/neg
AC_BRK_OPEN UDCCOL
Runback i_d_ref
UACCOL
OUT_TEMP
Runback
udc_ref DCVC
PQ2IDQ
i_q_ref
Control block diagram with
simple Single-line diagram
BLOCK block
BLOCK
ABB 57
DESCRIPTIONS
58 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
5.2.6 Protections - Protective actions and effects Set lockout of the AC circuit-breaker
Alarms If a trip order has been sent to the
- Protection system philosophy
Alarms are generally generated as AC circuit-breaker, an order to lock
The purpose of the protection sys-
a first action by some protections to out the breaker may also be exe-
tem is to cause a prompt removal of
notify the operator that something is cuted. This is done to prevent the
any element of the electrical system
wrong, but the system will still con- breaker from closing before the
from service in the event of a fault,
tinue to run as before the alarm. operator has checked the cause of
for example when it suffers a short
the trip. The operator can manually
circuit or when it starts to operate
Transient current limiter reset the lockout of the breaker.
in any abnormal manner that might
cause damage or otherwise inter- The transient current limiter stops
sending pulses to the IGBTs corre- Pole isolation
fere with the effective operation of
sponding to the phase with high cur- The pole isolation sequence involves
the rest of the system. The protec-
rent. The pulses are re-established disconnecting the DC side (posi-
tive system is aided in this task by
when the current returns to a safe tive and negative poles) from the DC
the AC circuit-breakers, which dis-
level (i.e. temporary blocking on a cable. This is done either manual-
connect the AC network from the
per phase basis). Overvoltage pro- ly during normal shutdown or auto-
converters and are capable of de-
tection temporarily stops the pulses matically by order from protections
energizing the converter transformer,
in all three phases simultaneously. in the case of faults which require
thereby eliminating the DC current
that the DC side is disconnected, for
and voltage.
Permanent blocking example a cooling water leakage.
The protection system has exten- Permanent blocking means that a
sive self-supervision. Any failures turn-off control pulse will be sent to Start breaker failure protection
detected in the control and protec- all IGBTs and they will stop conduct- At the same time as a trip order is
tion hardware result in appropriate ing immediately. sent to the AC breaker, an order
actions depending on the sever- may also be sent to start the breaker
ity of the fault. Failures may result AC circuit-breaker trip failure protection. If the breaker does
in a request for changeover to the Tripping of the AC circuit-breaker not open properly within a certain
redundant system, which is execut- disconnects the AC network from time, the breaker failure protection
ed if there is a standby system ready the converter equipment. orders re-tripping and/or tripping of
to take over. the next breaker.
This prevents the AC system from
When a protection operates, the feeding a fault on the valve side of
following fault clearing actions are the converter transformer.
taken depending on the type of fault:
In addition, the removal of the AC
• Transient current limitation by voltage source from the convert-
means of temporary blocking of the er valves avoids unnecessary volt-
converter control pulses on a per age stresses, especially when the
phase basis valves have suffered severe current
stresses.
• Permanent blocking of the converter
All protective trip orders to the AC
• Tripping of the AC circuit-breakers
circuit-breakers energize both the A
and B coils of the breakers through
two redundant devices. Two redun-
dant auxiliary power supplies also
feed the redundant trip orders.
ABB 59
DESCRIPTIONS
Protection overview
The figure below shows the protec-
tions included in an HVDC Light®
station
PROTECTION OVERVIEW
-T11
-L1
-Q11
-U1
V1 -T1
-T1
-L1 -X1 -T3
-Q1 -T11 V2
-T2
-Z11
-L1 -T11
-C1 -Q11
-U1
-L1 -R1
-T1
VALVE
COOLING
PROTECTION
60 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
5.3 Control and protection All critical parts of the system Developments in the field of elec-
platform - MACH 2 are designed with inherent paral- tronics are extremely rapid at pres-
lel redundancy and use the same ent, and the best way to make sure
5.3.1 General redundancy and switchover prin- that the designs can follow and ben-
ciples as used by ABB for HVDC efit from this development is to build
To operate a conventional HVDC
applications since the early 1980s. all systems based on open inter-
or an HVDC Light® transmission as
faces. This can be done by using
efficiently and flexibly as possible, a Because of the extensive use of international and industry stan-
powerful, flexible and reliable con- computers and micro-controllers, it dards, wherever possible, as these
trol and protection system is clearly has been possible to include very standards mean long lifetimes and
required. The control system should powerful internal supervision, which ensure that spare and upgrade parts
not impose any limitations on the will minimize periodic maintenance are readily available.
control of the main system appara- for the control equipment.
tus, such as the converter valves,
and should not prevent the introduc- As a consequence of placing all
tion of new, advanced, control and functions in computers and micro-
protection functions. controllers, the software will play the
most important role in the design of
To fulfill the current and future the system. By using a fully graphi-
requirements of the HVDC and cal functional block programming
HVDC Light® control and protection language and a graphic debugging
system, ABB has developed a fully tool, running on networked standard
computerized control and protection computers, it is possible to establish
system using state-of-the-art com- a very efficient development and test
puters, micro-controllers and digi- environment to produce high quality
tal signal processors connected by programs and documentation.
high-performance industrial stan-
dard buses and fiber optic commu- To achieve high reliability, quality is
nication links. built into every detail from the begin-
ning. This is assured by careful com-
The system, called MACH 2, is ponent selection, strict design rules
designed specifically for convert- and, finally, by he extensive testing
ers in power applications, meaning of all systems in a real-time HVDC
that many compromises have been simulator.
avoided and that both drastic vol-
ume reductions and substantial per-
formance improvements have been
achieved.
ABB 61
DESCRIPTIONS
5.3.2 Control and protection The redundant systems act as active Thanks to the high performance of
system design or hot standby. At any time, only one the MACH 2 equipment, the type of
The HVDC Light® Control and pro- of the two control systems is active, hardware and system software used
tection system, built with the MACH controlling the converter and asso- for an ABB HVDC Light® control sys-
2 equipment, consists of HMI, main ciated equipment. The other sys- tem are the same as in a classic
computer systems, I/O systems and tem, the standby system, is running, HVDC control system. In fact, only
valve control (valve base electronics), but the outputs from that system the application software differs. This
typically arranged as shown in the are disabled. If a fault is detected is also the case with the valve control
figure below. in the active system, the standby (valve base electronics), including
system takes over control, becom- the communication to the IGBT firing
The design criterion for the control ing the active system. The internal unit, although a more advanced firing
system is 100% availability for the supervision giving switchover orders logic is needed for the IGBTs.
transmission system. The way to includes auxiliary power supervision,
achieve this is that no single point program execution supervision (stall
of failure should interrupt operation. alarm), memory testing and supervi-
Therefore, redundancy is provided sion of the I/O system communica-
for all system parts involved in the tion over the field buses. The spe-
power transfer of the HVDC Light® cial ABB feature of using appropriate
transmission. protections for switchover between
systems further increases the con-
trol system reliability.
LAN
PCPA PCPB
Main computer Main computer
System A System B
62 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
Main Computer
ABB 63
DESCRIPTIONS
5.3.5 Communication used for the connection of adjacent ABB has experience with all types of
The communication inside the con- racks in the cubicle. Fiber optic com- telecommunication, ranging from 50
verter station uses a hierarchy of munications on eTDM are used for and 300 bps radio links, via the very
serial buses. A general rule for the communication outside of the cubi- common 1200, 2400 or 9600 bps
use of serial buses is that only indus- cles or control room. communication links using analogue
try (or international) standard buses voice channels, up to digital 64 kbps
Any application (software function) or higher speed links obtained with
are used. This means that no propri-
in a control, protection or I/O system optical fiber connections.
etary buses are used. The objective
can readily communicate with other
is to ensure a long economic lifetime
applications, simply by connecting
for the buses and to ensure that the
their signals respectively to send and 5.3.6 Software
components used to build the bus
receive software function blocks.
structures are available from indepen- - Application software development
dent sources. (HiDraw)
eTDM bus Most application software for the
The eTDM bus used in the Mach 2 HVDC control and protection system
- Local communication
system is primarily a high-speed, sin- is produced using a fully graphical
• The local area network used in the
gle fiber, optical data bus for digitized code-generating tool called HiDraw.
pole is based on the well-known IEEE
analog measurements. Due to the HiDraw is very easy to use, as it is
802.3 (Ethernet).
high-speed-performance of the bus, it based on the easiest possible drag-
• The SCADA LAN is used to transfer has been possible to include the bina- and-drop method. It is designed to
data between the control and protec- ry data from the CAN bus of the I/O produce code either in a high level
tion main computers and the various systems as an “overlay” on the eTDM language (PL/M or ANSI standard C)
clients on the network, OWS, GWS. bus communication. or in assembly language. For func-
tions not available in the comprehen-
The eTDM bus used is characterized
Field Buses sive library (one for each type of pro-
by large data carrying capacity, very
CAN Bus cessor board), it is very easy to design
low latency and “no jitter” operation.
ISO standard buses, ISO 11898, also a new block and to link this to the
This is absolutely essential when used
known as CAN (Control Area Net- schematic with a simple name ref-
to feed the HVDC controls with high
work), are used for communication erence. HiDraw can be run on any
bandwidth measured signals. Each
with binary type I/O devices (discon- industry-standard Windows-compati-
eTDM bus is able to transmit over
nectors and breakers etc.), within the ble computer.
300,000 samples per second (one
I/O systems. The CAN bus combines sample every 3 µS). A schematic drawn in HiDraw con-
a set of properties important for use in
sists of a number of pages. One page
an HVDC station. - Remote communication specifies cycle times and the execu-
If station-to-station communication is tion order of the other pages. HiDraw
• It is a high-speed bus with an effi-
included, it is handled by communica- includes a first on-screen plausibil-
cient short message structure and
tion boards in the main computer of ity check of the drawn schematic and
very low latency.
the pole control and protection (PCP) automatic cross-reference genera-
• There is no master/slave arrange- cubicles. This pole-level communica- tion between the pages. As output,
ment, which means that the bus is tion gives a more robust design than a HiDraw produces code and a “make”
never dependent on the function of centralized station-level telecommuni- file ready to be processed.
any single node to operate correctly. cation unit. The communication is syn-
chronous and conforms to ISO3309 The next step in the workflow is to run
• CAN also have efficient CRC (HDLC frames) for high security. this make file (on the same computer)
checksum and hardware features to which means invoking the necessary
remove a faulty node from the network. If available, a LAN/WAN type of com- compiler/assembler and link locate
munication can also be used which programs (these are usually obtained
The CAN communication within an eliminates the need for special com- from the chip manufacturers e.g. Intel
I/O system is performed via the back- munication boards and provides even and Analog Devices). The result is a
plane of the I/O racks. Extension higher performance. file that is ready to be downloaded
cables with shielded, twisted pairs are
from the computer to the target and
stored in the flash PROMs.
64 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
UPDATE_FOSYS
29 EXT
Telecom Analog
Telecom Analog SEND
RECEIVE
From Other: SYSTEM SPEED_REF_FOSYS To Other: SYSTEM
Application ID: SEQ
Application ID: SEQ Block No: 2
Block No: 2 Board ID: PCID
Board ID: PCID Enable Hysteresis: 1.0
Cyclic update: 10
TRUE
39 EXT
EDS_IN_OPERATION
29 EXT
SPEED_REF_ENABLE &
48 EXT
SPEED_RT_UP_NORMAL SPEED_REF_RT_UP
SPEED_RT_UP_STARTUP
48 EXT
11 EXT
CONV_DEBLOCKED
48 EXT
MAX_SPEED_REF_LIMIT
48 EXT
MIN_SPEED_REF_LIMIT
0.0 p.u.
SPEED_RT_DOWN_NORMAL SPEED_REF_RT_DW
48 EXT
48 EXT
SPEED_RT_DOWN_STARTUP
-1
q
H Blom SEQUENCES 38
Proc.type: MainCPU 00
1JNL100089-652
Drawn by Iss by Dept Year Week Cont
HiDraw schematic
- Hierarchical design
HiDraw supports hierarchical design
in order to ease understanding of
complex applications and to encour-
age top-down design. Hierarchical
design means an organization of the
drawings in a hierarchical structure,
where symbols on the top layer rep-
resent functionality in rough outlines.
Double-clicking on such a symbol
opens a “hierarchical drawing” with
more details of that symbol, etc. (see
figure below).
ABB 65
DESCRIPTIONS
STEPPING
CURRENT
LOGIC POWER_ORDER
CUR_ORD CUR_ORD_LIM
166
ORDER
LIMITER
FUNCTION
UD
UD
CALC
14 UPDATE_FOSYS
B_INTG_OSYS
20 SEND
PO_IO_OSYS IOMAX_TYPE5
20 22 SLFR11
20 PPTS_OSYS 49 OVERLOAD_LIM IO_MAX IO_MAX_TOSTA
1 TYPE5_INIT
22 THYR_TEMPLIM 16 RUNB1
SEND RECEIVE SLFW1 16
TYPE5_UPDATE >1
PO_IO4_FOP ( PUBLIC ) INIT_TYPE5 ( PUBLIC )
34 PO_IO4 45 >1 23
BFOW6
JT
14 UPDATE_TYPE5 ( PUBLIC ) 31
SEND RECEIVE PO_IO_FOSYS ( PUBLIC ) RB1
13 RUNB2 RUNW1
32 RB1_FOSTA >1
PO_IO PO_IO_FOP RECEIVE 19
33
BFOW7 IOMAX ( PUBLIC ) 34
IO_MAX_FOSTA SLFR9
STOL0_3
1 STOL_DISABLE ( PUBLIC ) 63
&
ID_100_PU
15 ID_OVER_AMB
ICONT ENABLE_START_STOL
61 STOL0_2 STOL0_9 START_STOL
&
LIM_OFS
SR6
HI_LIM
SR1
&
PO_10
SR8 INTG 64
1
SR12
64 INTG_FOSYS
SR5
LO_LIM
STOL0_1
EN_STOL STOL0_5
1
&
UP_TIME_CONSTANT TIME_CONST ENABLE_LEV
STOL0_14
DOWN_TIME_CONST STOL0_13
UPDATE_FOSYS_OLL
58
RESET_COUNTER
START_STOL
STOL_RUNNING_FOSYS STO3B1
64 STOL_RUNNING STOL_RUNNING_TOSYS ( PUBLIC )
& S Q 1 64
STOL_RUNNING_IND ( PUBLIC )
1 65
STOL_NOT_RUNNING_FOSYS STO3B3
1 R
RESET
5.3.7 Input to system studies trol and protection, with the normal
Code generation is performed by definition files producing code in C,
means of the code definitions in PL/M, or DSP-assembler, are used
an HDF file (HDF = HiDraw Defini- simply by switching the definition files
tion Format). Each graphical symbol used to generate FORTRAN code.
in a symbol library has a name, and
The electromagnetic transient pro-
the name is used to define a piece
gram PSCAD (previously PSCAD
of code in a separate HDF file. This
(previously EMTDC) can use this
open ABB approach is very advanta-
FORTRAN code directly, and an
geous in several aspects. One is from
exact representation of the con-
the HVDC Light® system point of
trol and protection functions is thus
view. The HiDraw drawings for con-
achieved in the digital system studies.
66 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
5.3.8 Debugging facilities There are also a number of support- 5.3.9 Human-machine interface
For debugging, a fully graphical ing functions, such as single or mul- (HMI)
debugger, known as HiBug, operat- tiple stepping of tasks (one HiDraw A well-designed and flexible human-
ing under Windows is used. page is normally a task) and coordi- machine interface (HMI) is clear-
nated sampling of signals. ly essential when it comes to more
HiBug allows the operator to view demanding application areas such
several HiDraw pages at the same The fact that HiBug allows inspec-
as HVDC Light® power transmission.
time and look at any internal soft- tion of signals while the application
To avoid human errors, all parts of
ware “signal” in real time simply by system is running makes it very use-
these systems must also be easy
double-clicking on the line that rep- ful not only for debugging but also to
to use. The HMI must be able to
resents the signal. Parameters can facilitate maintenance.
announce alarms and perform oper-
be changed easily by double-click- ator controls in a safe and reliable
Because the debugger works in the
ing on their value. way. Incorrect operator actions due
Windows environment, it is also pos-
sible to transfer sets of signal val- to a bad HMI are not acceptable and
For fault tracing, it is easy to fol-
ues to other Windows-compatible could be very costly.
low a signal through several pages
because when a signal passes from programs, such as Excel, for further
The requirements for tools of this
one page to another, a double click analysis.
type are therefore strict. For exam-
on the page reference automatically ple, several thousands of measured
All these development and debug
opens the new page and allows the values, indications and alarms of dif-
tools are, of course, supplied to all
trace to continue immediately on the ferent types need to be handled. All
customers of our plants, to facili-
new page. changes in the state of these signals
tate their maintenance and future
improvements of their HVDC Light® must be recorded with high-time
control and protection systems. resolution for accurate real-time and
post-fault analysis. Time resolution
down to one millisecond between
the stations is often required.
HiBug
ABB 67
DESCRIPTIONS
• TFR analysis
68 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
5.3.10 Maintenance of MACH 2 Another example of integrated self- As the TFR is an integrated part of
supervision is the switch control unit. the HVDC control system, it also
- General
In this unit, the outputs to the break- runs in both the active and the
As far as possible, the ABB control
ers, etc., are continuously monitored standby systems.
equipment is built to avoid periodic
to detect failure of the output circuits
maintenance and provide the short- Any standard software analysis pro-
of the board. Very short repair times
est possible repair times. Due to its gram interpreting the COMTRADE
are facilitated by the self-supervi-
redundant design, the maintenance format, (IEEE C37.111-1991), can be
sion, but another contribution to this
of the control equipment does not used for post-fault analysis of the
is the high degree of integration in all
require any periodic shutdown of stored TFR records.
units. As an example, the entire con-
any main circuit equipment.
trol computer, including the convert-
Maintenance is minimized by the er firing control system, etc., is eas-
extensive use of self-supervision ily changed in a couple of minutes,
built into all microprocessor-based as the whole system is a single-rack
electronic units and the ability to unit with only a handful of connec-
check all measured values dur- tion cables.
ing operation without disturbing the
operation. - Transient fault recorder (TFR)
The TFR integrated in the HVDC
The internal supervision of micro- control system, as a part of the con-
processor-based systems includes trol and protection software, is an
auxiliary power supervision, program invaluable tool for maintenance and
execution supervision (stall alarm), out-performs old-fashioned external
memory test (both program and TFR’s, as it always gives a correct
data memory) and supervision of the representation of the important inter-
I/O system communication over the nal control signals. The TFR continu-
field buses. ously samples the selected channels
to be monitored for fault analysis.
The operation of the field buses is
There is a predefined selection of
monitored by a supervisory function
protection and control signals, but
in the pole control and protection
also a number of channels which
system, which continuously writes to
are available to be chosen freely by
and reads from each individual node
the operator. This makes it possi-
of the system. Any detected fault
ble to monitor any internal signal in
results in an alarm and switchover to
the control and protection software.
the standby system.
Important external signals can, of
course, also be connected for moni-
toring by the TFR.
ABB 69
DESCRIPTIONS
5.4.1 Design
The cables are designed to meet the
current and voltage ratings for the
specified power transmission capac-
ity and for the specified installation
conditions.
Conductor
Aluminum or copper
Conductor screen
Semi-conductive polymer
Insulation
Cross linked HVDC polymer
Insulation screen
Semi-conductive polymer
Metallic screen
Copper wires
Swelling tape
Aluminum laminate
Outer covering/Sheath
Polyethylene
70 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
Conductor
Aluminum or copper
Conductor screen
Semi-conductive polymer
Insulation
Cross linked HVDC polymer
Insulation screen
Semi-conductive polymer
Swelling tape
Inner jacket
Polyethylene
Tensile armor
Galvanized steel wires
Outer cover
Polypropylene yarn
ABB 71
DESCRIPTIONS
Conductor
Aluminum or copper
Conductor screen
Semi-conductive polymer
Insulation
Cross linked HVDC polymer
Insulation screen
Semi-conductive polymer
Swelling tape
Inner jacket
Polyethylene
Tensile armor
Two layers of tensile armors
(laid in counter helix)
Galvanized steel wires
Outer cover
Polypropylene yarn
72 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
5.5 General design of cables - Metallic screen The outer sheath on land cables is
Typical HVDC Light® cable designs Copper wire screen, for land cables, normally a thermoplastic polyethyl-
are previously shown. with cross-section design for fault ene (PE) sheath or an extruded PVC
currents. sheath. PE is a harder material offer-
ing better mechanical protection,
5.5.1 Cable parts - Metallic sheath and is the first choice for most appli-
A lead alloy sheath is provided for cations.
- Conductor
submarine cables.
The shape of the conductor is round PVC sheaths are classified as halo-
and built up of compacted stranded A metal-polyethylene laminate may gen material and are flame-retar-
round wires or, for large cross-sec- be provided for land cables. The dant.
tions, concentric layers of keystone- laminate is bonded to the polyethyl-
shaped wires. ene, which gives excellent mechani- The surface of the outer sheath may
cal properties. be provided with a thin conduc-
On request, the conductor can be tive layer, which is simultaneous-
water sealed, in order to block longi- ly extruded with, and thus strong-
- Inner jacket (for submarine
tudinally water penetration in case of ly bonded to, the non-conductive
cables)
damage to the cable underlying jacket. This is useful to
A polyethylene sheath is extruded
over the lead sheath. The polyeth- ensure the physical integrity of the
- Insulation system cable in the post-installation test.
ylene sheath provides mechanical
The HVDC polymeric insulation sys-
and corrosion protection for the lead
tem consists of:
sheath.
5.5.2 Standards and
- Conductor screen Recommendations
- Tensile armor (for submarine
- Insulation cables) - Cigré, ELECTRA No. 171 Recom-
The tensile armor consists of gal- mendations for mechanical tests
- Insulation screen vanized round steel wires close to on sub-marine cables
each other twisted round the cable.
The material, specifically developed - Cigré Technical Brochure Ref No
The tensile armor is flooded with
for HVDC cables, is of the highest 219 “Recommendations for test-
bitumen in order to obtain effective
quality, and the insulation system is ing DC extruded cable systems for
corrosion protection.
triple-extruded and dry-cured. The power transmission at a rated volt-
sensitive interface surfaces between The tensile armor is needed when age up to 250 kV”
insulation and conductive screens the cable is laid in the sea. The ten-
are not exposed at any stage of the - IEC 60228 Conductors of insulat-
sile armor also offers mechani-
manufacture of the insulation sys- ed cables
cal protection against impacts and
tem. abrasion for a cable that is not bur- - IEC 60229 Tests on extruded
ied to safe depth in the seabed. over-sheaths which have a special
High-quality material handling sys-
tems, triple extrusion, dry-curing protective function.
- Outer sheath or serving
and super-clean insulation materials
The outer serving for submarine - IEC 60287 Electric cables -
guarantee high-quality products.
cables consists of two layers of poly- Calculation of the current rating
propylene yarn, the inner one impreg-
nated with bitumen. The polypropyl- - IEC 60840 Power cables with
ene yarn is a semi-wet covering. extruded insulation and their
accessories
ABB 73
DESCRIPTIONS
5.5.3 Testing Peak values of UP1, UP2,S and UP2,O 5.5.3.2 Routine and sample test
Tests are performed according to are defined as maximum voltages Routine testing will be performed on
combinations of relevant parts from to ground when a suitable charge is each manufactured length of cable.
transferred from the impulse genera-
- Cigré recommendations for tor to the cable. - Voltage test, UT during 15 minutes.
mechanical testing of submarine
cables published in Electra 171 For land cables also:
5.5.3.1 Type test
- IEC 60840, Power cables with - DC-testing of non-metallic sheath,
The table below summarizes the
extruded insulation and their according to IEC 60229.
status of type-tested HVDC Light®
accessories cable systems (up to year 2007). If The following sample tests are per-
type tests have already been per- formed (generally on one length from
- Cigré “Recommendations for test-
formed, they need not to be repeat- each manufacturing series):
ing DC extruded cable systems for
ed for cables within the scope of
power transmission at a rated volt-
approval as defined by Cigré. - Conductor examination
age up to 250 kV”, published in
Cigré Technical Brochure Ref No Voltage Conductor Number of - Measurement of electrical resis-
219 U0 area performed tance of the conductor
[kV] [mm2] type tests
HVDC Light® Cable test voltages 80 95 2 - Measurement of thickness of insu-
U0 UT UTP1 LIPL UP1 SIPL UP2,S UP2,O 80 300-340 5 lation and non-metallic sheath
kV kV kV kV kV kV kV kV 80 630 2
80 148 116 160 185 143 165 92 150 95 4
- Measurement of diameters on
150 278 217 304 350 275 320 175 150 1000-1600 11
320 555 435 573 660 541 630 350 150 2000 2
complete cable (for information)
320 1200 2
Definitions Total 28 - Hot set test of insulation material
74 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
Cable lenghts in metres on Wooden drum K14 - K30 and Steel drum St 28 - St 34
Cable
Wooden drum Steel drum
dia.
ABB 75
DESCRIPTIONS
76 ABB
DESCRIPTIONS
ABB 77
DESCRIPTIONS
5.5.8 Auxiliary equipment 5.5.10 Reliability of 150 kV MurrayLink Land Cable, Victoria
HVDC Light® Cable projects – South Australia
Other auxiliary equipment may be
137 km HVDC Light® Cables
used for the cable system, e.g.: Cross Sound Submarine Cable, with 1400 mm2 alu-
Connecticut – Long Island
- Cable Temperature Sensing minum conductor
83 km HVDC Light® Cables
Systems
with 1300 mm2 cop- 223 km HVDC Light® Cables
- Forced Cooling Systems per conductor with 1200 mm2 alu-
minum conductor
7 pcs Flexible Cable Joints
5.5.9 Environmental 400 pcs Stiff Cable Joints
4 pcs Cable Terminations
The cable does not contain oil or
4 pcs Cable Terminations
other toxic components. It does not Delivery year 2002.
harm living marine organisms. Due Delivery year 2002
to its design, the cable does not Operating experience very satisfac-
emit electrical fields. The magnetic tory. No faults. Operating experience very satisfac-
field from the cable is negligible. The tory. One fault attributed to external
cable can be recovered and recy- damage.
cled at the end of its useful life.
78 ABB
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
6 System Engineering
6.1 Feasibility study The main circuit design includes the The auxiliary system design includes
During the development of a new following design studies: the design of auxiliary power, valve
project, it is common to perform a cooling, air-conditioning system and
- Main circuit parameters fire protection system.
feasibility study in order to identify
any special requirements to be met - Single-line diagram The layout of the main circuit equip-
by the system design. ABB can sup-
ment is determined by the electro-
ply models of HVDC Light® trans- - Insulation coordination
mechanical design, and the station
missions in the PSS/E simulation
- AC and DC filter design design specifies buildings and foun-
tool. For unusual applications, ABB
dations.
can perform feasibility studies using - Radio interference study
a detailed control representation in
PSCAD (previously EMTDC). 6.3 Validation
- Transient overvoltages
- DPS
For new applications, it is advisable - Transient currents
The performance of the combined
that ABB performs pre-engineering
- Calculation of losses AC and DC system is validated in a
studies, which include main circuit
dynamic performance study (DPS).
design, system performance and
- Availability calculation The setup includes a detailed repre-
station layout design.
sentation of the main circuit equip-
- Audible noise study ment, and the control model is a
6.2 System design copy of the code that will be deliv-
The control system design specifies
A suitable rating of converters and ered to site (see 5.3.7 above). The
the requirements to be met by the
DC cables is determined to satisfy AC systems are represented with a
control and protection system. Dur-
the system requirements. The HVDC detailed representation of the imme-
ing the detailed design, the control
Light® system is adapted to fulfill the diate vicinity and an equivalent
system characteristics are optimized
requirements for the project. Some impedance for the rest of the AC
to meet the requirements.
engineering work needs to be done system. Typical faults and contin-
to define the system solution, equip- The equipment design specifies the gencies are simulated to show that
ment and layout needed. requirements of all the main circuit the total system responds appropri-
apparatus. The rating includes all ately.
The flow diagram below illustrates
relevant continuous and transient
the types of engineering required.
stresses. - FST
During the factory system test (FST),
the control equipment to be deliv-
Ê
>LiÊ
ëiVvV>ÌÊ V>ÊÀiµÊ ered is connected to a real-time sim-
ulator. Tests are performed accord-
iVÌÀ ÊÊ ing to a test sequence list in order to
>Ê
ÀVÕÌÊ ÊÊ -Ì>ÌÊ£Ê
iV
>V>ÊÊ validate that the control and protec-
`iÃ}Ê -}iiÊ`>}À>Ê `iÃ}Ê
`iÃ}ÊÊ
tion system performs as required.
Ê
-«iVvV>ÌÃ
ÊÃÞÃÌiÊ
µÕ«iÌ Ê
ÀiµÕÀiiÌÃÊ `iÃ}Ê
- Site test
iVÌÀ ÊÊ -Ì>ÌÊÓÊ During the commissioning of
iV
>V> Ê `iÃ}Ê
ÌÀÊÃÞÃÌiÊÊÊ `iÃ}Ê
the converter stations, tests are
`iÃ}Ê -«iVvV>ÌÃÊ performed according to a test
sequence list in order to validate the
ÕÝÊÃÞÃÌiÊ`iÃ} V>Ê
ÀiµÕÀiiÌÃÊ
specified functionality of the system.
ÕÝ>ÀÞÊ«ÜiÀ
6>ÛiÊV}Ê
ABB 79
SYSTEM ENGINEERING
- Load flow
During load flow calculations, the
converters are normally represent-
ed with constant active power and a
reactive power that is situated with-
in the specified PQ-capability, in the
same way as generators. A load flow
model of a VSC HVDC transmis-
sion is included in the latest version
of PSS/E.
- Stability
The dynamic model controls the
active power to a set-point in one
station and calculates the active
power in the other station, including
current limitations. The reactive power
- Reference cases or the AC voltage is controlled inde-
The figure above shows a compari- pendently in each station. ABB can
son between site measurement and supply dynamic models of HVDC
PSCAD (previously EMTDC) simu- Light® transmissions in the PSS/E
lation of the DC voltage at a load simulation tool.
rejection of 330 MW. Even though
the transient is fast, the behavior is - Dynamic Performance
quite similar. Detailed evaluation of dynamic per-
formance requires an extensive
PSCAD (previously PSCAD (previ-
ously EMTDC) model that can be
supplied to the customer during the
project stage.
80 ABB
REFERENCES
7 References
7.4 General
For further material please refer to
ABB HVDC Light® on the Internet:
http://www.abb.com/hvdc
ABB 81
INDEX
8 Index
1 Introduction 5 5 Descriptions 41
1.0 Development of HVDC technology– 5.1 Main circuit 41
historical background 5 5.1.1 Power transformer 41
1.1 What is HVDC Light®? 5 5.1.2 Converter reactors 42
1.2 Reference projects 6 5.1.3 DC capacitors 43
1.2.1 Gotland HVDC Light®, Sweden 6 5.1.4 AC filters 43
1.2.2 Directlink, Australia 7 5.1.5 DC filters 46
1.2.3 Tjæreborg, Denmark 8 5.1.6 High-frequency (HF) filters 47
1.2.4 Eagle Pass, US 9 5.1.7 Valves 48
1.2.5 Cross Sound Cable, US 9 5.1.8 Valve cooling system 50
1.2.6 MurrayLink, Australia 10 5.1.9 Station service power 52
1.2.7 Troll A, Norway 11 5.1.10 Fire protection 52
1.2.8 Estlink HVDC Light® link, Estonia - Finland 12 5.1.11 Civil engineering work,
1.2.9 Valhall Re-development Project 13 building and installation 53
1.2.10 NordE.ON 1 offshore wind connection - 5.1.12 Availability 54
Germany 14 5.1.13 Maintainability 55
1.2.11 Caprivi Link Interconnector 15 5.1.14 Quality Assurance/Standards 55
5.1.15 Acoustic noise 55
2 Applications 16 5.2 HVDC Light® control and protection 56
2.1 General 16 5.2.1 Redundancy design and changeover
2.2 Cable transmission systems 16 philosophy 56
2.2.1 Submarine cables 16 5.2.2 Converter control 57
2.2.2 Underground cables 16 5.2.3 Current control 58
2.3 DC OH lines 17 5.2.4 Current order control 58
2.4 Back-to-back 17 5.2.5 PQU order control 58
2.4.1 Asynchronous Connection 17 5.2.6 Protections 59
2.4.2 Connection of important loads 17 5.3 Control and protection platform - MACH 2 61
2.5 HVDC Light® and wind power generation 17 5.3.1 General 61
2.6 Comparison of AC, conventional 5.3.2 Control and protection system design 62
HVDC and HVDC Light® 17 5.3.3 Main Computers 63
2.7 Summary of drivers for choosing an 5.3.4 I/O system 63
HVDC Light® application 21 5.3.5 Communication 64
2.7.1 AC Network Support 21 5.3.6 Software 64
2.7.2 Undergrounding by cables 22 5.3.7 Input to system studies 66
2.7.3 Required site area for converters 22 5.3.8 Debugging facilities 67
2.7.4 Environmentally sound 22 5.3.9 Human-machine interface (HMI) 67
2.7.5 Energy trading 22 5.3.10 Maintenance of MACH 2 69
2.8 HVDC Light® cables 22 5.4 HVDC Light® Cables 70
2.8.1 Long lifetime with HVDC 22 5.4.1 Design 70
2.8.2 Submarine cables 22 5.4.2 Land cable 70
2.8.3 Underground Cables 24 5.4.3 Submarine cable 71
5.4.4 Deep-sea submarine cable 72
3 Features 25 5.5 General design of cables 73
3.1 Independent power transfer and 5.5.1 Cable parts 73
power quality control 25 5.5.2 Standards and Recommendations 73
3.2 Absolute and predictable power 5.5.3 Testing 74
transfer and voltage control 25 5.5.3.1 Type test 74
3.3 Low power operation 25 5.5.3.2 Routine and sample test 74
3.4 Power reversal 25 5.5.3.3 Post-installation test 74
3.5 Reduced power losses in connected 5.5.4 Cable drums 75
AC systems 25 5.5.5 Installation 76
3.6 Increased transfer capacity in the 5.5.6 Repair 77
existing system 25 5.5.7 Accessories 77
3.7 Powerful damping control using P and 5.5.8 Auxiliary equipment 78
Q simultaneously 26 5.5.9 Environmental 78
3.8 Fast restoration after blackouts 26 5.5.10 Reliability of 150 kV HVDC Light®
3.9 Islanded operation 26 Cable projects 78
3.10 Flexibility in design 26
3.11 Undergrounding 27 6 System Engineering 79
3.12 No magnetic fields 27 6.1 Feasibility study 79
3.13 Low environmental impact 27 6.2 System design 79
3.14 Indoor design 27 6.3 Validation 79
3.15 Short time schedule 27 6.4 Digital Models 80
4 Products 28 7 References 81
4.1 General 28 7.1 Projects 81
4.1.1 Modular concept 28 7.2 Applications 81
4.1.2 Typical P/Q diagram 28 7.3 CIGRÉ/IEEE/CIRED material 81
4.2 HVDC Light® modules 30 7.4 General 81
4.2.1 - 80 kV modules 30
4.2.2 - 150 kV modules 32 8 Index 82
4.2.3 - 320 kV modules 33
4.2.4 Asymmetric HVDC Light® 35
4.2.5 Selection of modules 36
4.3 HVDC Light® Cables 36
4.3.1 Insulation 36
4.3.2 Submarine Cable Data 36
4.3.3 Land Cable data 39
82 ABB