K L University

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Question Bank for IV Year B. Tech
A.Y.2016-17, Odd Semester
Radar and Navigational Aids (CO-1)

S.No Question Marks

a) What is the relation between Unambiguous range and PRF and explain the solution to
6
avoid ambiguity with necessary Wave forms?
1
b) What should be the pulse repetition frequency of Radar in order to achieve maximum
unambiguous range of 100 nmi? 4
a) Obtain an expression for Range in terms of (S/N) n by considering integration of n-
6
2 pulses concept for a Radar ?
b) Mention the applications of Radar in Military and Civilian Systems? 4
(1+1+
a) Define the terms i) Pulse width ii)PRF iii)PRT and iv) Rest Time. 1+1)=
3 4
b) Derive an expression for Simple form of Radar Range Equation in terms of Gain G
6
and Aperture area Ae ?
a) Draw the functional block diagram of basic radar and explain with the working
5
principle?
4 b) Calculate the maximum range of radar which operates at a frequency of 10 GHz, peak
pulse power of 600 Kw. If the antenna effective area is 5 m2 and thearea of target is 20
5
m2, minimum receivable power is 10-13 watt.
a) What is meant by false detection and missed detection and how will you overcome
these mistakes for minimum detectable signal with necessary wave form? 6
5
b) If the pulse repetition frequency is 10 KHz, calculate the maximum unambiguous 4
range?
a) A marine radar operating at 10 GHz has a maximum range of 50 Km with an antenna
gain of 4000. If the transmitter has a power of 250 Kw and minimum detectable signal
6 5
of 10-11 W. Determine the Cross-section of the target the radar can sight ?
b) Draw the block diagram of simple CW radar and explain the working of each block? 5
a) Derive simple form of Range equation in terms of Wavelength λ and Gain G ? 6
7
b) Discuss the limitations of Radar Range equation? 4
a) Draw the functional block diagram of Pulse Radar and explain the purpose and
6
functioning of each block in it?
8
b) What should be the Pulse repetition frequency of radar in order to achieve an
unambiguous range of 50 nautical miles ? 4
a) Expand the term RADAR and Discuss various applications of Radar? 4
9 b) Explain how the Unambiguous range is achieved with change in Pulse Repetition
frequency with necessary wave forms? 6
a) Discuss the effect of Receiver noise and Suggest a modification to be made to the
10 radar range equation introducing the (So/No)min ratio. 6
b) Mention the advantages and disadvantages of Pulsed Radar 4
11 a) What do you mean by Doppler effect and mention its importance in Radars? 5
 b) A radar operating at 3 GHz radiating power of 200 Kw. Calculate the power of the
reflected signal at the radar with a 20 m2 target at 300 nautical miles. Take aperture 5
area of antenna as 9 m2 .
a) What do you mean by Doppler frequency and mention an expression for Doppler
5
frequency shift in knots per meter?
12
b) If the Pulse repetition frequency is 30 KHz, Calculate the Maximum unambiguous
5
range?
a) Explain the importance of Rayleigh, Mie and Optical regions in case of Radar cross
5
section of Targets by taking Sphere as an example?
13
b) Explain the selection of threshold for minimum detectable signal in order to detect
5
signals in the presence of noise with necessary wave form?
a) Explain the concept of Receiver noise and corresponding Signal to noise ratio ? 6
14
b) Discuss the limitations and advantages of CW Radar ? 4
a) Explain how integration of n-Radar pulses can be achieved? 5
15 b) An S-band radar transmitting at 3 GHz radiates 200 Kw. Determine the signal power
density at ranges 100 nmi if the effective area of the radar antenna is 9 m2 . 5
a) What do you mean by RCS and Write a short note on multiple (complex) targets? 5
16 b) A radar transmitting at 2 GHz radiates 100 Kw. Determine signal power density at
ranges 100 nautical miles if the effective area of the radar antenna is 9 m2. 5
a) What is the importance of “Threshold decision” and “Duplexer” in Pulsed Radar
4
Receiver?
17 b) Compare CW Radar and Pulsed Radar ? 3
c) Define the terms i) Integration of Radar pulses ii) Pre detection integration and iii) (1+1+
Post detection integration 1)=3
a) Define RCS and Write short notes for RCS of Sphere and Cone-Sphere targets? 6
18 b) What should be the pulse repetition frequency of Radar in order to achieve maximum
4
unambiguous range of 60 nmi?
a) Explain “Prediction of Range performance” for Radar Range equation? 5
19 b) Find the maximum range of a radar, the transmitted power is 250 kw, cross sectional
area of the target is 12.5 Sqm, minimum power received is 10-3 watts, receiver
antenna gain is 2000 and operating wavelength is 16 cm 5
(1+1+
a) Define the terms i) Minimum detectable signal ii) Radar cross section iii) Integration
1+1+1
of pulses iv) Noise v) False Alarm
)=5
20
b) Calculate Doppler frequency shift ( fd ) when the relative velocity of target with
respect to radar is 50 Knots at a transmitted frequency of 80MHz. 5
 K L University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Question Bank for IV Year B. Tech
A.Y.2016-17, Odd Semester
Radar and Navigational Aids (CO-2)&Test-2

S.No. BTL Question Marks

1 2 (a)Draw the functional block diagram of sideband super heterodyne 5
CW Doppler radar and explain the function of each block in it.
(b)Determine f2 and ∆f in a two frequency CW radar having f1=4.2 5
kHz and an unambiguous range of 81 nautical miles?
2 (a)How the signal to noise ratio will be increased by using filter banks 5
in CW Radar?
(b)Estimate the range of FM-CW radar if it’s modulating frequency is 5
100 kHz, frequency excursion is 1.6 kHz and beat frequency is 30Hz?
3 (a)Draw the functional block diagram of FM-CW radar and explain its 5
operation?
(b)Determine the range and Doppler velocity for a FM-CW radar if
the target is approaching towards the radar. Given beat frequency 5
fb(up)=20kHz and fb(down)=30kHz for the triangular modulation, the
modulating frequency is 1MHz and frequency excursion is 1 kHz.
4 (a)Write short notes on i) Filter banks and ii) Receiver bandwidth 5
requirements in CW-Radar.
(b)Determine the beat frequency due to range if the Radar range is 5
100m and the frequency excursion is 75Hz and modulating frequency
is 1 kHz.
5 (a)Obtain an expression for Range frequency and Doppler frequency 5
in case of FM CW Radar?
(b)Determine the range and Doppler velocity for a FM-CW radar if 5
the target is moving away from the radar. Given beat frequency
fb(up)=50kHz and fb(down)=20 kHz for the triangular modulation, the
modulating frequency is 2MHz and frequency excursion is 2 kHz.
6 (a)Draw the block diagram of MTI Radar and explain its operation? 5
(b)Mention the advantages of MTI Radar. 5
7 (a)What do you mean by single delay line canceller and obtain an 5
expression for its frequency response?
(b)Calculate the second blind speed of MTI radar whose operating
wavelength is 5.0 cm and the pulse repetition frequency is 2000 Hz? 5
8 (a)Explain the significance of Butterfly effect with necessary wave 5
forms? 5
(b)Mention the limitations to MTI Radar?
9 (a)Write a short notes on (i)double Delay Line canceller (ii)Blind 5
Speeds
(b)What are the first three blind speeds of MTI radar having a 5
transmission frequency of 2GHz and PRF of 1 KHz?
10 (a)Write a short note on i) Butterfly Effect ii) significance of delay 5
line canceller.
(b)Calculate the two lowest blind speeds for a MTI radar which is 5
operated at 9 GHz with PRF of 3000Hz.

11 (a)What is the significance of blind speeds and obtain an expression 5

for it?
(b)Calculate the lowest blind speed of an MTI system which is i)
operating at 3.6 cm wave-length and transmitting at a pulse repetition 5
time of 330 µs and ii) operating at 4.2cm wavelength and
transmitting at a PRT of 286 µs?
12 2 (a)Draw the block diagram of single delay line canceller and explain 5
its operation in detail 5
(b)Mention various applications to MTI Radars?
13 (a)Draw theblock diagram of Range Gated Doppler filters for MTI 5
Radar and explain its operation?
(b)Differentiate single delay line and double delay line cancellers? 5
14 (a)Explain in detail different types of tracking? 5
(b)Write a short note on (i) significance of tracking (ii) angle tracking. 5
15 (a)Draw the block diagram of FM CW-ALTIMETER and explain its 5
operation ?
(b)Differentiate search radar and tracking radar? 5
16 (a)Explain the significance of conical scan for a radar? 5
(b)Compare amplitude comparison mono pulse and phase comparison 5
mono pulse
17 (a)Explain mono pulse antenna patterns and error signal in polar and 5
rectangular co-ordinates?
(b)Draw the block diagram of amplitude comparison mono pulse and 5
explain its operation?
18 (a)Explain in detail the principle involved in phase-comparison mono 5
pulse? 5
(b)Compare mono pulse and conical scan tracking?
19 (a)Draw the block diagram of conical scan radar and explain its 5
operation? 5
(b)Write a short note on i) Track while scan (TWS) ii) Phased array
radar tracking
20 (a)Mention the limitations to tracking accuracy? 5
(b)Write a short note on i)single target tracker (STT) ii) Automatic
detection and track (ADT) 5

K L University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Question Bank for IV Year B. Tech
A.Y.2016-17, Odd Semester
 Radar and Navigational Aids (CO-3)&TEST-3

S.No Question Marks

a) Explain the importance of Duplexers in detail?
5
1
b) Distinguish between the branch-type and balanced duplexers.
5
a) Explain how circulators act as duplexers? 5
2 b) What do you mean by solid state receiver protectors and explain diode limiters?
5
a) Write a short note on i)Pre TR Limiter ii) multiplicactor.
5
3
b) Mention the advantages of Radomes for Radar?
5
a) Explain in detail the construction details of Radomes ?
5
4
b)Derive an expression for noise figure for three cascaded networks?
5
a)Determine the overall noise figure of the system if three network units each of 6 dB noise figure
and 10 dB ,6 dB and 3 dB gains respectively are cascaded ? 5
5
b)Calculate the over all noise figure of receiver if two network units each of 10 dB noise figure 5
and 3 dB and 6dB gains respectively are cascaded ?

a)Explain the importance and principle involved in super heterodyne receiver?

5
6
b)Calculate noise figure of a radar receiver which has an IF bandwidth of 2 MHz with a minimum
receivable power of 118.85 ×10-15 W ? 5

a)Explain different types of mixers used in super heterodyne receivers? 5

7 b)Explain different types of stable oscillators used in Radar receivers ?
5
a)What is the function of duplexer in Radar and Explain the operation of balanced duplexer with a
neat diagram
5
8
b)Explain the principle behind the operation of duplexers and receiver protectors
5
a)Explain the significance of A/D converters? 5
9
b)Describe briefly various visual displays to view echo signals in radar systems
5
a)Explain various deflection modulation displays ?
10 5
b)Explain the importance of intensity modulation displays in detail 5
a)Explain the characteristics of radar display units? 5
11
b)Write a short note on (i) P-Scope radar display (ii) L-Scope radar display? 5

12 b)Explain the significance of Digital Receivers? 5

 a)Calculate the minimum receivable signal in a radar receiver operating in standard ambient
5
temperature, which has an IF bandwidth of 2 MHz and noise figure of 12 dB.
a)Explain a method for jamming enemy trackers? 5
b)A low power radar has a receiver whose noise figure is5.3 dB. If the antenna diameter is 1.5 m.
13 the operating frequency is 8.1 GHz and the radar set is supposed to be capable of detecting targets
5
of 5 m2 cross –sectional area at a maximum distance of 15 km. What must be the peak transmitted
power?
a)Explain briefly how radiation will be affected by atmosphere? 5
14 b)A radar system operates at 6 GHz, 3 MW power output. If the antenna diameter is 5 m and the
receiver bandwidth is 1.5 MHz and has a 12 dB noise figure, what is the maximum detection 5
range for 1 m2 target?
a)Explain scanning technique for early warning with Principle ?
5
15
b)Write a short note on accuracy and acquisition ?
5
a)Compare resolution with accuracy and Accuracy ?
5
16
b)Explain the importance of Radar displays in detail?
5
a)Derive an expression for noise figure for two cascaded networks?
5
17 b)A square law detector integrates 10 signal plus noise pulses along with 30 noise pulses.
If integration loss for signal + noise pulses (40) is 3.5 dB and integration loss due to noise 5
pulses (10) is 1.7 dB. Determine collapsing loss of the radar antenna?
a)Explain the importance of mixers in a receiver circuit? 5
b)What is the maximum power received at a distance of 0.5 km over a free space for 1
18 GHz frequency. System consisting of a transmitting antenna with a 2.5 dB gain and a
5
receiving antenna with a 20 dB gain? The transmitting antenna is fed with 150 watt
power.
Write a short note on i)Enemy Trackers and ii) Scanning technique for early warning
19 10

a)Explain the importance of Radar displays in detail? 5

b)A radar receiver is connected to a 50 ohm resistance antenna that has an equivalent
20
noise resistance of 30 ohms. Calculate the noise figure of receiver and the equivalent
noise temperature of the receiver? 5

K L University
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering
Question Bank for IV Year B. Tech
A.Y.2016-17, Odd Semester
Radar and Navigational Aids (CO-4)

S.No. BTL Question Marks

1 1 (a)List out various types of navigational aids. 5
(b)Explain the principle of operation of GPS 5
2 What are the salient features of GPS. 10
3 (a).List out the features of ILS. 5
(b)What are the components of ILS. 5
4 What is DME and what are the salient features of DME? 10
5 (a) Explain the principle of operation of DME. 5
(b)Mention any five applications of DME. 5
6 What is VOR? And what are the salient features of VOR? 10
7 (a) List out the salient features of TACAN. 5
(b) Explain the principle of operation of TACAN. 5
8 (a) Mention the advantages and limitations of TACAN. 5
(b) Give the salient features of MLS. 5
9 (a) What are the advantages and disadvantages of MLS. 5
(b)Explain the principle of operation of MLS with the help of a neat sketch. 5
10 (a) What are the salient features of LORAN. 5
(b) List out the salient features of DECCA. 5
11 (a) Explain the operation of DECTRA with the help of a block diagram. 5
(b)Give the salient features of OMEGA. 5
12 (a) Explain the principle of operation of OMEGA. 5
(b) Write short note on Noise jamming. 5
13 Explain about MST radar in Detail. 10
14 Explain about Sky wave radar in Detail 10
15 Explain about Surface wave radar in Detail. 10
16 Explain about OTH radar in Detail. 10
17 (a) Explain the types of electronic counter measures. 5
(b)Write short notes on Phased array radar. 5
18 (a) Explain about Meteor Wind Radar. 5
(b) Briefly explain about stelth applications. 5
19 Write short notes on (i)ILS and (ii)MLS 10
20 a)An L-band radar operating at 1.25 GHz uses a peak pulse power of 3
MW and must have a range of 185.2 km for objects whose radar cross-
section is 1 m2. If sminis 2×10-13 watt. What is the smallest diameter the 5
antenna reflector could have, assuming it to be a full paraboloid with
η=0.65?
b)Write a short note on i)LORAN and ii) DECCA 5