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4
Increase the percussion energy Check the centralizer bushings re-
once the drill bit is bedded in the gularly, and change them as soon
rock. In drifting, it is sometimes as they become wom.
necessary to realign the feed
beam after the first few centime- If you were to continue drilling
tres of drilling, so that the feed and with bending stresses in the drill
drill steel are exactly parallel. This steel, the risk of fracture would
corrects any bending in the drill increase considerably.
steel and minimises deviation of
the drill hole. In bench drilling, no
further adjustment of the feed is
Drilling
necessary after collaring, provided Always adjust the percussion ener-
that the drill rig was given a stable gy to suit the type of rock in which
set-up to begin with. you are drilling. If the rock is soft
or cracked, reduce the pressure to
In bench drilling, the drill-steel the percussion mechanism.
support (or centralizer) must be Modern drill rigs are equipped
closed during collaring. In drifting, with a variety of devices for
do not allow the play between the adjusting the pressure.
drill steel and the bushing in the
centraltzer to become too great.
Feed and couplings to wear-out very
quickly.
By applying the correct feed press-
ure, you will obtain the best drill- The feed force can also be too
ing economy. If the feed force is high, which causes the rotation
too low, the rate of penetration will speed of the drill bit to drop. This
also be low, and the threads in the increases the risk of jamming and,
drill string will loosen. Drilling at the same time, reduces the rate
with loose threads interferes with of penetration. You will also notice
the transmission of energy through an increase in bending stresses in
the drill string. This causes high the drill steel.
stresses which can lead to prema-
ture fatigue in the drilling equip-
ment. It can also cause fatigue da-
mage to the cemented carbide in
the drill bit.
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Drill steels can become blocked Loosening threads
due to poor flushing. If you can
clear the blockage, the component The easiest way to loosen a drill
can be put back into service. A bit is to use the percussion mecha-
copper tube and water flushing can nism of the rock drill. Press the
be used to clear blockages. Copper drill bit against the rock face, e.g.
tubing is recommended, since at the bottom of the drill hole, and
there is always a danger the mater- engage the percussion for a few
ial blocking the drill steel might seconds, without rotation, and
contain explosive. The process of using very little feed.
clearing the blockage can damage
the anti-rust treatment on the in-
side of the flushing hole. For this
reason, drill steels that have been
unblocked should be put straight
back into circulation rather than
being put back into the stores.
L2
If this
does not work, bit and rod
spanners will have to be used.
Never use a sledge hammer!
t3
Wear
It is important that thread wear be Note that when changing to new
checked regularly, so that compo- drill rods, it is often more econo-
nents can be discarded when it is mical to replace the coupling sleev-
economical to do so. To continue es as well, even if they are not
drilling with wom threads is to completely worn. Mixing old and
invite expensive breakdowns. Use new threads causes the new
Coromant thread gauges to threads to wear out more quickly.
measure wear. Male threads should
be discarded when the thread
gauge can be passed over the tops
of the threads without catching.
Always check the most badly worn
part of the thread, since the end of
the thread could be less wom, e.g.
if it has worked in the clearance
behind the drill bit. Female threads
should be discarded when it is
possible to slide the thread gauge
all the way into the thread.
l4
There is a special gauge for check-
ing wear in the chuck bushing of
the rock drill. Drilling with a wom
bushing will cause deformation of
the shank or shank adapter. In the
case of a shank adapter, the splines
will be subjected to heavy wear.
Excessive play between the drill
bushing and the shank adapter can
also cause the piston to strike the
shank obliquely. This will result in
heavy wear and upsetting on both
the shank and the piston. Damage
to the shank often results in break-
age.
15
(the original damage), at the centre
Transportation and of a so-called "fatigue rose".
storage
Pack drill bits and cemented carbi-
A side-blow to the surface of a de components in such a way that
steel component can become the the cemented carbide is not dam-
starting point for eventual fracture, aged during transpofiation. Even
since the steel is subjected to very though cemented carbide is highlY
high stresses by the shock waves resistant to impact from anY other
from the piston of the rock drill. material, it is easily damaged bY
Drillsteels, rods, coupling sleeves impact from another cemented car-
and drill bits should therefore be bide product.
handled with care, as theY often
have a hard but brittle outer
surface that is sensitive to lateral
impact.
I6
Frontal wear occurs when drilling
Wear to cemented in hard rock, such as granite and
carbide gneiss. The height of the cemented
carbide insert or button wears
Cemented carbide in inserts and down, and begins to show a wear-
buttons becomes worn during drill- flat. In the case of cross- or X-bits,
ing. Most of the wear is caused by the wear-flat becomes wider to-
abrasion against the bottom of the wards the edge of the drill bit,
drill hole, and also by abrasion owing to the greater distance cove-
against the hole wall, as the bit ro- red by the periphery during rota-
tates. If wear is allowed to become tion. In the case of a button bit, the
too great, the penetration rate periphery buttons show more wear
drops and both the cemented carbi- than the frontal buttons, for the
de and the other steel components same reason.
in the drill string are subjected to
abnormally high stresses. The Peripheral wear occurs in abrasive
cemented carbide must therefore rock types, which usually have a
be ground regularly, to restore its high quartz content. The cemented
original shape. Different types of carbide at the periphery of the drill
rock cause differing rates of wear, bit wears heavily, causing a so-
and different wear patterns. called "anti-taper" to develop. This
17
diminishes the clearance of the of fatigue damage. Under such cir-
drill bit. cumstances. the recommended
grinding interval for buttons is
Snakeskin is a wear pattern that 300 m, and for blade-type inserts,
develops when drilling in soft, l-50 m.
non-abrasive rock such as lime-
stone. After a while, the surface of
the cemented carbide begins to suff-
er from fatigue, with evidence of
micro-cracks that resemble snake-
skin, particularly at the comers of the
inserts. At the first sign of snake-
skin, the cemented carbide must be
ground, otherwise the micro-cracks
will penetrate more deeply into the
insert, eventually causing chunks
of cemented carbide to loosen and
drop out. In certain types of rock,
no visible wear occurs at all. Even
so. the cemented carbide must be
ground to prevent the occurrence
18
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Grinding intervals
A button bit need only be reground Cross- and X-bits must be re-
if the penetration rate drops, or if ground when the wear-flat across
damage begins to occur in the ce- the insert reaches a width of 3 mm,
mented carbide. Small button bits, measured 5 mm from the periphery
especially if they are used with hy- of the drill bit. This is best checked
draulic rock drills, do not generally with a grinding template.
need to be reground at all. Larger
button bits can however benefit
from re-grinding. The penetration
rate normally begins to drop when
the width of the wear-flat becomes
equivalent to half the diameter of
the button. However, in order to
obtain good grinding economy and
make grinding quicker and easier,
it is advisable to re-grind the butt-
ons when they are worn to about
U3 of their diameter.
t9
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Fixed grinding Grinding
routines Detailed instructions on grinding
drill bits can be found in separate
It is often impractical to measure Sandvik publications. Grinding
the wear-flats on each and every templates are useful for checking
drillsteel or drill bit at the work- the grinding result. The easiest
site. On larger worksites, it is way to regrind integral steels and
therefore essential to establish fix- drill bits is to use grinding mach-
ed grinding routines, in which all ines built specifically for this pur-
drill bits are reground after a pre- pose.
determined number of holes, or,
e.g. at the end of every shift. Since A correctly ground integral steel
less cemented carbide needs to be should have a fresh cutting edge
removed at each regrind, this will along 315 of the cemented carbide
not have a negative effect on drill insert. All sharp edges must be
bit economy. honed, using, e.g. a discarded
grinding wheel or a grinding stone.
The insert angle should be 110",
and the insert radius, 80 mm.
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An anti-taper must be removed as After an integral steel has been
soon as possible, by means of fron- reground, the bit diameter must be
tal grinding. Frontal grinding at checked to see if it still fits into the
short intervals can prevent the de- drill steel series.
velopment of excessive anti-
taper. Peripheral grinding of cross-
or X-bits (to restore the clearance)
should be employed only when
frontal grinding alone is insuffi-
cient. In this way, premature re-
duction of the drill bit diameter is
avoided.
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