Was there ever a time in your life when you almost wanted to give up?

What pushed you to feel that way? How did 1. Before doing an interview, the interviewer should know a good deal of knowledge about the topic of the
you cope with the challenges that came with the experience? Remember, it is normal to go through difficulties. interview. In order to formulate sensible questions, what skills can help the interviewer gather or synthesize
Whatever is the color of your skin, you have to keep in mind that everybody goes through challenges in these information?
modern times. You are certainly not alone in this journey. For sure others, particularly, your brothers and sisters in a. comprehension
Asia and Africa have learned to overcome challenges brought about by modernity. Do you think it is possible to b. linguistic
have a glimpse of how they are coping with these challenges in the literary pieces? c. location
In this quarter, you will find out how Asian and African literary pieces reveal the diversity of the peoples’ d. psychomotor
temperament and psyche in their response to the challenges of modernity.
Remember to search for the answers to the following questions: What does literature reveal about Asian and
African character? How do Asians and Africans respond to the challenges of modernity as reflected in their 2. What do you mean by psyche and temperament?
literary pieces? a. the heart, the life-force that drives a person to decide on things – bad or good
b. the inner self, the essence of the soul plus the strength of body and soul
c. the mind, the deepest thoughts, beliefs plus the nature or character of the person
The learner demonstrates understanding of selected literary pieces from Korea, Burma, Arabia/Israel and
d. the soul, the inner thoughts, outlook and humor plus the attitude of the person
Africa to express critical understanding of and appreciation of the diversity of temperaments and psyche among the
peoples of these countries.
3. Long before any written form of literature, what was the principal form of literary entertainment of the Koreans?
a. describing persons
The learner creates an interactive feedback blog on literary pieces. b. narrating history orally
c. reciting poems
d. telling legends orally
In this module, your learning will be maximized as you take the following lessons:
Lesson 1 — Resilience in Embracing Challenges
4. Confucianism and Buddhism are two of the great religions in the history of the world. What do you think is the
Lesson 2 — Faith in Times of Challenges
contribution of Confucianism and Buddhism to Korean literature?
Lesson 3 — Strength in Facing Challenges
a. aesthetic intensity
Lesson 4 — Audacity in Rising Above Challenges
b. divine seriousness
Specifically for Module 1, you will learn the following:
c. spiritual weakness
The Psyche and Temperament of the People of Korea
d. thematic depth
Response to the Challenges of Modernity
Resilience in Embracing Modernity
5. After reading a Korean legend, you notice one striking similarity between Korean and Filipino legends. What
The Psyche and Temperament of the People of Burma
similarity is this?
Response to the Challenges of Modernity
a. Legends from both countries described the rich natural resources back then.
Faith in Times of Challenges
b. Legends from both countries narrated ethnic rituals practiced by the natives.
The Psyche and Temperament of the People of Arabia
c. Legends from both countries were orally transmitted first before they were written.
The Psyche and Temperament of the People Israel
d. Legends from both were written by ordinary people.
Strength in Responding to the Challenges of Modernity
The Psyche and Temperament of the People of South Africa
Response to the Challenges of Modernity
6. You are reading a Korean story with two to three difficult words in every page. What should be the best
Audacity in Rising Above Challenges
immediate strategy to use in order to deal with the difficult words?
a. Define words through context.
b. Get the dictionary and look up the meanings of the difficult words.
 c. Highlight the difficult words and get back to them later as soon as I finish reading the book.
d. Just ignore the words. I had better just finish reading the book.
7. Koreans are our friends. What kind of a sentence is this?
a. complex sentence
b. compound sentence
c. kernel sentence
d. compound-complex sentence
8. What are the common characteristics of a well-constructed paragraph?
a. It has good content and shows coherence and cohesion.
b. It has a topic sentence.
c. It has an interesting topic.
d. It observes correct grammar and correct use of punctuation marks.
9. You interviewed a Korean about the ways of coping with the challenges of modernity. The Korean answered all of
your questions with a degree of certainty. How do you preserve all the Korean’s answers so that you can use
these answers in the making of a feature article?
a. Just remember everything so that you will not disturb or distract the interviewee.
b. Let the interviewee stop from time to time so that you can write down everything in a notebook.
c. Record the entire interview through a video or voice recorder (with the interviewee’s permission).
d. Take down important details and make sure that you can write very fast.
10. Why is literature a good source of knowing Koreans?
a. Literature gives all the updates about all the important events in a country.
b. Literature mirrors the psyche, temperament, culture and traditions of the people.
c. Literature provides a descriptive picture of how the people dress and speak like.
d. Literature is a work of art that describes citizens with breeding and refinement.
11. The liberation of 1945 produced a flowering of poetry of all kinds. Some poets were determined to bear witness
to the events of their age, some sought to further assimilate traditional Korean values, while others drew
variously on Western traditions to enrich their work. What does this information tell you?
a. As far as literary direction was concerned, Koreans did not respond similarly to the situation at that time.
b. Koreans were not united as a people because they did not agree on one common direction.
c. Priority should be given to Western traditions because a country always prospers in making this move.
d. We should be grateful to the Koreans because they set a very good example in making good decisions.
12. In this last two lines of the poem titled On A Rainy Autumn Night by Ch’oeCh’iwŏn, how do you define the
highlighted phrase? Choose the best analysis.
At third watch, it rains outside.
By the lamp my heart flies myriad miles away.
a. “Does the heart fly? Of course, not! But the heart is a symbol of love, and because love flies, love is
certainly gone.”
b. “If the heart flies, then it must have wings on its own; therefore, this heart must have been borrowed by
somebody else.”
c. “Perhaps, the heart is too weak to handle the situation so it finds a way to fly and just be in any place that
it wants, like miles away.”
d. “The heart literary flies. The heart must be taken away from the person’s body because it is weak. It is
not fit to stay in that body.”
13. What is the best observation regarding this paragraph?
Modern Korean literature attained its maturity in the 1930s through the efforts of a group of talented
writers. They drew freely upon European examples to enrich their art. Translation of Western literature
continued, and works by I.A. Richards, T.S. Eliot, and T.E. Hulme were introduced. This artistic and critical
activity was a protest against the reduction of literature to journalism and its use as propaganda by leftist
writers.
a. It has a topic sentence that gives the best practices of the Koreans.
b. It has an impact because it has a well-chosen topic.
c. It has coherence in its sentences and cohesion in its ideas.
d. It has one imperative sentence and three declarative sentences.
14. Though written in Chinese, Kim Sisŭp’sKŭmoshinhwa (“New Stories”), which incorporates legends involving
dream meetings of spirits and dream journeys, is considered the first example of a Korean fictional narrative.
What does this literary piece suggest of the Koreans?
a. Koreans are highly imaginative
b. Koreans believe in afterlife.
c. Koreans consider dreams important.
d. Koreans have faith in dreams.
15. Just like any other citizens of the modern world, Koreans tried to resist the challenges of modernity. In fact, in
the last quarter of the 20th century a host of talented writers perfected the art of being themselves. You are
one of the writers in Korea. You want to write a novel that depicts the Korean psyche and temperament.
Where would you get the best source of inspiration and materials from?
a. from the ideas of fellow writers who wanted to pursue Korean identity
 b. from the stories of people who tried to colonize them
c. from their own experiences and the common dilemma of the Koreans.
d. from their own literary experts who were not open to changes
16. You have a short poem titled On A Rainy Autumn Night by Ch’oeCh’iwŏn featured in one of the pages in ASIA
MAG, a travel magazine. As the section editor, you are tasked to decide whether this poem should be
featured in your travel magazine or not. What should be your best reason to feature this poem?
I only chant painfully in the autumn wind,
For I have few friends in the wide world.
At third watch, it rains outside.
By the lamp my heart flies myriad miles away.
a. The poet has successfully blended his own emotions of sadness and the panorama of the place which will
incidentally be apt to the quarterly theme of the magazine.
b. The poet has described his friends who are situated in all parts of the world; this will ignite friendship and
camaraderie among the readers of the magazine.
c. The poet has combined the description of place and the persona’s views of the world which will
encourage readers to write poetry on their own.
d. The poet has let the setting of the poem separate from the emotions of the persona which; this will teach
the readers to do the same in their attempts to write poems.
17. Korean literature proves to be very difficult to you as a Grade 8 student. You have encountered several words in
English that give you a challenging time in understanding Korean stories or poems expressed in English. In
reading an article about the introduction of Korean literature, you are to apply what you have learned about
defining words through context clues and word analysis. As a student, what very important tip can you give in
using context clues to a Korean classmate who also experiences the same problem?
a. Classify the word right away whether the word is a name word or an action word, then keep guessing the
meaning of the word by giving a synonym or an antonym.
b. Identify the possible meanings of a word which is intended by the writer or speaker through definition,
restatement, example or multiple meanings (depending on neighboring words).
c. Name the part of speech of the difficult word (like if the word is a noun, a verb, an adjective or an
adverb); then, proceed to defining it by trying to use the word in a sentence.
d. Underline or encircle the word and try to figure out the possible meanings through affixation: looking
into the root of a word, the prefix and the suffix.
18. You and your partner are tasked to interview a Korean about how he or she is coping with the challenges of
modernity and globalization. In the process of the interview, you ask her about some of the Korean writers
that have affected her as a young Asian of the modern world. She gives names like ChŏngChisang for a very
sad poem that reveals the pain of separation and Pak Wansŏ for writing the novel Winter Outing that reminds
her about the human stress that is caused by societal difficulties faced by the characters. Knowing that this is
your material in making a character sketch, how do you present this Korean to your reading public?
a. A Korean who has become sick and tired of her own experiences and eventually becomes modest in her
dealings with other Asians like her
b. A Korean who has been impacted directly and indirectly by her own difficult experiences in the past and
has emerged as a stronger person in the present times
c. A Korean who is arrogant of her own beginnings and has become an egotistical individual who is ready to
show off what she has as a person
d. A Korean who is unassuming in her own success as a person and in the end becomes a little disturbed as
she faces the difficulties of being an Asian
19. Modernity demands a lot of decisions in the life of UiHyan Park. He has been trying to preserve his own
individuality as a Korean. Somehow he has been influenced by his father and mother with the idea that
modern society negates freedom and individuality. If you were UiHyan Park, what of your being a Korean
would stay as you face the challenges of modernity?
a. I would rather embrace everything that modernity has to offer and forget about the native traditions of
my people.
b. I would rather fail to remember that I am a Korean and go with the flow of modernity as a response to
the call of globalization.
c. I would rather perfect the art of being myself as a Korean and disregard the goodness that modernity has
brought to Korea,
d. I would rather strike a balance between the integrity of my own psyche as a Korean and the goodness
that modernity has brought to my country.
20. Your Korean classmate has been a student here in the Philippines for two years. In studying a formal essay, you
are given by your teacher to react on the first paragraph of Carlos Romulo’s I Am a Filipino. The first
paragraph goes like this:
I am a Filipino, inheritor of a glorious past, hostage to the uncertain future. As such I must prove
equal to a twofold task – the task of meeting my responsibility to the past and the task of performing my
obligation to the future.
You cannot help but discuss pertinent characteristics about you, being a Filipino and your classmate, being a
Korean and the challenges of modernity that somehow affected you both as Asians. What would be the best
lesson of the paragraph that you can present to your teacher and classmates that somehow will be true to you
both as Asians?
a. We have to acknowledge that as Asians we exist because of our past; and because society is constantly
evolving, we must keep up and see the positive things brought about by these changes.
b. We have to respond to the challenges of so many tasks so that we will be more prepared in facing the
future.
 c. We need to recognize where we really came from and that we should also prepare ourselves for the
uncertainty that the future will bring.
d. We should accept that whatever we will become in the future, it will always be the product of what we
decide for our present.
Tale of Ch’unhyang
Formerly there lived in the province of Cholla, in the town of Namwon, a magistrate's son named Yi Mong-Yong. He
had much literary talent, and grew up to be a handsome young man.
One beautiful morning, Master Yi Mong-Yong called his servant, Pangja, and asked him to show him a place
where he might see wild flowers. Pangja led him to a summer pavilion near a bridge called "Ojak-kyo," or the
"Magpie Bridge." The view from the bridge was as beautiful as the summer sky, and thus was named after the tale
of the Herdboy and the Weaving Maid.
Looking at the distant mountains, Yi Mong-Yong caught sight of a young maiden swinging beneath one of the
trees. He asked Pangja about the lovely maiden and her attendant. He replied that she was Ch'unhyang (Spring
Fragrance), a daughter of Wolmae (Moon Plum), the retired kisaeng entertainer. Pangja related to his young master
that this young girl was not only beautiful but also virtuous. Yi Mong-Yong insisted that Pangja inform Ch'unhyang
that he wished to meet her. "Don't you know the butterfly must pursue the flower, and the geese must seek the
sea?" retorted Ch'unhyang.
The wind blew back her hair and long ribbon over her rosy face, and she glowed with virtue and happiness.
"This good fortune is offered me today. Why wait until tomorrow? Should I not speak to this pretty girl now?" Yi
Mong-Yong said to himself.
Just then Ch'unhyang, frightened at being watched, jumped down from her swing and ran toward her house.
Stopping under a peach tree at her garden gate she plucked a blossom and kissed it, her lips and cheeks redder than
the bloom, and was gone.
Pangja urged his master to hasten home so that his father might know nothing of his adventure, and then
punish Pangja for allowing Yi Mong-Yong to wander so far. The youth returned home in a trance, and went
immediately to sit at dinner with his parents. With the meal finished, Yi Mong-Yong went to his room, lit a candle,
and opened a book. Reading proved impossible. The words blurred before his eyes and every word and every
character was "Spring" and "Fragrance"- Ch'unhyang, Ch'unhyang, Ch'unhyang. Calling Pangja, he said, "Tonight I
must see Ch'unhyang. Did she not say that the butterfly must pursue the flower?"
They went to Ch'unhyang's house, stopping under the peach tree in the garden as they approached. At that
moment Ch'unhyang's mother was telling her daughter that she had had a dream in which a blue dragon coiled
itself around Ch'unhyang's body and, holding her in its mouth, flew up to the sky. Looking up, instead of the dragon
in the clouds, the girl's mother saw a dragon on earth, for Yi Mong-Yong walked out of darkness and spoke to her.
On learning the purpose of his visit she called Ch'unhyang to meet the young yangban, and Yi Mong-Yong
asked Ch'unhyang's mother for the hand of her daughter. The old woman, thinking her dream had come true, gladly
consented, and said, "You are a yangban's son and Ch'unhyang is the daughter of a kisaeng, so there cannot be a
formal marriage. If you give us a secret marriage contract, writing your pledge not to desert her, we shall be
contented."
Yi Mong-Yong seized a brush and set down the following lines: "The blue sea may become a mulberry field,
and the mulberry fields may become the blue sea, but my heart for Ch'unhyang shall never change. Heaven and
earth and all the gods are witnesses."
In their sleep that night they dreamed of Mandarin ducks swimming together. For several nights he visited his
beloved, until she teased him, saying that he should go home and study hard to become a great official like his
father. Unfortunately, their time together did not last.
Not long after the secret marriage, the servant brought Yi Mong-Yong a message saying that his father, newly
appointed to the King's cabinet, was being recalled to the capitol. Yi Mong-Yong, who was to accompany his father,
went that evening to Ch'unhyang and told her the bad news. The young couple was forced to say a tearful goodbye
at the Magpie Bridge. "Since there is no way to change our fate, let us embrace and part," said Ch'unhyang,
throwing her arms around her lover.
She then gave him a ring. "This is my token of love for you. Keep it until we meet again. Go in peace, but do
not forget me. I shall remain faithful to you and wait here for you to come and take me away to Seoul." With these
words, they parted.The new Namwon magistrate arrived soon afterward, and among his first words to his servant
were, "Bring me Ch'unhyang, the pretty girl I have heard of."
"This is difficult sir," replied the retainer, "for she is already married secretly to Yi Mong-Yong, the son of the
former magistrate." Angered, the new magistrate ordered Ch'unhyang summoned at once. Too terrified to disobey
an order by the magistrate, Ch'unhyang accompanied the servant. The magistrate looked at her attentively. "I heard
much of you in Seoul, and today I see you are very beautiful. Will you come to me?"
Choosing her words carefully, Ch'unhyang replied, "I am committed to Yi Mong-Yong. That is why I cannot do
as you ask. The King has sent you here to take care of the people. You have a heavy responsibility to the throne. It
would be better to fulfill your duties and apply justice according to the laws of the country." Ch'unhyang's defiance
enraged the magistrate, and he ordered her taken to prison. "Why put me in prison?" Ch'unhyang protested, "I
have done no wrong. A married woman must be faithful to her husband, just as a magistrate should be faithful to
the king." This merely served to anger the magistrate further, and before long Ch'unhyang found herself in a prison
cell.
Meanwhile, Yi Mong-Yong had arrived in Seoul, where he studied hard and learned all the famous Chinese
classics. He passed the government examinations with the highest distinction, thereby qualifying for a position in
the king's service. In congratulating him after the munkwa examinations, the king asked Yi Mong-Yong. "Do you
wish to be a magistrate or a governor?"
"I should like to be appointed amhaengosa," replied Yi Mong-Yong. Yi Mong-Yong, as an amhaengosa, traveled
around the country with his attendants, disguised as beggars. They inquired everywhere after the needs of the
people in order to assess the quality of local districts' administrations. Soon he arrived near Namwon, and came to a
small farming village where the people were planting rice.
While working, the peasants sadly chanted: "We come out in the scorching heat, plough our fields, sow our
seeds, and make the rice grow. First we must pay tribute to the king, give a part to the poor, a part to travelers who
come knocking at our doors, and save money for ancestral services. This would be all right if the magistrate did not
squeeze us for even more, leaving us with hardly anything to eat."
Much interested, Yi Mong-Yong approached and said, "I have heard that the magistrate of Namwon has
married Ch'unhyang and that they live together happily."
 "How dare you speak like that?" retorted one of farmers. "Ch'unhyang is faithful, true and pure, and you are a
fool to speak thus of her and that tyrant, who is cruel to her. No, her fate is even worse than that because the son
of the former magistrate seduced and deflowered that poor girl, and then abandoned her, never coming back to see
her. He is a bastard, the son of a dog, the son of a pig!"
The farmer's anger shocked Yi Mong-Yong. He found that many villagers felt the same way. The local yangban
aristocrats shared the people's wrath. Yi Mong-Yong happened on a spot where some yangban were having a picnic,
comparing poems and conversing on a hillside. He listened as a scholar presented a poem railing against the unjust
provincial government. When he was done, another picnicker said, "These are sad days! I've heard that a young
woman called Ch'unhyang is to be executed in two or three days."
"Oh! This Magistrate is a wretch!" said another.
"He is thinking only of overpowering Ch'unhyang, but she is like the pine and bamboo, which never change.
She has remained faithful and true to her husband."
Another added, "She was married to the son of the old magistrate. What a pig her husband is! He abandoned
the poor girl." These comments made Yi Mong-Yong, weary and ashamed, hasten to Namwon. hasten to Namwon.
Meanwhile, Ch'unhyang, in prison all this time, remained faithful to the memory of Yi Mong-Yong. She had
grown thin, feeble, and sick. One day she had a dream, in which she saw her house. In her garden, the flowers that
she had planted and loved had faded. The mirror in her room was broken. Her shoes were hanging on the lintel of
the door. She called to a blind man who happened to be passing by her cell window, and asked him the significance
of her dream.
"I shall tell you what it means. These dried flowers shall bear fruit, the noise of the broken mirror will be heard
throughout the world, and the shoes on the door indicate a large crowd visiting to offer congratulations."
Ch'unhyang thanked the blind man and prayed that his prophecy would come true. In reality, however,
Ch'unhyang's doom was near. That very day the evil magistrate called his attendants together and said to them, "In
three days I shall celebrate a great feast, to which I wish to invite all the magistrates of the nearby towns, and on
that day Ch'unhyang shall be executed.
"Meanwhile, Yi Mong-Yong arrived in the town and went to Ch'unhyang's house. At first, her mother did not
recognize him. "I do not know who you are," she said. "Your face reminds me of Yi Mong-Yong, but your clothes are
the clothes of a beggar."
"But I am Yi Mong-Yong," said he.
"Oh!" she gasped. "Every day we have waited for you, but alas, in two or three days Ch'unhyang will be dead."
"Listen to me, Mother," replied Yi Mong-Yong. "Even though I am a miserable beggar, I still long for
Ch'unhyang, and I want to see her.
"With Yi Mong-Yong following, she knocked at the prison window, calling her daughter, who was asleep.
Awakened, Ch'unhyang asked immediately if anyone had seen Yi Mong-Yong or heard news of him.
The mother replied that in place of Yi Mong-Yong, a beggar had come who claimed he was Yi Mong-Yong, and
was there now to see her.
Yi Mong-Yong appeared at the window, and Ch'unhyanglooked at him. It seemed to make no difference to her
that he was badly dressed, and seemed to have failed at life in Seoul. Instead, she reached for him through the bars
and struggled to be as close to him as possible.
"I may be a beggar in dress," replied Yi Mong-Yong, "but I have no beggar's heart!"
"Dear heart," said Ch'unhyang, "how hard your journey must have been. Go back with my mother and get
some rest. Only please - since I am under a sentence of death and must die tomorrow after the feast - come to my
window again in the morning so I may have the joy of seeing you once more before I die."
Yi Mong-Yong went home and slept in Ch'unhyang's room. But the next morning, when his mother-in-law
opened the door, she was surprised to find that he was gone. In fact, he had gone early to collect his attendants, all
disguised as beggars like himself. He gave them strict orders. Then, as the magistrate received his guests and
presided over the banquet, Yi Mong-Yong managed to get into the palatial office compound and approach the host.
"I am a poor man," he said, "and I am hungry. Please, give me something to eat." It was customary in Korea,
during big feasts in the countryside, for a number of beggars to show up for handouts, but the furious magistrate
commanded his servants to kick the intruder out.
Then Yi Mong-Yong entered the palace a second time, by climbing on the shoulders of his servants and going
over the wall. The first guest he encountered was the magistrate of Unbong, named Pak Yong-Jang. He said to him,
"I am hungry, could you not let me have something?" Yong-Jang, feeling some compassion called one of
the kisaengs and asked her to bring something to the beggar.
Yi Mong-Yong then addressed Yong-Jang: "I am obliged to you for giving me good food, and I wish to repay
you with a little poem." Then he extended a paper on which Yong-Jang read the lines:
This beautiful wine in golden goblets
Is the blood of a thousand people.
This magnificent meat on these jade tables
Is the flesh and marrow of a thousand lives.
Burning in this banquet hall,
The tears of the hungry people
Pour from their sunken eyes.
Even louder than the noisy song of these courtesans
Resound the complaints of the oppressed peasants.
Yong-Jang , greatly alarmed, cried, "It is against us," and he passed the paper to the host, who asked, "Who
wrote this poem?" "It is the young beggar," said Yong-Jang, pointing to Yi Mong-Yong, but he was frightened,
thinking that whoever wrote such a poem must be more than a common beggar. Rising up, he suddenly pretended
to have urgent business elsewhere and fled. The other officials likewise sprang to their feet and stampeded out of
the room, only to be stopped by Yi Mong-Yong's men, who were waiting outside with their swords. The officials
soon understood that the beggar-poet was in fact an amhaengosa. As they cowered together in a corner of the
courtyard, Yi Mong-Yong revealed his ma-p'ae and ordered the magistrate's runners to fetch Ch'unhyang from her
cell and to say to her, "The King's envoy has sent for you. He is going to hear your case and pronounce judgment.
"In the jail, Ch'unhyang was greatly frightened.
"Oh!" she cried. "I am going to die! Please, may I see my mother?" Ch'unhyang's mother ran to her daughter.
"Mother, now is the hour of my death. Where is Yi Mong-Yong?"
"The King's officer is waiting. Do not stop to chitchat!" snapped the runners, and before Ch'unhyang's mother
could speak, they carried her away to the magistrate's courtyard. They removed the wooden cangue from around
her neck and placed her in the presence of the Royal Secret Inspector, who, sitting behind a screen, questioned her
sternly: "If you do not love the magistrate, will you love me and come to me, the King's envoy? If you refuse I shall
order my men to strike off your head immediately."
"Alas!" exclaimed Ch'unhyang. "How unhappy are the poor people of this country! First the injustice of the
magistrate, then you, the King's Inspector, who should help and protect the unhappy people - you think
immediately to condemn to death a poor girl whom you desire. Oh, how sad we common people are, and how
pitiful it is to be a woman!"
Yi Mong-Yong then ordered the courtesans to untie the cords that bound the hands of Ch'unhyang. "Now raise
your head, and look at me," he said to her.
"No," she answered, "I shall not look at you, I shall not listen to you. Cut my body into pieces if you like, but I
shall never go to you."
Yi Mong-Yong was deeply touched. He took off his ring and ordered a courtesan to show it to Ch'unhyang. She
saw that was the very ring she had given to her husband Yi Mong-Yong and, lifting her eyes, recognized her lover.
"Oh," she cried in joy and surprise. "Yesterday my lover was only a beggar and today he is the King's officer!"
Yi Mong-Yong ordered a sedan chair to be brought at once and saw that Ch'unhyang was safely carried home.
The people shouted joyfully and cheered for Ch'unhyang and Yi Mong-Yong. Then he summoned the magistrate of
Namwon and said, "The King gave you instructions to feed the people well, and instead you fed upon them. I
condemn you in the name of the King to forfeit your position. I banish you to a faraway island without meat,
without wine, and without company. I give you permission to eat the wild grass till your stomach repents for the
way you have fed off the people of Namwon!"
When all this was done, Yi Mong-Yong took his bride back to Seoul and wrote out the story Ch'unhyang as an
appendix to his official report. The King read it and was surprised to find such fidelity in a country girl of low birth.
He made her ach'ungnyolpuin, or a faithful wife, and declared that her loyalty was proof that she was just as good
as any yangban daughter, even though her mother was a lowly kisaeng, and that her conduct should be a model for
allwomen. Ch'unhyang was then officially presented to the parents of Yi Mong-Yong, and they accepted her as a
proper daughter-in-law. In time, Ch'unhyang bore three sons and two daughters, and they all lived happily for many
years come.
Beliefs, Social Structures, and Practices
The Choson Dynasty, also known as the Yi Dynasty, has long been celebrated for its artistic, scientific and
intellectual achievements, including the 1443 invention of the Korean alphabet (han'gul) by the greatest of all
Choson kings, King Sejong. The Choson Dynasty, which means the kingdom of morning serenity, is one of modern
history's longest dynastic rules, lasting over 500 years. This achievement is even more impressive in light of Korea’s
strategic and, some might say, precarious geopolitical location at the center of the East Asian corridor.
How did Korea achieve such political stability? What social forces were at work? The Choson Dynasty adopted
Confucianism as its state religion and developed concomitant social structures, ultimately establishing cultural
values, which supported continuous dynastic rule.
These cultural values of the Choson Dynasty, centerpieces to the Ch'unhyang story, still resonant in
contemporary Korean life. The idea of an interdependent, collective self rather than an independent, autonomous
self, of role dedication rather than self-fulfillment, and the privileging of harmony and order rather over justice or
progress are all typically Confucian cultural values that have carried over from the Choson era into the present.
Choson Dynasty officially began in 1392 when Yi Songgye, an army general, was declared king, following his
successful coup against the Koryo government. With the support of Neo-Confucian scholar-officials, he and the
twenty-six Yi kings that followed him adopted and enforced the principles of Confucianism, a belief system founded
by the Chinese philosopher Confucius, as the for guide their actions as well as virtually every citizen of their dynasty.
Confucius taught that men of wisdom and virtue, chosen for their knowledge and moral quality, should lead
the government. They were to rule, not by force or law, but by example. This theory of government was an ideal
held for centuries by many countries of East Asia; the application of the theory, however, was less than ideal.
Korean rulers during the Chosen reign established social structures and institutions to enforce Confucian ideology
and practice.
King T’aejo (Yi Songgye) instituted the Chinese examination system to recruit wise and moral men into
government. Men that could demonstrate through rigorous examination that they understood proper governance,
classic literature, and morality, as it was taught in the sacred books of Confucian philosophy, were appointed to
government positions. Once in place, they were expected to lead by moral example.
The Tale of the Woodcutter and the Tiger
Korean folklore recalls the tale of a woodcutter who encounters a tiger in the woods. Fearing that he would soon
be the tiger’s dinner, he exclaimed: “You must be my long lost brother! Our mother cried for you when you left
home. She had dinner ready for you every night, waiting for your return. Sadly, out mother has just passed away.
How happy she would have been had she known you are alive and well!” The woodcutter took out his handkerchief
and pretended to wipe at his eyes. The tiger turned away, as tears fell down his cheeks, leaving the woodcutter
unharmed.
Every year thereafter, on Chesa, the memorial day of the woodcutter’s mother’s death, an offering appeared on
her grave - sometimes a peasant, or even his mother’s favorite mountain berries. The woodcutter did not know
where these offerings came from.
One year, the woodcutter noticed that the customary offering had not been placed on his mother’s grave, and he
wondered what had happened. Out from the bush, three baby tigers appeared, carrying offerings. They
approached the woodcutter and cried: “You must be our uncle! Mother tiger is gone now, and we know how
important it is for her to honor grandmother by bringing an offering to her Chesa table beside her grave. We are
here to bring offerings for our grandmother in loving memory of our mother.” The woodcutter noticed that his face
had turned suddenly warm and realized that it was his own tears streaming down his cheeks.
Shhh*
by Moon In-soo
I have been to his father’s funeral. He told me a story: he, who had passed his sixtieth year, held his father, beyond
90 and helped him urinate. Even though life’s important controls had left the old body, his mind was still like a In preparing your outputs, always consider the proper and correct use of cohesive and literary devices.
lantern. Afraid that the old man might feel hopeless, he helped him, half joking and half playing the baby, saying
“Father, shhh, shhh, all right, all, right, you must feel good.”When he held his father, it was as if he entered deep Cohesive Devices
into the whole body. When he held his father like that as though giving back to the body, how much might the old Coherence in writing means achieving a consistent relationship among parts.
man have tried to shrink himself to make himself smaller and lighter? His urine thread cut off frequently, but such a Cohesive devices show the logical relationships between the various parts of an essay as well as between
long thread that the son again and again tried to tie it down to the earth pitifully, but the father with difficulty might sentences and paragraphs.
sever it now. Shhh, Shhh! The universe must be quiet. Cohesive devices include:
*In Korean, this word refers to not only a way to make someone hush, but also is used as an onomatopoeia to Transitional words and expressions, paragraph hooks
help children urinate.
What are they?
Cohesive devices are like bridges between parts of your paper. They are the cues that help the reader to
Tree of Unhappiness
interpret ideas in the way that you, as a writer, want them to understand.
Kim Sang – yong (1592 – 1637)
(Translated by Graeme Wilson)
What do they do?
Cohesive devices help you carry over a thought from one sentence to another, from one idea to another, or
On broad leaves of pau-low-nia
from one paragraph to another with words or phrases. Cohesive devices link your sentences and paragraphs
The one and only tree
together smoothly so that there are no abrupt jumps or breaks between ideas.
Whereon the phoenix will set foot
The rain falls heartlessly.
Why do you use them?
Cohesive words and phrases are used to link sentences and paragraphs, to show which direction your thought
The rain’s sad tapping overhead
patterns are going to help the reader accurately follow your train of thought. They signal the relationships among
Compounds my weight of grief.
the various parts of your subject.
Who now could have the heart to plant
Types
Trees of so broad a leaf?
There are several types of cohesive devices and each category leads your reader to make certain connections
or assumptions about the areas you are connecting. Some lead your reader forward and imply the “building” of an
Pomegranates idea or thought while others make your reader compare ideas or draw conclusions from the preceding thoughts.
Sin Hum (1566 – 1628)
(Translated by Graeme Wilson) To signal relation in time:
before, meanwhile, later, soon, at last, earlier, thereafter, afterward, by that time, from then on, first, next,
It rained last night, The pomegranates now, presently
Red and orange-res To signal similarity:
Have all burst into flower. likewise, similarly, once again, once more
To signal Difference:
Not to be comfort, but, yet, however, although, whereas, though, even so, nonetheless, still, on the other hand, on the contrary
I sit in this cool pavilion To signal consequences:
Set in a lotus lake as a result, consequently, therefore, hence, for this reason
And under its glass-bead curtains wait
For my closed heart to break.
Viral Video Gets Propaganda Treatment
By SU HYUN LEE
Published: September 20, 2012
SEOUL, South Korea — Ordinarily, a star turn on “The Ellen DeGeneres Show” teaching Britney Spears his dance
might be one of the surest signs that a performer has made it. But this week, Park Jae-sang, the South Korean
phenomenon behind a dance video called Gangnam Style, got an even clearer sign of success. North Korea — so cut
off from the world that satellite shots show most of the country plunged in darkness at night — parodied the video.
Why the original video, released in July, has gained such popularity is anyone’s guess. In it, Mr. Park, 34, does a
“horse riding” dance that looks vaguely like what children do when they hop around pretending to be galloping. He
raps and dances around Seoul, all in the company of pretty women and to a song with an infectious beat.
In short, the performer, popularly known as PSY (short for Psycho), has done what K-Pop bands have failed to do.
While those groups have choreographed their way to success all over Asia, they have made less headway in other
parts of the world. Mr. Park, with his willingness to allow himself to be made fun of with a buffoonish performance,
is a global success.
What Mr. Park is singing about is Gangnam, a fashionable neighborhood in Seoul where the nouveau riche shop at
Chanel, drive fancy cars and send their children to well-known prep schools. He grew up there, and although his
dance moves are anything but what someone might expect of Gangnam’s sophisticates, the title seems to both
celebrate — and possibly mock — the lifestyle.
That plays especially well in South Korea, where the growing gap between rich and poor is serious enough to have
become an issue in the presidential campaign.
In any case, South Koreans have banded together to celebrate Mr. Park’s success, with media outlets breathlessly
reporting each new sighting. PSY on “Ellen.” PSY on “Saturday Night Live.” And now a PSY parody in North Korea.
It does not seem to matter at all to many South Koreans that possibly their most famous cultural ambassador is,
well, less than refined. For them, he still represents a “soft power” moment, a way of selling their culture to the
world.
Jeffery DelViscio and Shreeya Sinha contributed reporting from New York.
An Interview with a Korean-American on Cultural Differences
In this interview Ben Bagley asks Theresa Han about the difference between Korean and American culture.
Theresa is a teenager who recently moved to the United States so she has an excellent perspective for
understanding the differences and similarities between these countries.
[BAGLEY] This is Ben Bagley, and I'm going to interview Theresa Han about Korea. Could you introduce yourself?
[
HAN] My name is Theresa Han, I'm from South Korea, I'm 18 years old, and I'm a freshman in College.
[BAGLEY] How long have you lived in America?
[HAN] I think a little bit less than 3 years.
[BAGLEY] Where did you live in Korea?
[HAN] I lived in Pyoung Tek, It's right below Oosan, where the American Air force is located.
[BAGLEY] What were the people like where you lived?
[HAN] They're really busy. Fathers go to their work; Mothers if they have a job go to their work, and students go to
school, so they don't have enough time to communicate with each other, like time to spend together, because
mostly students come home like 10:00pm-11:00pm.
[BAGLEY] What did you do with your friends?
[HAN] We mostly go to each other's house, rent a movie or something, watch it, and do homework usually, because
we have a whole bunch of homework. On the weekends we would go downtown; it's kind of like a shopping mall.
It's a street. There are small restaurants, small cloths shops and all that stuff. It was...
... middle of paper ...
... came home 7:00pm. But some students stay longer, like even 10:00pm if you are a senior and about to go to
college because there is kind of, like parents and teacher think their kids or students should go to college. Like have
to go to college. They’re gonna pressure them to study a lot, so when you’re a senior you start to study a lot and
you don’t sleep that much. Usually I think some people sleep 3 or 4 hours per day and just study. No free time.
[BAGLEY] And they stay at school and study?
[HAN] ?Till like 10:00pm but after school ends they come home and study like until 2:00am or 3:00am
[BAGLEY] Would it be ok if I publish this interview on the internet?
Antagonist: A person who actively opposes or is hostile to someone or something; an adversary.
Blandishment: A flattering or pleasing statement or action used to persuade someone gently to do
something.
Central Idea: The thesis statement states the thesis or argument of the author in an essay or similar
document.
Challenges: tests; trials with a family friend and worked at the UN for three years, primarily on budget matters, writing daily to her future
Folklore: The traditional beliefs, customs, and stories of a community, passed through the husband, Dr. Michael Aris. In 1972, Aung San Suu Kyi married Aris, a scholar of Tibetan culture, living abroad in
generations by word of mouth. Bhutan. The following year she gave birth to their first son, Alexander Aris, in London; their second son, Kim, was
Glimpse: quick look; peek; glance born in 1977. Subsequently, she earned a PhD at the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London in
Literary Circle: Also called Literature Circles wherein small groups of students gather together to discuss 1985. She was elected as an Honorary Fellow in 1990. [26] For two years she was a Fellow at the Indian Institute of
a piece of literature in depth. Advanced Studies (IIAS) in Shimla, India. She also worked for the government of the Union of Burma.
Literary Pieces: or literary works. These are the products of the body of written works of a language, In 1988 Suu Kyi returned to Burma, at first to tend for her ailing mother but later to lead the pro-democracy
period, or culture / literature movement. Aris' visit in Christmas 1995 turned out to be the last time that he and Suu Kyi met, as Suu Kyi remained
Modernity: The quality of being current or of the present; "a shopping small would instill a spirit of in Burma and the Burmese dictatorship denied him any further entry visas. Aris was diagnosed with prostate cancer
modernity into this village". in 1997 which was later found to be terminal. Despite appeals from prominent figures and organizations, including
Myriad: A countless or extremely great number. the United States, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and Pope John Paul II , the Burmese government would not
Phoenix: It is a long-lived bird that is cyclically regenerated or reborn. grant Aris a visa , saying that they did not have the facilities to care for him, and instead urged Aung San Suu Kyi to
Pomegranate: An orange-sized fruit with a tough reddish outer skin and sweet red gelatinous flesh leave the country to visit him. She was at that time temporarily free from house arrest but was unwilling to depart,
containing many seeds. fearing that she would be refused re-entry if she left, as she did not trust the military junta 's assurance that she
Protagonist: The leading character or a major character in a drama, movie, novel, or other fictional could return.
text. Aris died on his 53rd birthday on 27 March 1999. Since 1989, when his wife was first placed under house
Prowess: Skill or expertise in an activity or field arrest, he had seen her only five times, the last of which was for Christmas in 1995. She was also separated from her
Psyche: The human soul, mind or spirit. children, who live in the United Kingdom, but starting in 2011, they have visited her in Burma.
Resilience: The ability to recover quickly from illness, change, or misfortune; buoyancy On 2 May 2008, after Cyclone Nargis hit Burma, Suu Kyi lost the roof of her house and lived in virtual darkness
Superior: upper; senior; higher after losing electricity in her dilapidated lakeside residence. She used candles at night as she was not provided any
Temperament: The prevailing or dominant quality of mind that characterizes someone generator set. Plans to renovate and repair the house were announced in August 2009. Suu Kyi was released from
Unfounded: unsupported; baseless house arrest on 13 November 2010.
THE LITERATURE OF MYANMAR

Aung San Suu Kyi

The literature of Myanmar, formerly Burma, has a long history. The Mayazedi inscription (A.D. 1113) is the
earliest extant specimen of Burmese literature. It narrates the dedication of the Golden Buddha by a prince and the
gift of slave-villages to the image, ending with a prayer for the donor and his friends. Over a thousand such
Aung San Suu Kyi was born in Rangoon (now named Yangon). Her father, Aung San, founded the modern Burmese
dedicatory inscriptions were set up in the next 700 years, containing eloquent poems and prayers of poetic merit.
army and negotiated Burma's independence from the British Empire in 1947; he was assassinated by his rivals in the
In the fifteenth century up to the nineteenth century, palm-leaf (scratched with a stylus) and folded-paper
same year. She grew up with her mother, Khin Kyi , and two brothers, Aung San Lin and Aung San Oo , in Rangoon.
literature became common. Such works were filled with Buddhist piety and courtly refinement of language. The
Aung San Lin died at age eight, when he drowned in an ornamental lake on the grounds of the house. Her elder
authors were monks, educated courtiers, and court poetesses. Prose works during this period were few, mostly
brother emigrated to San Diego, California, becoming a United States citizen. After Aung San Lin's death, the family
Buddhist scriptures and chronicles of kings. Poetry was varied: there were historical ballads, panegyric odes, the
moved to a house by Inya Lake where Suu Kyi met people of very different backgrounds, political views and
pyo (Buddhist story in verse), and the ya-du (poems of love or nature). The writers also used the “mixed style” or
religions. She was educated in Methodist English High School (now Basic Education High School No. 1 Dagon) for
prose and poetry together. Examples of this are the Yagan, a serio-comic epic, and the Myil-Ta-za, a letter of an
much of her childhood in Burma, where she was noted as having a talent for learning languages. She is a Theravada
abbot to the king.
Buddhist. Suu Kyi's mother, Khin Kyi, gained prominence as a political figure in the newly formed Burmese
Modern fiction began with the novel. An example is Tet-Pon-gyn, a classical novel.
government. She was appointed Burmese ambassador to India and Nepal in 1960, and Aung San Suu Kyi followed
With the founding of the University of Rangoon in 1920 came an increase in output of Burmese literature.
her there, she studied in the Convent of Jesus and Mary School, New Delhi and graduated from Lady Shri Ram
Foreign literature, especially English works, was transplanted. With independence in 1948, Burmese has gradually
College in New Delhi with a degree in politics in 1964. Suu Kyi continued her education at St Hugh's College, Oxford,
replaced English as the medium of instruction, and literature has become nationalistic.
obtaining a B.A. degree in Philosophy, Politics and Economics in 1969. After graduating, she lived in New York City
 ON THE THREE EVILS
Humanity has been led astray by three evils – greed, hatred and ignorance. Whether we are Buddhists, Hindus,
Muslims, Christians, Animists, or Atheists, we cannot escape the three inevitables: old age, disease, and death.
Nobody can deny that the five sense objects – pretty sight, delightful sound, fragrant smell, savory taste, and nice
touch – are only fleeting phenomena. They are neither lasting nor permanent.
Nor can anybody deny that property is transitory: no one can carry away his property after death. Men have
been chasing these transitory pleasures with a dogged tenacity mainly because they hold false views regarding
property. They forget that this life is not even one millionth part of the whirlpool of Samsara (the cycles of rebirth),
and go on amassing wealth even though it never brings them full satisfaction.
This insatiable greed for wealth results in the profit motive which is not directed toward any utilitarian purpose.
Once upon a time all commodities were common property, and everybody had a right to use them for his own
benefit. But with the advent of the profit motive these commodities became objects of exploitation. They became
instruments of wealth and stimulus for greed. This led to the following phenomena:
1. Human society was split into two classes: Haves and Have-nots.
2. The Have-nots had to depend on the Haves for their living, and thus the evil system of exploitation of one
class by another emerged.
3. With class exploitation, the poor became poorer because they could not get adequate returns for their
work. They had to resort to evil ways like stealing, looting, and prostitution.
4. The Lord Buddha has taught us that there are four causes of death: kamma, frame of mind, weather, and
food. Under the system of class exploitation, how can the Have-nots enjoy good food and protect
themselves from extremes of weather? Can there be any sense of happiness or contentment for them?
Can even a good kamma favor one who is cheerless? Thus one who is born into the class of Have-nots is
handicapped in all the above four factors, and disease is the inevitable result.
5. How can the Have-nots care for education with their hard struggle for a bare living? Lack of education
breeds an ever-increasing band of ignoramuses and Mr. Zeros.
6. How can a country abounding in ignoramuses and Mr. Zeros ever progress?
It is evident that most of the evils in the world can be traced to the advent of the profit motive. Do you
remember the legend of the Padaythabin (the tree of fulfillment) we heard as children?
According to the legend, there was once a time when men and women could get whatever they wanted from
the Padaythabin tree. There was no problem of food or clothes or housing, and there was no crime. Disease was
comparatively unknown. In course of time, however, the people fell victim to greed and spoiled the tree of
fulfillment which eventually disappeared. Then a class of people who could not afford to eat well, dress well, or live
well appeared, and crime became rampant.
Now I ask you to think of the Padaythabin as the natural wealth of our country, both above and under the
ground. If only this natural wealth is used for the common good of mankind it will be inexhaustible, besides
satisfying the needs of everybody. But greed comes in the way. The poorest of the poor wants to become rich; the
rich want to become richer, and the process goes on ad infinitum. Spurred on by greed, people are apt to “botanize
on their mothers’ graves,” so to say, in order to become richer. Thus the distribution of wealth becomes unequal.
While some can amass wealth which cannot be spent in ten lives, others have to wallow in extreme poverty with
bare rags on their bodies.
Bones Will Crow: An Insider's View (An Excerpt)
Posted by Arc, 17th October 2012
Bones will Crow comes from Moe Zaw’s poem Moonless Night. Co-editors ko ko thett and James Byrne
thought the Burmese idiom fitting for their anthology of ‘15 Contemporary Burmese Poets.’ Bones will Crow means
chicken comes home to roost — whatever you give, you get back. The Burmese use it to express their resentment,
the resentment against injustice. To be honest I did not find it very tasteful when I heard it for the first time. Since
then I have acquired a taste for Bones. My ears have been tamed. My lips got used to saying it.
Propaganda
· publicly to promote something: information put out by an organization or government to promote
a policy, idea, or cause
· misleading publicity: deceptive or distorted information that is systematically spread
Microsoft® Encarta® 2009. © 1993-2008 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
Basic Propaganda Strategies
1. Bandwagon - persuading consumers by telling them that others are doing the same thing.
2. Testimonial - when a product is sold by using words from famous people or authority figures.
i.e. Burmese celebrities promoting brands
3. Transfer - when a product is sold by the name or picture of a famous person or thing but no words from the said
person or thing
4. Repetition - when the product’s name is repeated at least four times in the ad
5. Emotional Words - words that will make a consumer feel strongly about someone or something are used.
Adjectives and Complements
i.e. tough-whiskered yanks, heavy tanks, jaws as smooth as guys
Adjectives
· add to the meaning of a noun or a pronoun
· can be articles like “a” “an” and “the”, or show possession such as your, his, my, their, our, or its
· tell us more about the noun or pronoun, for instance that, what, those, or these, or be interrogative, what,
where, or why
· some modify by comparing, richer, whole or ideal impossible
· others are indefinite and include all, many, few, some, or several
· also, some give physical descriptions like big, old or brown
 · others consist of beautiful, Burmese and advertising In a language of love for a people enduring only callousness and betrayal

As their Meta Sutra chants rose high up above

Reflecting in the stillness of their gaze
Adjective Complement You can see great courage and dignity in the eyes of Burmese monks

Clause or phrase that adds to the meaning of an adjective or modifies it, adjective complement always
I remember the summer a lifetime ago
follows the adjective it complements and it is a noun clause or a prepositional phrase
When your soft hair was shaved and the first time you wore your
a. Noun clause is simply two or more words that act like a noun, it can be the subject of a sentence, an object
Thin-gann the novice monk’s robe
of a verb or preposition, or they can complement a subject or adjective
And your beautiful boyish face was full of determination
i.e. what you see, that he is happy, and where the Burmese went
With serene downcast eyes
b. Prepositional phrase starts with a preposition and modifies nouns and verbs
i.e. “It came with the ad”, “I need a ride to Myanmar”
After shedding Shinlaung’s ceremonial finery
You remained a Buddhist monk
What Is an Adjective Complement?grammar.yourdictionary.com › ... › Adjectives
To devote your life to your people and your religion

I also remember the dark winter nights

Subject Complement
When you stayed up late studying Buddha’s scripture, poetry and politics
Adjectives and adjective phrases function as subject complements. A subject complement is a word, phrase, Looking to find answers for your people’s suffering
or clause that follows a linking verb and describes the subject.
Since last September
i.e. Christmas cookies smell delicious. The war against evil has only just begun
And I know that you will fight on

I am quite sure that

Object Complement Your prayer will be answered
Adjectives and adjective phrases function as object complements. An object complement is a word, phrase, or Your hopes will come true
clause that directly follows and describes the direct object. And your fight will be won
i.e. Judeo-Christians consider Jerusalem holy.
Not because
Your anger is fiercer
And your power mightier
Or their hatred more bitter

Do you recall the land of golden spires? But because

Where morning bells are answered with murmurs of saffron prayers Your cause is just
And the silence of bare feet echoing their innocence Your prayers are sincere
In a land overwhelmed by evilness and greed Your wishes are true
Your hopes are pure
A message of hope for hearts in deepest despair And your love for Burma is right
 Literature in Focus II

The Country’s Good Son

by Minn New Thein 1. Why should we be sad? We are soldiers who offered even our own lives for our country. We are proud to lose a
leg in protecting our country.
Lin Aung’s mother had a shop in the Mingaladon market, where she sold slippers. Lin Aung helped his mother a. happy, gloomy
in the shop during his school holidays. As the Mingaladon market was an army market, soldiers could be seen b. would gladly die, would fight gladly
shopping there daily. It was more crowded on Sundays. Many soldiers could be seen moving about busily. c. to lose our limbs, to lose our lives
It was Sunday, and Lin Aung was sitting in front of the shop; “Younger Brother, do you have real ‘Sin-kye’ No. 2. Lin Aung felt respect for both of them. They were very different from the young drug addicts he often read about
9?” A young man, wearing trousers, entered and asked him. Quickly Lin Aung took a pair of ‘Sinkye’ No. 9 slippers in the newspapers. These drug addicts were a burden to the country. They were wasting their lives and
and showed them. “How much are these slippers, Young Brother?” Twenty -one Kyats, Elder Brother.” “Can I killing themselves.
take only the right side slipper and pay you ten Kyats and fifty pyas?” a. admiration, satisfaction
The young man’s question made Lin Aung’s eyes become wide. If he sold only the right side, how could he sell b. a contrast to, a far cry from
the left side? And why did he want only one slipper? “You can’t do that. If I sell only the right side, the one left in c. disgrace, problem
the shop will become useless. “Yes, but I want only the right side. But wait, I’ll go and look for a partner.” Lin Aung d. ruining their lives, hurting their lives
was left behind, looking at the back of the young man, who walked away, limping. 3. I respect and honor you. You good sons of the country are the jewels of our country. When I grow up, I will try to
Soon, the young man came back. He had another young man with him. The first young man asked Ling Aung be a good son of the country like you.
for the slippers, and gave the left side slipper to the young man who had come with him. He lifted the leg of his a. praise, salute
trouser and put on the slipper. Then he nodded with satisfaction. b. patriots, heroes
Only then did Lin Aung understand. They were buying and sharing one pair of slippers. The first young man c. treasures, assets
had a false left leg, and second young man had a false right leg. So everything was all right because there was one d. imitate your patriotic example, be a heroic son like you
who wanted only the right side, and another who wanted only the left side.
Lin Aung was sorry to see the condition of the two young men. They were quite young, and they each had a
leg missing. “Don’t you feel sad that you have only one leg?” Lin Aung as inquisitive and asked them. “Why should
we be sad?” the first young man smiled. “We are soldiers who offered even our own lives for our country. We are
proud to lose a leg in protecting our country.”
When Lin Aung heard the first young man’s answer, he respected them. They were very different from the
young drug addicts about whom he had often read in the newspapers. They were wasting their lives and killing
themselves.
These young men were the country’s good sons who were protecting the country from its enemies. Their
aims and intentions were as different from those of the addicts as east from west, north from south. Although
these young men had one leg missing, they still wanted to serve their country. The two young soldiers told Lin Aung
that they planned to work in the disabled soldiers’ cooperative shop.
“I respect you and honor you. You good sons of the country are the jewels of our country. When I grow up, I
will try to be a good son of the country like you.”
The two young soldiers smiled to hear Lin Aung’s words. “We admire your intention. Our country’s future will
really be bright if there were more young people in our country with the same aim and intention as yours. All right,
we will go now.”
The two young soldiers said goodbye to Lin Aung and went away. Lin Aung was filled with the desire to
become a good son of the country.

Sample Paragraph
Teaching is the noblest of professions. A teacher has a sacred duty to perform. It is he on whom rests the responsibility
moulding the character of young children. Apart from developing their intellect, he can inculcate in them qualities of good citizenship,
remaining neat and clean, talking decently and sitting properly. These virtues are not easy to be imbibed. Only he who himself leads Music
life of simplicity, purity and rigid discipline can successfully cultivate these habits in his pupils.
Besides a teacher always remain young. He may grow old in age, but not in spite. Perpetual contact with budding youths keeps interact with old friends and make new friends through music. While learning and making music, children can also
him happy and cheerful. There are moments when domestic worries weigh heavily on his mind, but the delightful company
innocent children makes him overcome his transient moods of despair.
Precis/Summary
Teaching is the noblest profession. A teacher himself leading a simple, pure and disciplined life can mould the character of a product
young children and make them neat and good mannered citizens. Besides he remains every young forgetting his own domestic
worries in the constant company of the young.
Fine Arts
“Fine arts are important in the curriculum because of what they do for learning,” stated Patty Taylor, arts
consultant for the California State Department of Education. In other words, the arts, especially music, should be
part of every school’s curriculum at every grade level. Music makes students smarter, gives children something
positive to do, and builds self-confidence. Most students don’t have a chance to learn music outside of school, and
everyone deserves that opportunity.
Students would be much smarter if they had some music experience. They would improve their classroom skills,
like paying attention, following directions, and participating without interrupting. People develop all these skills
when they learn music. Musicians are also better in math, and they get higher S.A.T. scores. For instance, a study by
the College Entrance Examination Board reported, “Students with 20 units of arts and music scored 128 points
higher on the S.A.T. verbal and 118 points higher in math.” A Rockefeller Foundation study states that music majors
have the highest rate of admittance to medical school. Making music also lets children use their imaginations, unlike
playing
of with video games and electronic stuffed animals. “It provides students a chance to try out their own ideas,”
according to the October 1997 California Educator. Music makes children well-rounded students.
a not only makes children better students but also gives them something positive to do. In a music program,
children can be part of a band or choir instead of joining a gang. Parents can enjoy listening to their children’s music
instead of seeing them glued to a computer or TV screen. In band, students get to be part of a team. They can
be exploring
of a potential career.
Music builds self-confidence. It gives children a sense of accomplishment and success. Making music is
something for them to be proud of, and it lets kids practice performing in front of an audience. As reported in the
California Educator, “It gives [students] self-confidence and a feeling of importance to have a skill someone
appreciates. They are also learning how to accomplish something from beginning to end and actually come out with
the that they can be proud of.” Music gives children an outlet for self-expression, and that helps develop their
self-confidence.
Once again, music is important because it can make children better students, give them something positive to
do, and build their character. Unfortunately, the children who need music lessons the most usually don’t have access
to them outside of school. That is why music should be offered in every single grade in every school.
Copyright © 2012 Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.
Evaluation Essay on Gender in Advertising
Gender differences and biases have been a part of the normal lives of humans ever since anyone can
remember. Anthropological evidence has revealed that even the humans and the hominids of ancient times had
separate roles for men and women in their societies, and this relates to the concepts of epistemology. There were
certain things that women were forbidden to do and similarly men could not partake in some of the activities that
were traditionally reserved for women. This has given birth to the gender role stereotypes that we find today. These
differences have been passed on to our current times; although many differences occur now that have caused a lot
of debate amongst the people as to their appropriateness and have made it possible for us to have a stereotyping
threat by which we sometimes assign certain qualities to certain people without thinking. For example, many men
are blamed for undermining women and stereotyping them for traditional roles, and this could be said to be the
same for men; men are also stereotyped in many of their roles. This leads to social constructionism since the reality
is not always depicted by what we see by our eyes. These ideas have also carried on in the world of advertising and
the differences shown between the males and the females are apparent in many advertisements we see today. This
can have some serious impacts on the society as people begin to stereotype the gender roles in reality.
There has been a lot of attention given to the portrayal of gender in advertising by both practitioners as well as
academics and much of this has been done regarding the portrayal of women in advertising (Ferguson, Kreshel, &
Tinkham 40-51; Bellizzi & Milner 71-79). This has led many to believe that most of the advertisements and their
contents are sexist in nature. It has been noted by viewing various ads that women are shown as being more
concerned about their beauty and figure rather than being shown as authority figures in the ads; they are usually
shown as the product users. Also, there is a tendency in many countries, including the United States, to portray
women as being subordinate to men, as alluring sex objects, or as decorative objects. This is not right as it portrays
women as the weaker sex, being only good as objects.
At the same time, many of the ads do not show gender biases in the pictures or the graphics, but some bias
does turn up in the language of the ad. “Within language, bias is more evident in songs and dialogue than in formal
speech or when popular culture is involved. For example, bias sneaks in through the use of idiomatic expressions
(man's best friend) and when the language refers to characters that depict traditional sex roles. One's normative
interpretation of these results depends on one's ideological perspective and tolerance for the pace of change. It is
encouraging that the limited study of language in advertising indicates that the use of gender-neutrality is
commonplace. Advertisers can still reduce the stereotyping in ad pictures, and increase the amount of female speech
relative to male speech, even though progress is evidenced. To the extent that advertisers prefer to speak to people
in their own language, the bias present in popular culture will likely continue to be reflected in advertisements” (Artz
et al 20).
Advertisements are greatly responsible for eliciting such views for the people of our society. The children also
see these pictures and they are also the ones who create stereotypes in their minds about the different roles of men
and women. All these facts combine to give result to the different public opinion that becomes fact for many of the
members of the society. Their opinion and views are based more on the interpretation they conclude from the
images that are projected in the media than by their observations of the males and females in real life. This
continues in a vicious circle as the media tries to pick up and project what the society thinks and the people in the
society make their opinions based upon the images shown by the media. People, therefore, should not base too
much importance about how the media is trying to portray the members of the society; rather they should base their
opinions on their own observation of how people interact together in the real world.
Work Cited
Artz, N., Munger, J., and Purdy, W., “Gender Issues in Advertising Language”, Women and Language, 22, (2), 1999.
Bellizzi, J. A., & Milner, L. “Gender positioning of a traditionally male-dominant product”, Journal of Advertising
Research, 31(3), 1991.
Ferguson, J. H., Kreshel, P. J., & Tinkham, S. F. “In the pages of Ms.: Sex role portrayals of women in advertising”,
Journal of Advertising, 19 (1), 1990.
Exercise 2: Reading Arab Literature
The Arabian Nights
(Prologue)
The main frame story concerns a Persian king and his new bride. He is shocked to discover that his brother's wife is
unfaithful; discovering his own wife's infidelity has been even more flagrant, he has her executed: but in his
bitterness and grief decides that all women are the same. The king, Shahryar, begins to marry a succession of virgins
only to execute each one the next morning, before she has a chance to dishonor him. Eventually the vizier, whose
duty it is to provide them, cannot find any more virgins. Scheherazade, the vizier's daughter, offers herself as the
next bride and her father reluctantly agrees. On the night of their marriage, Scheherazade begins to tell the king a
tale, but does not end it. The king, curious about how the story ends, is thus forced to postpone her execution in
order to hear the conclusion. The next night, as soon as she finishes the tale, she begins (and only begins) a new
one, and the king, eager to hear the conclusion, postpones her execution once again. So it goes on for 1,001 nights.
Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arab_culture
ALI BABA AND THE FORTY THIEVES
Ali Baba and his elder brother Cassim are the sons of a merchant. After the death of their father, the greedy Cassim
marries a wealthy woman and becomes well-to-do, building on their father's business—but Ali Baba marries a poor
woman and settles into the trade of a woodcutter.
One day Ali Baba is at work collecting and cutting firewood in the forest, and he happens to overhear a group of
forty thieves visiting their treasure store. The treasure is in a cave, the mouth of which is sealed by magic. It opens
on the words "iftah ya simsim" (commonly written as "Open Sesame" in English), and seals itself on the words
"Close, Simsim" ("Close Sesame"). When the thieves are gone, Ali Baba enters the cave himself, and takes some of
the treasure home.
Ali Baba and his wife borrow his sister-in-law's scales to weigh this new wealth of gold coins. Unbeknownst to
them, she puts a blob of wax in the scales to find out what Ali Baba is using them for, as she is curious to know what
kind of grain her impoverished brother-in-law needs to measure. To her shock, she finds a gold coin sticking to the
scales and tells her husband, Ali Baba's rich and greedy brother, Cassim. Under pressure from his brother, Ali Baba is
forced to reveal the secret of the cave. Cassim goes to the cave and enters with the magic words, but in his greed
and excitement over the treasures, he forgets the magic words to get back out again. The Thieves find him there,
and kill him. When his brother does not come back, Ali Baba goes to the cave to look for him, and finds the
body, quartered and with each piece displayed just inside the entrance of the cave as a warning to anyone else who
might try to enter.
Ali Baba brings the body home, where he entrusts Morgiana, a clever slave-girl in Cassim's household, with the
task of making others believe that Cassim has died a natural death. First, Morgiana purchases medicines from an
apothecary, telling him that Cassim is gravely ill. Then, she finds an old Tailor known as Baba Mustafa whom she
pays, blindfolds, and leads to Cassim's house. There, overnight, the Tailor stitches the pieces of Cassim's body back
together, so that no one will be suspicious. Ali Baba and his family are able to give Cassim a proper burial without
anyone asking awkward questions.
 The Thieves, finding the body gone, realize that yet another person must know their secret, and set out to track
him down. One of the Thieves goes down to the town and comes across Baba Mustafa, who mentions that he has
just sewn a dead man's body back together. Realizing that the dead man must have been the Thieves' victim, the
Thief asks Baba Mustafa to lead the way to the house where the deed was performed. The Tailor is blindfolded
again, and in this state he is able to retrace his steps and find the house. The Thief marks the door with a symbol.
The plan is for the other thieves to come back that night and kill everyone in the house. However, the Thief has
been seen by Morgiana and she, loyal to her master, foils his plan by marking all the houses in the neighborhood
with a similar marking. When the forty Thieves return that night, they cannot identify the correct house and their
leader in a furious rage, kills the unsuccessful Thief. The next day, another Thief revisits Baba Mustafa and tries
again, only this time, a chunk is chipped out of the stone step at Ali Baba's front door. Again Morgiana foils the plan
by making similar chips in all the other doorsteps. The second Thief is killed for his failure as well. At last, the leader
of the Thieves goes and looks for himself. This time, he memorizes every detail he can of the exterior of Ali Baba's
house.
The Chief of the Thieves pretends to be an oil merchant in need of Ali Baba's hospitality, bringing with him
mules loaded with thirty-eight oil jars, one filled with oil, the other thirty-seven hiding the other remaining thieves.
Once Ali Baba is asleep, the Thieves plan to kill him. Again, Morgiana discovers and foils the plan, killing the thirty-
seven Thieves in their oil jars by pouring boiling oil on them. When their leader comes to rouse his men, he
discovers that they are all dead, and escapes. The next morning Morgiana tells Ali Baba about the thieves in the jars,
they bury them and Ali Baba shows his gratitude by giving Morgiana her freedom.
To exact revenge, after some time the Chief of Thieves establishes himself as a merchant, befriends Ali Baba's
son (who is now in charge of the late Cassim's business), and is invited to dinner at Ali Baba's house. However the
Thief is recognized by Morgiana, who performs a dance with a dagger for the diners and plunges it into his heart
when he is off his guard. Ali Baba is at first angry with Morgiana, but when he finds out the Thief tried to kill him, he
is extremely grateful and rewards Morgiana by marrying her to his son. Ali Baba is then left as the only one knowing
the secret of the treasure in the cave and how to access it. Thus, the story ends happily for everyone except Cassim
and the forty Thieves.
The Arab Psyche
The Arabs Before Islam
The Arabs are an ancient Semitic people of the Middle East. They are proud in their belief that they are
descended from the Prophet Noah's son Shem, and honored that the last of the lineage of God's prophets was from
their midst, and humbled that God enlightened mankind by revealing the Holy Word in their language.
The complex history of the Arab is conveniently divided into two parts of before and after by the Revelation. In
the pre-Islamic period, the social structure which evolved in the harsh environment of the Arab Peninsula was based
on the tribal unit. Some tribes from the era survive even to this day, while others perished during the process of
God's unfolding plan.
The Arabic tribes which did not perish but which survived to the modern era can be divided into those clans of
pure lineage and those peoples who have gradually become naturalized within the Arabic family.
The core tribe of the pure Arab is the Qahtan, whose land of origin is found within Yemen. Arab historians
identify the first king of Yemen as Yar'ub bin Qahtan, who was succeeded by his son Yashjub, who in turn was
followed by his son Abdu-Shams.
The second group of Arabs who have survived from the pre-Islamic era are those which are referred to as
naturalized, being from the peoples which mixed and intermarried with the Qahtan. These Arabs descended from
the Prophet Ismail who had settled in the holy city of Mecca. They are also known as the Adnani and the Nizari after
their great-grandfather Adnan and their father Nizar bin Maad bin Adnan.
Tribal System
During the pre-Islamic era, the tribe was the primary social and political unit of the Arabs. The primary
function of the clan structure was to defend its members, whether right or wrong. Correspondingly, the tribesmen
devoted themselves to protect their collective honor and they obeyed the dictates of their tribal elders. A pre-
Islamic poet eloquently expressed this unquestioning loyalty as follows: I am nothing but a member of my tribe. If
it goes astray, I will too, and if it follows the right path, so will I.
The Holy Quran preached strongly against this blind loyalty and the destructive prejudices which resulted. The
Word of God decreed a better criteria to differentiate between people, being their devotion to Islam.
Practical Knowledge and Science
The Arabic culture of the pre-Islamic era did not invent the sort of complex mythologies and creation myths
which characterized ancient cultures such as Greece.
The classic framework of philosophy and rhetoric which the Greeks developed was therefore far from the
more mundane considerations of the early Arabs. The tribal lack of advanced urban centers meant that schools of
specialized intellectual skills did not develop. The pre-Islamic Arabs were either villagers, pastoralists or traders,
who existed with the less effete goal of simple physical survival.
The Need for Revenge
Pre-Islamic Arabs were adamant about the unquestionable law of revenge. In their view, a disgrace must be
avenged, no matter what the consequences. One of their poets expressed this cultural fixation thus: I shall wash
disgrace with the edge of my sword, no matter what this may bring about. In this context, the pagan tribes
believed that if the murder of a kinsman went unavenged, a bird named 'al Hama' would come out of the victim's
skull and hover over his grave shrieking "Satisfy my thirst!" This would be the victim's demand to avenge his death
and to quench his terrible thirst with the blood of the murderer.
A People of Eloquence
The early tribes did not commonly express their artistry with architecture and statuary. Instead they gloried in
the intricacies of their splendid Arabic language. The tribes loved eloquent speech and the expression of their folk
wisdom in clever proverbs. Story-telling and recitations of poetry were standard features of the social gatherings of
both hathar and bedouin. My unaspiring fancy please
Better than towers and splendid halls.
The Character of Respect

For a tribesman to hold his head high among his fellows during the long epoch of the pre-Islamic period, he Th' attendant colts that bounding fly
had to display certain elements of character which were highly valued in his culture. These qualities included And frolic by the litter's side,
courage, generosity, integrity and pride. Are dearer in Maisuna's eye
Than gorgeous mules in all their pride.
An unfortunate aspect of the life of both hathar and bedouin was a condition of constant insecurity. Attack
from hostile forces could take place at any time. For members of the tribe, courage was imperative if family and
The watch-dog's voice that bays whene'er
property and honor were to be defended. Audacity therefore came to be a highly regarded attribute, whereas
A stranger seeks his master's cot,
cowardliness and fear of the enemy was a disgrace.
Sounds sweeter in Maisuna's ear
The Emergence of Islam Than yonder trumpet's long-drawn note.

The Word of God was revealed to mankind in the year 610 AD. The message brought by the Prophet
The rustic youth unspoilt by art,
Mohammed, peace be upon him, introduced drastic changes to the political, social, intellectual and cultural life of
Son of my kindred, poor but free,
the Arabs. The teachings of the Holy Quran were a blunt instrument to suppress the cruder aspects of the Arabic
Will ever to Maisuna's heart
culture, and a fine instrument to uplift their better selves.
Be dearer, pamper'd fool, than thee.
The revealed system was complete, as it established all of the laws necessary to regulate both personal and
political life. Islam instilled in the Arab the high ideals and holy fire which enabled the miraculously rapid expansion — Maisuna, Wife to the Caliph Mowiah
of the Muslim world. Such is the power of the word of God!The Revelation of the Word had a powerful impact on
the Arab psyche.
On Fatalism

Not always wealth, not always force

Arabic poetry is based largely on harmonies of sound and striking turns of phrasing. A poet's fame depended upon a
A splendid destiny commands;
few brilliant couplets rather than on any sustained melody or long-continued flight of noble thought. One
The lordly vulture gnaws the corpse
distinguished philosophical poem of some length is the well-known "Lament of the Vizier Abu Ismael." This we give
That rots upon yon barren sands.
in full at the conclusion of this section; but mainly we must illustrate the finest flowering of Arabic verse by selecting
specimens of characteristic brevity. Many of the Arab caliphs inclined to the gaieties of life rather than to their
Nor want, nor weakness still conspires
religious duties, and kept many poets around them. Indeed some of the caliphs themselves were poets: The Caliph
To bind us to a sordid state;
Walid composed music as well as verse; and was hailed by his immediate companions as a great artist. His neglect
The fly that with a touch expires
of religion, however, was so reckless as to rouse the resentment of his people, and he lost his throne and life.
Sips honey from the royal plate.
The Song of Maisuna
— The Holy Imam Shafay
The russet suit of camel's hair,
With spirits light, and eye serene,
Is dearer to my bosom far INFORMATIVE TALK
Than all the trappings of a queen.
An interview, like a panel discussion, is an example of an informative talk. Informative speaking centers on
The humble tent and murmuring breeze talking about events, process, places, people, things and concepts. When informing an audience – whether live
That whistles thro' its fluttering wall, audience or through media like television-about any topic without being persuasive is sometimes difficult. So
analyzing the audience is very important.
Audience analysis is the process of examining information about your listeners. That analysis helps you to
adapt your message so that your listeners will respond as you wish.
In everyday conversations you adapt your message to your audience. For example, if you went to a party the
night before, you would explain the party differently to your friends and family. To your best friend you might say,
"We partied all night and there were tons of people there." To your mother you might say, "Oh, I had fun with my
friends." And to your significant other you might say, "It was fun, I had a great bonding time with my friends." In
each of these situations, you are adapting your message to your listening audience.
There are three ways to do analyze an audience; demographic analysis, attitudinal analysis, and environmental
analysis.
Demographic analysis involves age, gender, culture, ethnicity, race, religion, and educational level. Attitudinal
analysis addresses the audience's attitudes, beliefs, and values. Environmental analysis is finding out things like
the seating arrangement, the number of people likely to attend, and the room lighting.
Source: http://department.monm.edu/cata/mcgaan/classes/cata339/audience-analysis101.htm
PROPAGANDA DEVICES
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some
cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a
wide variety of media in order to create the chosen result in audience attitudes.
http://en.wikipedia.org
Propaganda is intended to make us accept or approve something without looking closely at the evidence.
Most of the propaganda devices utilize emotion and avoid critical thinking. Here are some of the common
propaganda devices:
1. Card Stacking: The strategy of showing the product’s best features, telling half-truths, and omitting or lying about
its potential problems.
Ex. Drug manufacturers do this frequently in ads in which they skim over the possible harmful side effects of
their products. Facts are Selected and presented which most effectively strengthen and authenticate the
point of view of the propagandist.
2. Name calling: The use of names that evoke fear or hatred in the viewer. The name-calling technique links a
person, or idea, to a negative symbol. The most obvious type of name calling involved “bad names.” Ex. Racist,
dictator, communist, etc.
3. Plain Folks: The use of everyday people to sell a product or service. Speakers and ads appear to make the person
to be “one of the people.” Ex. America’s recent presidents have all been millionaires, but they have gone to
great lengths to present themselves as ordinary citizens. Bill Clinton eats at McDonalds. Ronald Reagan chops
wood.
4. Glittering Generalities: The act of referring to words or ideas that evoke a positive emotional response from an
audience. Virtue words are often used. Ex. Food products will quickly label their foods as low fat hinting that
they are more healthy, when, in fact, the product might be high in calories. Advertisers will sometimes give an
incomplete comparison like “better tasting.” Better tasting than what? Spam? Dirt?
5. Soft soap: Flattery or insincere compliments designed to get the audience on the side of the speaker. Ex. "I love
visiting you folks in Bohol where the people are wholesome, hardworking and family centered. You all know
what works in your province better than Metro Manila."
Source: http://www.hsj.org/modules/lesson_plans/detail.cfm?LessonPlanId=335
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
Conditional sentences play a very important role in English grammar. They express a condition and its result. There
are three types of conditional statement in English:
1. Open conditional statement - refers to a future event which is conditional on another future event.
Ex. If you eat too much, you'll get fatter.
We won't finish in time unless everyone works fast.
This also describes one potential state of reality or circumstance which is dependent on something.
Ex. If the temperature falls below zero, it freezes.
If it rains, everyone gets wet.
2. Open hypothetical conditional statement - refers to a possible future situation which depends on another
possible future situation.
Ex. If you ate too much, you'd (you would) get fatter.
If I went to London, I would / could visit the British Museum.
3. Unfulfilled hypothesis - refers to a situation which an event might have taken place, but did not, because a
condition was not fulfilled.
Ex. If you had eaten too much, you'd (you would) have got fatter.
If I had gone to London, I could have visited the British Museum (but I didn't).
Source: http://linguapress.com/grammar/conditionals.htm
Use the correct form of the verb in the parentheses. Form a Conditional sentence – type 3. Mind the position of the
if-clause.
Example: I ____________ (to bake) a cake if I _________ (to know) that they were coming.
Answer: I would have baked a cake if I had known that they were coming or I’d have bought a
cake if it I’d known that they were coming.
1. If it ____________ (to be) warmer, we _______________ (to go) swimming.
2. My parents ___________ (to buy) this house if the man ______________ (not/to sell) it to someone else.
BIBLE: THE STORY OF RUTH
The book of Ruth contains an interesting story about a Moabite woman who was redeemed into a Hebrew family.
The book may have been written by Samuel and was probably penned during the time of David.
A Dreadful Time in a Strange Country
Because of a famine in Israel, a Hebrew family moved to Moab. This was a country not far from Israel on the
east side of the Dead Sea. The family was from the city of Bethlehem-judah in Israel. Elimelech and his wife Naomi
had two sons, Mahlon and Chilion. Each of them married a wife from Moab. In time Elimelech and his two sons died
which left the three widows in Moab.
A new beginning
After her husband’s death, Naomi planned to return to Bethlehem-judah to be with family. She prepared to
leave her two daughters-in-law. However, they begged to be able to go with her. She said that she had no more
children and even if she were to marry again and bear sons that the two daughters would not be able to wait for
them to grow up. She planned to return to Israel alone and empty.
True loveselfless giving
One of the daughters-in-law, Orpah, returned to her people in Moab. The other daughter-in-law, Ruth, said that
she would stay with Naomi. It was during this conversation that Ruth said these words which have become the basis
for many Christian wedding vows: “Intreat me not to leave thee, or to return from following after thee: for whither
thou goest, I will go; and where thou lodgest, I will lodge: thy people shall be my people, and thy God my God:
Where thou diest, will I die, and there will I be buried: the Lord do so to me, and more also, if ought but death part
thee and me.”
Ruth and Naomi returned to Bethlehem-judah together. Naomi was financially and emotionally despondent,
but her family and friends accepted her with joy.
One land owner Boaz, notices Ruth and asked his workers to be kind to her and leave plenty of grain for her and
her mother-in-law.
As they had no money and no men to take care of them, Ruth went into the fields to gather whatever grain she
could. One land owner, Boaz, noticed Ruth and asked his workers to be kind to her and leave plenty of grain for her
and her mother-in-law. He did not know at the time who Ruth was, but out of kindness he chose to care for the new
stranger in their land.
Ruth returned to Naomi and told her about the generous landowner. Naomi asked about the man and was
pleased to learn that it was Boaz. Boaz was a near family member of Elimelech, her late husband. This meant that
Boaz had the opportunity to take Naomi and Ruth into his care as well as free them from their financial debt.
WRITING A CRITICAL REVIEW
Purpose of a Critical Review
A critical review is a writing task that asks you to summarize and evaluate a text. The critical review can be of a
book, a chapter, or a journal article. Writing the critical review usually requires you to read the selected text in
detail and to also read other related texts so that you can present a fair and reasonable evaluation of the selected
text.
requires you to question the information and opinions in a text and present your evaluation
What is meant by critical?
At university, to be critical does not mean to criticize in a negative manner. Rather it requires you to question
the information and opinions in a text and present your evaluation or judgment of the text. To do this well, you
should attempt to understand the topic from different perspectives (i.e. read related texts) and in relation to the
theories, approaches and frameworks in your course.
What is meant by evaluation or judgment?
Here you decide the strengths and weaknesses of a text. This is usually based on specific criteria. Evaluating
requires an understanding of not just the content of the text, but also an understanding of a text’s purpose, the
intended audience and why it is structured the way it is.
What is meant by analysis?
Analysis requires separating the content and concepts of a text into their main components and then
understanding how these interrelate, connect and possibly influence each other.
Structure of a Critical Review
Critical reviews, both short (one page) and long (four pages), usually have a similar structure. Check your
assignment instructions for formatting and structural specifications. Headings are usually optional for longer
reviews and can be helpful for the reader.
Introduction
The length of an introduction is usually one paragraph for a journal article review and two or three paragraphs
for a longer book review. Include a few opening sentences that announce the author(s) and the title, and briefly
explain the topic of the text. Present the aim of the text and summarize the main finding or key argument. Conclude
the introduction with a brief statement of your evaluation of the text. This can be a positive or negative evaluation
or, as is usually the case, a mixed response.
Summary
Present a summary of the key points along with a limited number of examples. You can also briefly explain the
author’s purpose/intentions throughout the text and you may briefly describe how the text is organized. The
summary should only make up about a third of the critical review.
Critique
The critique should be a balanced discussion and evaluation of the strengths, weaknesses and notable
features of the text. Remember to base your discussion on specific criteria. Good reviews also include other sources
to support your evaluation (remember to reference).
You can choose how to sequence your critique. Here are some examples to get you started:
· Present the most important to least important conclusions you make about the text.
· If your critique is more positive than negative, then present the negative points first and the positive last.
· If your critique is more negative than positive, then present the positive points first and the negative last.
“THE CAT”
by Zygmunt Frankel
Published in "The European"
He lay on the bunk in his cell, smoking a cigarette. The day had been hot, but now, with the dusk falling, a pleasant
breeze had sprung up and was coming in from the courtyard, along the corridor, and into his cell. The old prison was
very much like the ones in cowboy movies. The door of his cell, as well as the one at the end of the corridor were
steel frames with iron bars less than twenty centimetres apart; too close for even the thinnest man to squeeze
through, but ample for a cat. One could see through the bars, talk with the guards and the prisoners in the other
cells, and be disturbed by someone snoring at night, and the barred doors made the prison airy.
It was much better than the foreign prisons he had read about, with solid doors, peepholes, and electric bulbs
burning the whole night long. Although the local revolution modelled itself on the Russian one to some extent, it did
not have the means to imitate Lubyanka. The revolution was also milder in other respects. A political prisoner
usually had done something against the regime, be it only grumbling in public. The interrogations were mostly
carried out without torture. Although no public or journalists were admitted to the more serious political trials, the
prisoner had the right to defend himself, and, in case of a death sentence - these, unfortunately, were rather
common and mostly undeserved - the condemned man had the right to appeal to the President, although in most
cases it only delayed the execution by a few days.
The prisoner finished his cigarette, put it out in an empty sardine tin which served him as ashtray, sat on his
bed, and looked at the door again. The spaces between the bars were fine, even for the largest cat to pass through,
and the door at the end of the corridor was the same. In the small rectangular cobbled courtyard where they took
their daily walks and where they shot condemned prisoners at dawn, a couple of skinny young trees, hardly more
than saplings, grew by the wall on the right, a few of the thin branches reaching the top of the wall; nothing to
support a man, but good enough for a cat. It was not the wall where they shot people; that one was opposite it, at
right angle to the door. On days following an execution, of which they had heard every word and shot through the
barred doors, walking in a circle during their daily exercise, they would look furtively for traces of blood on the
cobblestones or bullet marks on the wall, but there weren't any; the courtyard would be thoroughly hosed down as
soon as the body was taken away, and the holes in the wall plastered over and whitewashed. The prisoner, himself
a likely candidate for an execution, thought calmly that an old mattress or two propped against the wall would
spare them the need for constant repairs, but in a backward country one could not expect a revolution to bring
instant efficiency.
His decision to change into a cat rather than some other small creature in case an escape became necessary
due to a death sentence or a long prison term was reached after considerable reflection. A mouse or a rat would
run too great a risk in a town with a lot of cats, and even if it got out of the town safely, the distance to the border -
some twenty kilometres - might be too much for it, and the danger still there: wild cats, foxes, coyotes, snakes,
hawks by day and owls by night. As a cat, he would only need a couple of days to reach and cross the border and
change back into man, and it was just as well. The Indian witch-doctor had warned him that if it took too long, the
animal body would start taking over the human mind; he would find it increasingly difficult and finally impossible to
change back, and spend the rest of his life as an animal with an animal's mind. When he died, his body would also
remain that of an animal, which would not be the case if he died shortly after the metamorphosis.
It would be fastest and easiest to cross the border as a bird, preferably of prey so as to be safe of predators;
but, apart from the fact that farmers sometimes shot at birds of prey, he wasn't sure about flying. On both previous
occasions, the first under the witch-doctor's guidance and, after his return from the expedition, on his own, he
changed into mammals, a monkey and a fox. This time, with so much at stake, he didn't want to introduce new and
unknown factors.
A dog would not be able to get over the wall, and might be shot on suspicion of hydrophobia. A cat was best.
Behind the wall with the two trees was a large garden which he knew well. It surrounded the now confiscated villa
of his friend the judge who had placed most of his money in a Swiss bank before escaping to Miami when the
revolution broke out. The judge had had problems with old regime as well by always trying to be just and fair, but
he knew it wouldn't help him with the new one. The judge had tried to talk him into leaving together, keeping a seat
for him on the little chartered plane until the last
broke out. The judge had had problems with old regime as well by always trying to be just and fair, but he
knew it wouldn't help him with the new one. The judge had tried to talk him into leaving together, keeping a seat
for him on the little chartered plane until the last moment, but he decided to stay, see what would happen, and
even offer his services to the revolution if it turned out well. It showed signs of doing so for a while and then
degenerated into a dictatorship backed by terror, and he had just about decided to follow his friend the judge into
exile when he was arrested. They did not have anything against him as an anthropologist but he had also been a
friend of the judge and that was enough nowadays. But there were fascinating things to be still discovered in
anthropology and primitive magic, and he already knew enough not to let himself be shot in the prime of life.
Something the witch-doctor once told him stirred uneasily in his memory. It was right after his first, successful,
change into a monkey and back. He was bubbling with enthusiasm about the possibilities, and the old witch-doctor,
his face lined and wise, listened to him quietly and then said: "Well, not quite. The possibilities are indeed great but
not unlimited; no magic can change one's destiny beyond a certain extent. A warrior who is to be killed in battle will
not escape his fate by changing into an animal; he will still be killed by an arrow, and the hunter might even turn out
to be the same man who was supposed to kill him in battle." But the prisoner dismissed the unease without much
difficulty. He was a Westerner, and destiny to him was not all that rigid; one could shape it to a much greater extent
than the primitive fatalistic tribes imagined.
There were steps in the corridor and the sergeant, accompanied by a soldier with a rifle, stopped by his door
and unlocked it. "The captain wants to see you in his office," he said. "Is it the sentence already?" the prisoner
thought as he walked between the two soldiers. It was quite possible. His interrogation ended almost two weeks
before, and the military courts worked fast. The captain got up from behind his desk when the prisoner was brought
in. There was another man there, a civilian in a sober grey suit, standing, with his hands behind his back, a little to
one side of the captain's desk. He looked like an official visitor, probably of a high rank.
The captain took from the desk a document with a large seal and several signatures and began to read it
aloud. It was the death sentence. The prisoner has been found guilty of cooperation with the old reactionary
regime, of anti-revolutionary propaganda, and of failing to prevent the escape of one of the oppressors of the
people (his friend the judge). He had three days in which to submit an appeal to the President of the Republic if he
so wished.
He signed a statement that the sentence has been announced to him and that he understood it. He said that
yes, he would like to avail himself of the opportunity to appeal to the President, in the hope that the President's
generosity and kindness would make him reduce the sentence. By all means, the captain said kindly; he would have
paper and pen delivered to his cell that very evening.
Back in his cell, the prisoner began to prepare for the metamorphosis. It was mainly mental. He had to bring
himself - this would take two or three days - into the state of absolute belief that at the end of that period he would
change into a cat. Very few people could do it, and it was only after he had been with the tribe for some weeks that
the witch-doctor began to suspect that this white man who came from a different world to learn their customs
might be one of them. The physical part of the preparation was easy - actually easier in prison than outside. It
consisted mainly of eating very little, practically fasting towards the end, and of not doing anything to distract the
mind from its task. The final part - the silent incantations, the spells, the names of gods - were merely means to
finally plunge the mind so deeply into the conviction that the body followed suit.
When the block of writing paper, the fountain pen, a candle, and an extra packet of cigarettes were brought to
him with his supper, he thanked the guard and asked whether he could have just plain bread, preferably dry, and
weak tea, or even just water, for the next couple of days, explaining that his stomach was upset and that diet was
the best thing for it. The guard asked whether he would like to see the doctor. No, he said, it was nothing; he's
always had a nervous, sensitive stomach, and today, what with the death sentence, it was quite entitled to act up a
little. But the whole thing was a misunderstanding and he was confident that the President, who was a just and wise
ruler, would put it right as soon as he has read his appeal.
He finished the appeal the same evening, leaving the couple of corrected drafts in the writing block to show
how hard he had worked on it, and gave the final copy, together with the writing block, the pen, and the remainder
of the candle to the sergeant, who promised to give the petition to the captain first thing in the morning. He
estimated that he now had at least four days at his disposal - two for the letter to reach the president and two more
for the rejection to arrive - and four days were more than enough.
He went to bed early and before falling asleep lay there for a long time with his eyes closed imagining himself
as a cat: passing through the iron bars, climbing a tree, crossing the garden, travelling through fields and woods,
perhaps catching a bird or a mouse if hungry, and drinking from streams. When he finally fell asleep he managed to
get a lot of this into his dreams as well. In the morning he was already feeling light-headed, in a sort of trance,
already beginning to feel and think like a cat. A couple of times he even stretched and yawned like one. It was a
familiar feeling. His second metamorphosis had been easier than the first - the witch-doctor told him that one
improved with practice - and he felt that this one was going to be a success too.
On the third night he was ready. He had slept through most of the afternoon and awoke at dusk feeling fresh
and strong. The prison was slowly settling for the night. Someone was snoring lightly in one of the cells. The guard
on duty was seated behind the table at the end of the corridor, reading a paper and smoking a cigarette. He sat
sideways to the corridor, glancing at it only from time to time. Even if he noticed a cat slinking along the corridor
towards the courtyard door he might wonder what it was looking for, but it was extremely unlikely that he would
fire at it, and if he did, even less likely that he would hit it.
The prisoner undressed except for his underwear and, once under the blanket, removed his vest and
underpants as well. The blanket was coarse and not very clean, and it was a little chilly to lie there naked, but he did
not want to have to disengage himself from the underwear afterwards.
The prison was silent now, with the snores from a cell at the end of the corridor barely audible. He pulled the
blanket over his head and closed his eyes. In the double darkness, of the cell and the blanket, silent incantations
began to flow. To their rhythm, his mind gradually reduced everything to the world of a small, four-legged animal.
Time was passing but he didn't know how much. He became dizzy for a while, with strange but well-remembered
sensations passing through his body. Then the flow of incantations and trance gradually slowed down, stopped,
settled. His skin did not feel the coarseness of the blanket any more. He was also warmer. He moved his limbs tigers around here. The only logical explanation is that you took the prisoner from his cell at night and murdered
cautiously. His claws bit into the blanket and he retracted them. him in your garden by repeatedly stabbing him in the neck and then breaking it."

He crawled slowly towards the edge of the blanket, peered out, and listened. The prison was dark and quiet. "But the guard on duty that night..."
The cell now loomed large and tall, and the bed was high above the floor. He could see much better in the dark than "Is also under arrest. He either participated, or had fallen asleep, or you drugged him or bribed him or talked
he did before. He listened a little longer, then jumped down and hid under the bed. He noticed the color of his fur: him into keeping quiet; we shall find out which. In the meantime the president is disgusted with the whole thing
it was grey, with dark stripes, and a light, almost white belly. The bars of the cell would now let him through without and unless you can come up with some really convincing proof of your innocence, I wouldn't like to be in your
any difficulty. He peered into the corridor. The guard, in profile, was nodding over his paper. shoes, captain."
Silently, he passed through the bars of the door, glided along the corridor, passed between bars again, turned
right, out of sight, and crouched under the wall. There was a full moon shining onto the deserted courtyard. His Source: http://www.zygmuntfrankel.com/zf108.html
sight was very keen. He moved along the wall and climbed the first of the two trees. A branch took him right to the
top of the wall. He looked at the garden on the other side of the wall for a while. It was as he remembered it except
that it was rather neglected. He wondered whether anyone lived in the villa now - perhaps one of the new officials -
or whether it was still unoccupied. He jumped into the garden. Now the most difficult part was behind him. He
moved among some trees, then began to cross a large moonlit stretch of the lawn towards some bushes at the back The State of Israel, established in 1948, is an independent nation located between the eastern shores of the
of the garden where there was a low easily passable slat fence, behind which the countryside was practically Mediterranean Sea and the head of the Gulf of Aqaba, an arm of the Red Sea. Its official language is Hebrew.
beginning. Israeli literature is literature written in the State of Israel by Israelis. Most works classified as Israeli literature
He did not see the large tall shape of the dog detach itself from the shadow of the villa; noticed it only after it are written in the Hebrew language, although some Israeli authors write n Yiddish, English, Arabic and Russian. The
had covered half the distance between them, loping fast and silently, trying to cut him off from the fence. He hissed greatest masterpiece, the Bible, has profound influence on human development. Scholars based their teachings on
and took off. The dog chasing him was a large hound, obviously trained not to growl or bark while attending to the Bible. Below is a sample poem from the Book of Psalms:
business. Their paths were converging. He saw that he might have difficulty reaching the fence before the dog
caught up with him, but any change of direction might waste precious moments. If the worst came to the worst he
could turn around and counterattack, using his teeth, claws, screech, and spittle to confuse the dog and reach the Psalm 23
fence. With a dozen yards still to go, he heard the shuffle of the dog's feet right behind him and felt its breath on his
neck. He leaped and, turning around in mid-air, gave the most frightening screech he was capable of, and struck. His A psalm of David
claws ripped one side of the dog's face just as the dog hit him with one shoulder, with all its weight and speed
behind the impact. The cat rolled over, regaining his footing almost at once, but for one brief moment the scruff of
1 The LORD is my shepherd, I lack nothing.
his neck became exposed and he felt the teeth go in. The he was flying through the air being shaken left and right
2 He makes me lie down in green pastures,
while the teeth were going in deeper. Then, very clearly, he felt his neck snap.
he leads me beside quiet waters,
The captain stood in his office, but facing the desk this time, without his pistol, and between two soldiers. The 3
he refreshes my soul.
official who had been present at the reading of the prisoner's sentence sat behind the desk.
He guides me along the right paths
"I am sorry to see that the psychiatrist's report pronounces you perfectly sane, captain," he said. "We were
for his name’s sake.
very satisfied with your work to date, and saw a good career for you in the service of the revolution. It is all the 4 Even though I walk
more sad having to tell you that your situation looks hopeless. If there are two things that the president hates more
through the darkest valley,
than anything else it is people taking the law into their own hands and sadism. The prisoner's naked body was found
I will fear no evil,
in the garden of your villa. The wounds in the neck were inflicted with some pointed though not particularly sharp
for you are with me;
tool like a pick or a pitchfork. Your dog can't be blamed for it because the size of the wounds is such that an animal
your rod and your staff,
with teeth large enough to inflict them would have to be larger than the victim, and we don't have any lions or
they comfort me.
5 You prepare a table before me IDF helicopter pilots with 1,000 hours before they hire him. Why? Because of a combination of that arrogance, the
in the presence of my enemies. Israeli Air Force way is clearly the best for everything, and the “clubbishness” that goes with this superiority
You anoint my head with oil; complex.
my cup overflows. As to aggressive, well, this is a trait for which Israelis are famous. One of the challenges of getting by in Israel is
6
Surely your goodness and love will follow me that if you are not aggressive you are perceived as a “freier”, which is a Yiddish term for sucker.
all the days of my life, The next trait on Elon’s list, fear of another Holocaust, is also real. But remember, just because you are
and I will dwell in the house of the LORD paranoid, does not mean that they are NOT out to get you. Ahmadinejad may be a nut case, but he is a nut case
forever. who is the head of state of a country.
Claustrophobia, yes, that comes with living in a very small country. Israel is more or less the size of New Jersey. If
message. Communication is fruitful if and only if the messages sent by the sender are interpreted with same you lived in New Jersey and on one side the borders with New York and Connecticut were sealed, and the border
meaning by the receiver. Communication breakdowns often occur in school and in our personal relationships, for with Pennsylvania was one you could technically cross, but it didn’t feel particularly safe to do so because people
various reasons. And the effects of failed communication can be very damaging. Information overload can be one of there
the reasons for this problem. And using complex and compound-complex sentences can help fix the problem.
didn’t like you, you too would probably feel a little claustrophobic.
Complex sentences combine one dependent and one independent clause through the use of subordinating In Israel we enjoy an attitude of living in a frontier. Maybe some of the arrogance comes from living in a place
conjunctions such as because, though, as, while, if, etc.; these are also known as dependent adverb clauses. Here that the rest of the world treats as important. There is more terrorism in Sri Lanka, more people are dying in Kenya,
are two complex sentences as examples. Notice how the two sentences are similar in meaning to the two human rights abuses are far worse in any country within 300 miles, not to mention places like China, and yet we’re
compound sentences. on the front page of the Western papers every day while those others places often get scant notice. Makes us feel
important. But more than that, it makes us feel like we are a part of something important.
Though it's not available, I'd like to read the book. In short, the Israeli character is complex and interesting. One of the biggest challenges facing a new immigrant
Janet is going to a meeting after she has visited her grandparents. to Israel is fitting in as a part of that culture.

Remember that the dependent clause can be placed at the beginning or the end of the sentence. When
placing the dependent clause at the beginning of the sentence, use a comma.
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Compound complex sentences are sentences that contain two independent clauses and one or more
Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols,
dependent clauses.
names, images, and designs used in commerce.
Footnotes are a conventional way to tell your readers where you got the information and quotes that appear in
I would like to read the book which was written by John Handy, but it's not available.
your paper. Your goal is to make it easy for your readers to see what sources you used -- and easy to find any that
they might want to study further. To do that, you need to provide complete citations in a consistent citation
What makes an Israeli? A peculiar mix of joie de vivre, arrogance, aggressiveness, fear, claustrophobia, plus a style. http://history.hanover.edu/courses/handouts/footnotes.htm
whole lot more. Living in Israel is one continual encounter with the Israeli character, stereotypically labeled as the
“sabra,” the cactus that is hard and prickly on the outside, but mushy and sweet on the inside. But the Israeli
Audience analysis — is the process of examining information about your listeners
character is far more complex than the stereotype.
Arrogance, well yes, most Israelis are convinced they are the best and they aren’t shy about letting you know
Blog — is an online diary on website; a frequently updated personal journal chronicling links at a website, intended
it either. Not that they brag, rather they tend to put others down, leaving themselves in the up position. I have a
for public viewing.
friend who is an airline pilot for Southwest who desperately wants to make aliyah – yet he can’t get a job with El Al
because even though he has thousands of hours of experience flying airliners for major American carriers, El Al hires
ejournal — also known as ejournals, e-journals, and electronic serials, are scholarly journals or intellectual Plain Folks — The use of everyday people to sell a product or service.
magazines that can be accessed via electronic transmission.

Character Analysis — Is a technique of critically analyzing the personality and attributes personified by a certain
Glittering Generalities — The act of referring to words or ideas that evoke a positive emotional response from an
character in a literary selection.
audience.
Soft soap — flattery or insincere compliments designed to get the audience on the side of the speaker.
Psyche — is a term which refers to soul, self and mind.

Temperament — is a word which refers to characteristic or habitual inclination or mode of emotional response;
disposition.

Jew — is a member of the people and cultural community whose traditional religion is Judaism and who trace their
origins through the ancient Hebrews.

Israeli — refers to a citizen or resident living in the modern "STATE" of Israel.

Israelite — is a descendant of the Hebrew patriarch Jacob; specifically: a native or inhabitant of the ancient
northern kingdom of Israel.

Persuasive Essay — known as the argument essay, utilizes logic and reason to show that one idea is more
legitimate than another idea. It attempts to persuade a reader to adopt a certain point of view or to take a
particular action.

Intellectual property (IP) refers to creations of the mind: inventions, literary and artistic works, and symbols,
names, images, and designs used in commerce.

Footnote — is an additional piece of information printed at the bottom of a page to indicate where the idea / text is
taken.

Propaganda — is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some
cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument.

Card Stacking — The strategy of showing the product’s best features, telling half-truths, and omitting or lying about
its potential problems.

Name calling — The use of names that evoke fear or hatred in the viewer. The name-calling technique links a
person, or idea, to a negative symbol.