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The proponents had three theories that anchored the foundation of the family case
study. These theories include the works of Salmon White’s Public Health Nursing
physical environment as a major component of nursing care. This theory is also based
on the 13 canons namely ventilation and warmth, light, cleanliness of rooms and wall,
health of houses, noise, taking food, petty management and observation of the sick
and these canons are the possible factors that affect the health of a person.
In the case of Family their environment greatly affect the health of every member
of the family. Their trash can be found in any place of the house, wherein the theory
the health of individuals living in the house, and there is continuity of care by putting
on garbage sacks to segregate the family’s trash by encouraging and helping the
In like manner, the theory of Mark Salmon White (1982) describes a public
health as an organized societal effort to protect, promote and restore the health of
people and public health nursing as focused on achieving and maintaining public
health. With White’s 3 practice priorities (1) prevention of disease and poor health (2)
protection against disease and external agents (3) promotion of health. For the 3
general categories of nursing intervention have also been put forward, they are:
Education directed toward voluntary change in the attitude and behavior of the
subjects
community health nursing which aims to prevent disease and poor health, protect the
family against disease and external agents and promote health for the family.
care based on activities of daily living, which are often abbreviated ADLs or ALs.
The purpose of the theory is as an assessment used throughout the patient's care. It is
often used to assess how the life of a patient has changed due to illness, injury, or
The theory attempts to define what living means. It categorizes the discoveries
into activities of living through complete assessment, which leads to interventions that
support independence in areas that may be difficult for the patient to address alone.
The goal of the assessment and interventions is to promote maximum independence
communication
breathing
elimination
controlling temperature
mobilization
sleeping
The theory of self-care includes self-care, which is the practice of activities that
an individual initiates and performs on his or her own behalf to maintain life, health,
and well-being; self-care agency, which is a human ability that is "the ability for
demand, which is the total self-care actions to be performed over a specific duration
to meet self-care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and
According to the model, there are five factors that influence the activities of living.
The incorporation of these factors into the theory of nursing makes it a holistic model.
If they aren't considered, the resulting assessment is incomplete and flawed. The
factors are used to determine the individual patient's relative independence in regards
to the activities of daily living.
The sociocultural factor is the impact of society and culture as experienced by the
individual patient. This includes expectations and values based on class and status,
and culture within the sociocultural factor relates to the beliefs, expectations, and
values held by the individual patient for him or herself, as well as by others pertaining
to independence in and ability to carry out the activities of daily living.
Her assertion leads to the conclusion that rather than deleting or disregarding
activities of daily living, it can benefit the individual being assessed if the nurse uses
the model more thoroughly and assesses the patient using the five factors in
conjunction with the activities of daily living, regardless of the area in which the care
is being received. Roper stated, "The patient is the patient, they are not a different
patient because they are in a different clinical area. Their needs are the same- it's who
will meet those needs that changes."
The theory of self-care includes self-care, which is the practice of activities that
an individual initiates and performs on his or her own behalf to maintain life, health,
and well-being; self-care agency, which is a human ability that is "the ability for
engaging in self-care," conditioned by age, developmental state, life experience,
socio-cultural orientation, health, and available resources; therapeutic self-care
demand, which is the total self-care actions to be performed over a specific duration
to meet self-care requisites by using valid methods and related sets of operations and
actions; and self-care requisites, which include the categories of universal,
developmental, and health deviation self-care requisites.
Universal self-care requisites are associated with life processes, as well as the
maintenance of the integrity of human structure and functioning. Orem identifies
these requisites, also called activities of daily living, or ADLs, as:
According to Dorothea Orem Other problems that the proponents found out were
the family’s hygiene and family resources. The family, especially the children has less
knowledge on proper hygiene and children have incomplete immunization. With this,
the proponents applied Dorothea Orem’s Self Care Deficit Theory. This theory
addresses specific events and related conditions that have relevance to health and
well-being. The theory includes practice of activities that individuals initiate and
perform independently on their behalf in maintaining life, health, and well-being. The
theory is associated with life processes and the maintenance of the integrity of human
The proponents used Dorothea Orem’s Self Care Deficit Theory because of the
need to improve hygiene and immunization of the family. In connection with this, the
proponents helped to improve the family’s hygiene by educating the family about the
steps in proper handwashing, the steps in brushing teeth and by emphasizing to the