Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Certified t -Accepted by
Reinhard Goethert, Principal Research Associate Professor, Rosemary Grimshaw
Thesis Advisor Chairperson, Departmental Commitee on Graduate Students
F~E~~ 41914
~-., I.
'*1
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
R. Carols Nakai
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE:
DESIGNING A CULTURAL CENTER FOR
THE COASTAL AND MOUNTAIN PEOPLES OF TAIWAN
by
Chuei-Ming Yuen-Schat
Submitted to the Department of Architecture on January 14, 1994
in partuial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of
Master of Architecture
Abstract
The objective of this thesis is to examine how a group of people can retain its cultural integrity when under economic
development pressure. I am using design as a point of departure in looking at how to approach and preserve a culture. I begin
by a search of indigenous folktales, analysis of traditional living patterns, inquiry about cultural and social taboos, and observing
building form, to define phenomena unique to individual cultures. I attempt to design a methodology of study that takes into
account culturally specific issues that affect architectural forms. I have designed a cultural identification inquiry, a tool-which
can be used as the generator of questions leading to understanding the cultural elements of architectural form. For example,
the configuration or orientation of a building may be dictated by traditional beliefs. By analyzing cultural phenomena, architects
and government agencies can begin to understand the implications of their intervention and prevent further cultural
gentrification.
The architecture, both traditional and modem, of two Taiwanese tribes, the Yami and the Tayal, is examined for cultural
expression. Differences and similarities are found, with recent building design often echoing traditional form. As modern life
encroaches, tradition is threatened. Government-built public structures ignore cultural imperatives in building design and use.
Both the Yami and the Tayal people desire to protect and promote their culture. This study proposes a communal cultural
center for each village where people can congregate and share skills. The complex of buildings includes language classrooms,
crafts workshops, and a museum. The design of the center takes into account traditions, beliefs, and cultural needs. The
construction employs indigenous people, and some classes and workshops are led by villagers.
The cultural identification inquiry-an idea-provoking list of topics for consideration in architectural design-is
proposed as a tool for observing and analyzing indigenous culture as expressed through architecture. The list was used to plan
the design of the Yami and Tayal cultural centers but has applications for wider use.
A CKNOWLEDGMENTS
to Prof. Goethert for his long and detailed FAX from every part of world and for his inspiration and encouragement throughout the seemingly
unending thesis
to Prof. Paul Hajian, a good friend and professor, for all the design criticisms throughout the years
to Prof. Howell for her suggestions and guidance prior my thesis research
to my office-mate and raft partner, Pamela, for all the late night chattering and incense burning
to Ms. Simon, without her editing skills, I might not have a coherent thesis
to uncle Bor-Hur, for his support and kindness in assisting me with a notebook computer
to I-Chow and Aa-Hwei for their help and patience while I stayed in their house
to.Aajon and her family in providing me with lodging and insights about Tayal
to aunt Mei-Hwe and uncle Ro-Jen to allow me stay in their house in length while researching.
to Mr. Yen Shew-Lon for all the inspirations and insights about Taiwan Originals
to Ms. Chu Yu-Lin for all the contacts and care while doing my research.
to Keiko for all the time that she spent with me translating Japanese to Chinese
Without all the assistants and insights, my thesis would not be possible
4
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT- 3 DEFINING THE SPACE- mountain - 59
Introduction
PREFACE - 7 Site Characteristics
Plan
INTRODUCTION - 9 Section
Dwelling Characteristics
SETTING THE CONTEXT - 11 Cultural Identification Inquiry
INDIO MYTHOS
R. Carlos Nakai
C E road for the sake of tourism. The local
P R E F A population does not benefit from the ex-
should have occurred only once a year. pansion of the road but suffers from the
She was entertaining all the strangers and traffic jams caused by weekend tourists.
This research, by investigating being looked at as a monkey dancing Rather than simultaneously upgrading
Taiwanese indigenous dwellings, will al- around in here costume. But it was her the infrastructure while laying the roads,
low me to identify racial tensions and livelihood. the government left a muddy road for the
ethnic problems due to the lack of atten- In January 1993, 1 once again had residents and collects parking fees from
tion on the part of the Taiwan govern- the opportunity to interact with some of the tourist. A phenomenon I found worth
ment. Government agencies have been the "originals" (meaning original inhab- noting was that, although most families
notorious for neglecting the culture be- itant, a term used by the indigenous lack running water, many have televi-
havior of the indigenous group and dic- peoples to identify themselves) in a very sions. One can see the contradictions
tate improvements which are not based different setting: one of them became my between the televised descriptions of
on understanding the needs of the group. sister-in-law. She is Tayal, and I finally other parts of the island and the actual
This proposal was inspired by my had achance to talk to them not as strang- life-style the tribal people.
experience with indigenous Taiwan ers but as family. The opportunity to live In my opinion, any indigenous
people. The Yami and Tayal were among with them for a few days was most en- culture has its own set of values and
the nine tribes in Taiwan that I docu- lightening. I ate the same food and drank beliefs which govern their actions and
mented through field survey and library the same water and they welcomed me world views. These values should be
research. I have first met some of the with open arms. respected. Many of their practices might
mountain people when I was a youngster I found their living conditions not have appeal to our modern eye but
visiting one of the tourist sites. I remem- below the standard of the average family those virtues provided a guide and a set
bered asking myself, "Who are these in other parts of the island. Taiwan, al- of rules that allowed their civilization to
people wearing strange costumes and though a very prosperous country, has survive, prosper, and exist harmoniously.
speaking in a foreign tongue, performing not provided all its people with essential In many countries, indigenous peoples
their ritual dances as if it was just another infrastructure, such as sewage systems, are looked upon as less civilized than
show?" For many of the visitors, going to fresh water hook-up, and general plan- urban dwellers or descendants of colo-
one of these shows is like going to the ning strategies. nizers, and as in need of changing their
circus. I vividly remember the eyes of I found that the people do not ways to adopt modern civilization. But
one woman who was performing. She know what they are entitled to expect intervention without careful study of spe-
seemed annoyed probably from repeat- from the government. For instance, the cific cultural characteristics is an imposi-
ing the same ritual performance which authorities insisted upon widening the tion on the indigenous peoples. Cultures
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
nection to their cultural past, e.g., crafts- In the cases of the Yami and the
manship is disappearing. Tayal, a potentially viable moderniza-
The design of a center could help tion of their cultural practices may be the
to satisfy two basic needs of cultural establishment of communal cultural cen-
continuity: assertion of identity and pres- ters. I developed this idea based upon
ervation of artifacts and handicrafts. This interviews with tribes' people who ex-
will enhance both the dignity of the tribes pressed concern that their traditional skills
and the understanding of their culture by and customs were threatened. For the
non-Originals. In honoring and explain- Tayal, I have designed a complex of
ing their tribes' cultural heritage, both buildings suited to activities that will
the intra-tribal generational differences foster cultural expression. For the Yami,
and the racial tension with the larger I have designed a pair of buildings re-
community will be lessened, since much flecting the "male" and "female" interi-
of the tension is fueled by misunder- ors of Yami houses, although this does
standing and mystification. not imply sex-segregated activities. 00
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
Fig. 4 Coastal Landscape
U. Ming Yuen-Schat
Fig. 5 Coastal Village
12
C A P T U R I N G to the Philippines; however, this has not woman's fish, woman can not eat man's
been verified. A popular myth explains fish, elder person cannot eat woman's
T H E the origin of the Yami as follows: A fish, and so on. From my observations, I
S P I R I T goddess from the Southern Hemisphere think the division are based on the ten-
created the island of Lan Yu, and she also derness of the fish rather than the kinds of
created two boys, one made of stone, the fish. The tasks are also divided between
INTRODUCTION other of bamboo. They each gave birth, man and woman. No woman can go out
one to a boy, and other to a girl, who in a boat fishing - according to their
This section will introduce char- intermarried. And The Yami are their rituals, it is prohibited. The woman usu-
acteristics of the Yami tribe, its social descendants (DPNHR, 1984, p.51). ally works in the taro fields or stays home
structure, religion and beliefs, and its The society has no hierarchical to cook. Such divisions are also reflected
ceremonies. division or leadership systems. Each vil- in the organization of spaces. In the Vagai
The Yami have preserved much lage elects two to three elders who medi- (the main house) the woman sleeps at the
of their ritual and tradition in their daily ate quarrels. The election of elders are right-hand side and her belongings, cook-
life practices. My main interest in their based on their age, wealth, and abilities. ware, and stove are stored on that side.
culture is to identify cultural influences The Yami are a patriarchal cul- The left-hand side of the Vagai is where
on architectural form. Expressions of their ture. Most members of the village are man stores his fishing gear, boat-carving
culture can be seen not only in their siblings and cousins. The nuclear family tools, and flying-fish stove.
beliefs and social structure, but also in is the basic unit, the average family size Much of the Yami's daily life
their dwelling forms, for living condi- is four. The wife follows her husband; revolves around their beliefs and their
tions usually reflect individual needs, the children live with their father All the relationship to the universe. They be-
including cultural and spiritual needs. To property and inheritance are divided lieve that the cosmos is divided into eight
obey the tradition, their vernacular forms evenly among the sons when father dies. levels. Gods, humans, the 'Anito'-
need to conform to traditions. Under this The paternal or maternal relatives of the ghost, and others, each possessing its
premise, I propose the study of the spirit family form the basic working unit own realm. The gods seem less important
of the people. The need of the people is (DPNHR, 1984, p.52). For instance, to them than does the Anito, whom they
directly linked to their tradition. houses are built with the help of relatives. fear greatly. The Yami believe that when
However, the division of labor between one is sick, the Anito possesses his or her
THE COASTAL men and women is clearly encoded. The soul. The Yami blames all natural disas-
consumption of fish is categorized by
The origin of Yami people is un- man's fish, woman's fish, the elder's fish
known. Much speculation connects them and children's fish. Man can not eat
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Peoples of Taiwan
ters and death on the Anito. The unique author of The Yami of the Orchid Island, They praise the weary task of making the
function of Anito in their society helps to Hans Egli writing in the end of August boat, the bringing together of the taro
create social order, as it provides a logi- 1965. mountain and the magnificent look of the
cal focus for their anger (DPNHR, 1984, "...A ten-man-boatis almost ready boat.
P.79). after two years' work. This labor has to "Many people spend the night in
Many of the Yami taboos and be celebrated for two days when the conversation on the stone platforms. As
rules are based on fending off the Anito. moon is full. Two hundred ninety guests soon as dawn comes, the whole village
For instance, a pregnant woman cannot will attend the feast.... revives. Most people do not think of
go to someone else's house or to other "In the eyes of the Yami a boat eating breakfast; they are only concerned
villages, for fear the Anito will possess launching is a big feast... with the taro mountain. They take the
the baby (DPNHR, 1984, p.82). During "...The taros get stored in the mountain by storm to get the biggest
the flying fish season, there are many houses of the ten boatsmen. According to pieces. There is mass confusion. People
taboos one must observe; I will mention their custom the Yami guests are not violently snap taros, run forward, run
the ones which might influence architec- expected to bring gifts. On the contrary backward, shoulder heavy baskets of ta-
tural form. During the peak season of the host has to present the guests with a ros and disappear.
flying fish, between the end of May and net full of taros... "...Prevent others from killing the
the middle of July, men cannot sleep in "The collection of taros takes a pigs before the taros are distributed. Ev-
the same bed with their wives or chil- whole week. Then one morning a group ery clan has provide two pigs. Ten pigs
dren. All the crew (men) sleeps together of men swarms out to the five other are taken out of the pen and brought to the
in one room, so a room in the Vagai is villages to call on the two hundred ninety winter houses where they get killed. Their
reserved for that purpose. By the end of relatives to invite them. blood gushes into the bowls. They get
the season, the catch must be evenly "...After noon the guests gather washed clean and dragged down into the
divided among the crew members outside the village...They brought with winter house to get cut into pieces.
(DPNHR, 1984, p.76). them their armor. In their hands they bear "Every guest gets a part of every-
One of the well-preserved Yami the spear. On their backs they carry a big thing even if it is only a tiny slice...
ceremonies, and one of the most popular, basket with the most precious item: the "...The men take their spears and
is the new-boat-launching. It is unfortu- silver helmet. Every family owns only helmets. The boat place looks like a dis-
nate thatI did not witness the boat launch- one.... turbed ant-hill: men in dazzling white G-
ing ceremony myself. I quote from the "...At four o'clock the guests en- strings, contrasting with their copper-
ter the village and gather at the boat brown bodies, appear from four sides and
place: a big crowd of spears and helmets. surround the boat, lift it up and bring it to
They sing melodies from far gone times. the house of its master.
"The feasting place is over- one that stems it up as if a heavy storm A DAILY JOURNAL: COASTAL
crowded. Wherever I look, I can only see tries the shaky boat tossing it higher and
heads, even on the roofs plenty of people higher... The following story is fictional. It is
are standing. Everyone wants to get the "They pick up the boat, stem it based on my observations andper-
best view. through the small paths between the sonal surveys to set forth a parameter
"The ten boats with helmets on houses and bring it to the shore. One the for the proposed culture center.
their head enter the boat, sit down and way they toss it up again. Finally they put A day in the Yea Ein village, Lan Yu
start singing a tender melody. The noise it on the water, but not without tossing it island
over the place quiets down. From the up still once more.
boat spreads a sacred atmosphere. The "They fix the oars. The ten The sun is reflected from a pool
master of the boat is standing and holds boatsmen enter the boat, put it out to of water onto my dark brown wood porch.
the rudder. sea...They turn again, turn right, turn left I feel the cool sea breeze blowing in the
"The lady of the boats master as if it were dance on the waves..." house onto my face. The cock crows at
steps out of the winter house and stands e characteristics of the Yami tribe, its the usual hour outside of my door. Today
in front of the boat. Over her breast hang social structure, religion and beliefs, and I will go to my ancestral field in the
the precious chain -of manau and glass its ceremonies (Egli, n.d., p.12). mountain to harvest taro roots and sweet
beads. On her head she wears an old potato. I stoop low under my porch roof
fashioned hat. In her hand she holds and walk up the steep stone stair to the
carved wooden sick for digging taros. On courtyard. The courtyard is paved with
its top is carved a boat with a man. She smooth egg shaped rocks. I stand bare-
personifies the waiting lady at home who foot on rocks that are still warm from the
awaits the safe return of the fishing boat. morning sun, and gaze across the ocean
"After the prayer they carry the at the horizon. I am familiar with every
boat back to its original place. Now they rock at my feet, because I carried each
expel the ghosts in a magic ceremony. one in a bucket from the sea shore. My
Like excited shamans they approach the friends and relatives helped me lay them
boat. The shouting men look as if they are in the courtyard. In .turn I helped my
possessed. Even the young schoolboys friends build their house. This is how it
are allowed to show their skill...From the has been as long as I can remember.
four sides they approach the boat as if
they are possessed. At one stage one
group seizes the boat, then it is an other
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Peoples of Taiwan
It took three months to complete to the cultural center to teach the young rise.
my entire house. We followed the tradi- their traditional crafts. Later they will sit
tional house construction, and built a around chatting about old times. Mothers
winter house, a summer pavilion, and a follow with little ones on their backs and
spring/autumn house. The roof of the tots in tow. Children are already playing
houses were traditionally reed roofs, but in the pool of water. Through the
they are labor intensive. We have to re- angulating roof, I see some older women
fasten the reed roof every three months to instructing young mothers in weaving
tighten the gaps and prevent water seep- the traditional fabrics.
age. The cigarette smoking introduced The tie washing up and down
by the Japanese during the occupation beating the rock beach while the older
cause many a roof fire. Now the roofs are kids playing wave tag. Some men are
made of corrugated metal and covered chewing beetle nuts and molding with
with tar paper. clay. They lean against the supporting
Couple terraces from the house, structure of the cultural center and form
the pigs are still lying on their belly variously shaped of jars and cooking
snoring. My wife is preparing lunch as I pots.
climb into the spring/autumn house to After a long day of work, we
fetch the shovel and hoe. travel on foot back to the village. Boats WALKING THE SHINING EARTH
We walked down the steps, with come into the shore. Crews push the
lunch bags on a tump line. We cut through vessel into the boat house while small Walk the shining earth.
our neighbor's courtyard from one ter- children scamper about, curious about Walk to quiet the chattering inside.
race to the other and greeted him as he sat the fish that were caught. The boats Walk to feel the soft skin of your
in his summer pavilion chewing beetle stopped next to the cultural center hang- mother's face.
nut. We can see the cultural center in the ing their catch on one of the short wall Walk to know the big dream that
distance by the ocean. We see villagers while they push the boat into the boat surrounds us.
gathering by the shore preparing to go house. As the shadows grows longer, we The world shall be as it is.
fishing. On the way to our field, we greet arrive home and lay down our loads. We
the elderly women and men on their way bring in sweet potatoes from the porch.
After dinner, we walk to the ocean, sit on R. Carlos Nakai
the terrace of the center, listening to the
waves and watching the moon slowly
DEFINING THE SPACE In "The Yami of The Orchid Is- with a lofty straw roof on its head and a
land", author Hans Egli portrayed the few wooden planks around the platform,
spatial configuration of the houses in the so small children may not fall down. A
Yami tribe. The description is worth quot- warm spring and autumn house, its roof
THE COASTAL VILLAGE ing at length. just above the ground, long on its side,
"On my many strolls around the small on its front and back which both
Introduction island I see the villages cuddled in the can be opened, the lofty inside floored
small bays. Every village is built on a with planks.
The purpose of this section is to small stretch of land between shore and "Indeed the Yami need a mini-
define the architectural characteristics in mountain. Every village abounds in stone mum of space to enjoy a maximum of
Yami houses. Since architectural space walls, stone platforms, straw roofs wher- living. As soon as they crawl out of the
and form reflects culture behaviors, a ever I look. When I enter a village I winter house they are in the sunlight. On
description of Yami architecture is es- squeeze my body between high stone- one side they climb up the stone stair and
sential to connect the spirit and the physi- walls. I climb over stone platforms. I arrive at the summer house. From the
cal feeling of the space. There are no strike my head on the protruding roof other side of the winter house they climb
public buildings that serve the commu- beams. I fall down into the depth of the two or three stone steps and glide already
nity except the churches. But Christian winter house. I am asked to climb the into their workhouse. Between the sum-
churches are not indigenous to the Yami, cool summer veranda for a chat. mer verandah and the workhouse lies the
and so do not reflect traditional dwelling "The house of the Yami is just stone platform. A few poles are stuck
forms or relate to Yami culture. There- what people everywhere dream of: a into the ground, so people can dry flying
fore, only the study of indigenous houses house as ordinary living quarters, a cabin fish. On most of the stone platforms I can
could shed light on criteria for design of in the mountains for the hot summer see two so-called ancestral stones. The
a cultural center. days, and maybe a hut somewhere for the big one represents the male ancestor, the
Yami architecture is more than cool spring and autumn time. That is just small one the female ancestor. Nobody
meets the eye; when studied closely, it the dream the Yami realized since times dares move these stones. People like them
reveals a highly developed system. Most ever. There is only one difference, they as a resting place, especially in the evening
families own a cluster of three houses: neglected the distance from one to the when the sun goes down." (Egli, n.d.,
the traditional houses consist of Vagai, other. They put them in one place. They pp.4-5)
the winter house, Magaran, the autumn need a firm winter house, which is built The construction and the configu-
house, and Tagakal, the summer veranda. so deep into the slope that only the top of
The three houses delineate the Asa Ka the roof protrudes over the ground.
Vagai, the courtyard. "A summer house built on stilts
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Peoples of Taiwan
ration of traditional houses are well are four to five sliding doors that separate In the Yami village on the east
planned. They are carefully assembled to all the rooms. The sliding doors are cut- side of the island, the Vagai is divided
define the dwelling space. out entryways where one crawls in and into left, the male, and right, the female,
The Vagai is the main structure. out. Each room steps up approximately side of the house. The ocean defines the
It is also the most complicated structure twelve inches. Tsinaj balan, the most front of the house. Man stores his tools
in the entire dwelling complex. Vagai is authentic model, is the only one that and sleeps in the left side of the house.
a rectangular wood structure that is sunk allows the- traditional sleeping together The pots and pans are at the right. On the
approximately three to six feet into the of men during the flying fish season. I n west side of the island, it is the opposite
ground. This building method is used to the Tsinaj balan there are two stoves. The condition: men on right, women on the
avoid the cold northeastern wind in the stove in the front of the house is for daily left. The division probably is dictated by
winter season. The ridge of the peaked use. The stove located in the Back Cham- the sunrise and sunset.
roof is usually positioned parallel to the ber is used only for preparing the flying The Front Chamber is the sleep-
shore line, and is located approximately fish. Only a small member of families ing area. It is approximately 5.4 feet in
two- thirds way from the front entrance. can afford this type of housing, and they depth. The stove is located at the right.
The interior is divided into two or three host others during the fishing season. The floor is slightly sloped towards the
chambers by partitions. The number var- The Dzinin dzin is the most popu- back of the house. When sleeping, the
ies depending on the type of construc- lar model, encompassing a only Front person's head is toward the ocean and the
tion. The three types of construction are Hall a Front Chamber holding one feet toward the mountain.
Tsinaj balan, Dzinin dzin, and Pinatoi. Tomok. The rooms are partitioned by The main purpose of the Back
The Tsinaj balan is the most com- one to three sliding doors. Chamber is the ceremonial sleep-together
plex the three. The space is divided into The Pinatoi is the simplest type of of men during the flying fishing season.
a Front Hall (sheshelanban), Front Cham- the three models. It consists of only the It is the most sacred of all spaces. Since
ber (lo shebaid), Back Chamber (lovagai), main room and has no Tomok. The Yami houses have no windows on its
and Back Hall (tirara no tomok). In this The spaces in the Vagai are di- sides to prevent winter wind cutting
type, the ridge of the house is usually vided parallel to the roof ridge. The Front through the space, the light dims when
supported by the Tomok, the ancestral Hall is used during the winter season for getting to the back of the house. The only
columns, that have been passed down for entertaining guests, dining, smoking ciga- light source in the Back Chamber comes
generations. The pair of Tomok is usu- rettes, and taking naps. In the winter through the Front Hall, and that light
ally located in the Back Chamber. There season, when the weather is bad, the reflects off the wooden floor. The dim
sliding doors can be shut to keep out the and dark space in the Back Chamber
cold rain and bitter wind. creates a mysterious quality that helps to
reinforce the secretiveness of the cer-
18
emonial space. dah, is usually built up on stilts. The round rocks arranged to define areas. The
The Magaran, or autumn house, construction of this structure is fairly rocks not only are clues to other people,
is also called the work house. It is a straightforward. It is usually built with but in Yami myth, the rocks also prevent
rectangular wood frame structure, and its four posts that support the floor of the the feared Anito, the ghost, from entering
roof ridge is perpendicular to the shore structure. The roof traditionally has been the house. On each courtyard, two ances-
line. The interior space is divided into of straw , but now is sometimes of the tral rocks are placed to serve as memory
upper and lower sections, with the lower corrugated metal. Some summer veran- of the ancestors. A large rock represents
section used for storage of timber. The dahs were built with as many as 12 posts. the male ancestors, and a smaller rock
upper part, the working platform, is the It is the most open and public space of all. represents the female ancestors. The rocks
same level as the courtyard. In the Yami The ridge of Tagakal is always facing the sit side by side as if they are carrying out
language, Magaran literally means build- ocean, therefore wind from the mountain a conversation. These rocks not only
ing is higher in this location. Posts divide or the sea constantly blows through the represent the symbolic gesture to their
the room into five bays. The outer two space. During the summer, residents ancestors. The rocks also served backrests
bays are used for storage spaces and the spend much of their time in this structure. for the husband and wife when they sit
walls are built up with river rocks. The They sleep, eat, and chat in this space. under the stars and converse.
interior room is enclosed by wood planks. Tagakal is usually located near the public
The posts of the front chamber are con- path, so neighbors and visitors often are
structed in such a way that boards can be invited into the structure for a chat or a
inserted in between the posts either to drink. (DPNHR, 1984, pp.88-103)
open for more ventilation or close to The close positioning of the
block rain. The interior space is much Vagai, the Magaran, and the Tagakal
more decorative than that of any other creates an Asa Ka Vagai, the courtyard.
structure. The interior walls of the The Asa Ka Vagai is made with soil that
Magaran often are decorated with carv- is excavated from the winter house. In
ings of human figures or the patterns of the particular Yami house which I docu-
fish scale. Since the Magaran is more mented, the courtyard is a 19'x11'. The
spacious than the winter house, the natu- soil is compacted to make a platform-like
ral light and ventilation penetrates easily courtyard which is open to all visitors
so that this space is suitable for weaving, and everyone in the village. The only
and carving, as well as sleeping during indications of public space and private
the spring and autumn seasons. property are the change of levels and,
The Tagakal, the summer veran- typically at the property line, a row of
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Peoples of Taiwan
1. Village
2. Traditional Harbor
3. New Harbor
4. Boat House
5. Cemetery
6. Grocery Store
7. Government Housing/ Subsidized Housing
8. Public Bath
9. Water Supply
10. Guard Station
11. Church
12. Taro Fields
13. School
14. Proposed Cultural Center
.. Self sustaining
community. No need of any commercial area
Public areas are away from the dwellings
Cemetery is away from all activities
Everyone walks to work
Residential area dense
. Public access are used only to travel, and not as places for
Fig. 6 Coastal Region Village Layout (DPNHR) interactions
Churches are not a place to gather socially
Most activities are conducted outdoors, in either the
courtyard or terrace
Fig. 8 Building Configuration and Property Lines
U. Ming Yuen-Schat
%-.iung i uen-3Cnat
Fig. 10 Terrace Plan: Coastal (DPNHR) Fig. 11 and 12 Terracing Separates the Public and Semi-Public
Domain
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
Winter house
Autumn House
Summer Veranda
* Semi-Public Access
24
Winter house
Autumn House
Summer Veranda
OBSERVATIONS IN YEH-EIN
THE COASTAL VILLAGE
Courtyard Observation
Vagai Observation
C.Ming Yuen-Schat
Fig. 16 Winter House
26
Summer veranda
Autumn/Spring house
Winter house
Courtyard
Public Access
Semi-public Access
Terracing
Wood-Burning Stove
01 5 10 feet
Address:
House No. 22
Yeh Ein village
Dong Ching Chewn (town)
Lan Yu (island)
Taiwan
C.Ming Yuen-Schat
27
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
SPACE COMPARTMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS: COASTAL
Storage Areal
Storage ea |
Open Area
on-Divisional Area
Summer Veranda
CHARACTERISTICS: COASTAL
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
Fig. 21 Ancestral Rocks
30
M
*4&.00
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Peoples of Taiwan
32
The Formation of the Asa Ka Vagai (courtyard)
A-A
In the Asa Ka Vagai, the ground level of the Magaran is
the original grade. Behind the autumn house, land is
excavated down for the Vagai. All the excavated soil is
compacted and piled next to the autumn house creating a
platform in front of the winter house. At the edge of the
platform is the summer veranda. These three structures
define a courtyard space where activities take place such
as chatting with the neighbors as they cut through the
courtyard, conversing and watching the stars in the B-B
evening with one's spouse, watching the boats sailing to
shore, or conducting, ceremonies in the courtyard if its
size allow. The courtyard is paved with the eggshell-like
stones that are found only near the ocean. Their smooth
surface is comfortable for walking barefoot (DPNHR,
1984, p.88).
c-c
........
.......................
.... ..
.........
...............................
.. - ...................
.............
.......
..........
.........
....-.......
. ........
36
Fig. 29.1
Storage
- a Working platforn
platfornr
38
THE CULTURAL IDENTIFICATION INQUIRY ..Relation between House and Com-
munity-
Yami Tribe, Taiwan Property is defined by terracing;
horizontally, the highest terrace is the
The architecture features of Yami enclosed space with a narrow, dark divider; vertically up the hill, the plat-
housing summarized below relate to space as a ceremonial area; partially form of the Tagakal defines the edge of
the graphic representations in Figures sunk into the ground the property; cluster of terraces form a
6-30 Magaran: Fall house; semi-pri- community
The headings and outline-like formate vate; enclosed space with wider and more
form the skeleton of The Cultural natural light penetrating the space. ..Vista-
Identification Inquiry which can be Tagakal: Summer veranda; semi- At the Tagakal, the summer ve-
modified for use with other cultures. public, semi-enclosed; direct view to randa, the view is always towards the
ocean ocean
..Relation to Slope-
Village is terraced up toward the ..Motifs- ..Orientations-
mountain, looking toward the ocean. Ancestral rocks; courtyard con- Climatic conditions as well as
Mountain behind, ocean in front; village figuration; rocks divide public and semi- rituals influence location and placement
sits closer to the hillside. public zones; gender division in spatial of objects and structures
Houses are located at a higher elevation and use configuration; Patriarchal social
than the road structure
Hong-Zeng Lin
Fig. 31 Boats of the Yami
DREAMING A LIFE
As night settles,
Mesquite fire
Warms the voice
Of the singer
Who brings wonder
To a child's ear.
R. Carlos Nakai
40
I M A G1 I N G of men swarms out to the five other winter houses where they get killed. Their
blood gushes into the bowls. They get
T SE villages to call on the two hundred ninety
relatives to invite them. washed clean and dragged down into the
C E N T E R ....After noon the guests gather winter house to get cut into pieces.
outside the village...They brought with Every guest gets a part of everything
C O A S T A L them their armor. In their hands they bear even if it is only a tiny slice...
INTRODUCTION the spear. On their backs they carry a big ...The men take their spears and
basket with the most precious item: the helmets. The boat place looks like a
It is unfortunate that I did not silver helmet. Every family ows unly disturbed ant-hill: men in dazzling white
have the chance to experience personally one.... G-strings, contrasting with their copper-
the boat launching ceremony. The fol- ...At four o'clock the guests enter brown bodies, appear from four sides
lowing is an account of it that I found in the village and gather at the boat place: a and surround the boat, lift it up and bring
my literature search. I am relying again big crowd of spears and helmets. They it to the house of its master.
on the author of The Yami of the Orchid sing melodies from far gone times. They The feasting place is over-
Island, Hans Egli writing in the end of praise the weary task of making the boat, crowded. Wherever I look, I can only see
August 1965. the bringing together of the taro moun- heads, even on the roofs plenty of people
...A ten-man-boat is almost ready tain and the magnificent look of the boat. are standing. Everyone wants to get the
after two years' work. This labor has to Many people spend the night in best view.
be celebrated for two days when the conversation on the stone platforms. As The ten boats with helmets on
moon is full. Two hundred ninety guests soon as dawn comes, the whole village their head enter the boat, sit down and
will attend the feast.... revives. Most people do not think of start singing a tender melody. The noise
In the eyes of the Yami a boat launching eating breakfast; they are only concerned over the place quiets down. From the
is a big feast... with the taro mountain. They take the boat spreads a sacred atmosphere. The
...The taros get stored in the mountain by storm to get the biggest master of the boat is standing and holds
houses of the ten boatsmen. According to pieces. There is mass confusion. People the rudder.
violently snap taros, run forward, run The lady of the boats master steps
their custom the Yami guests are not
backward, shoulder heavy baskets of ta- out of the winter house and stands in
expected to bring gifts. On the contrary
the host has to present the guests with a ros and disappear. front of the boat. Over her breast hang
...Prevent others from killing the the precious chain of manau and glass
net full of taros...
The collection of taros takes a pigs before the taros are distributed. Ev-
whole week. Then one morning a group ery clan has provide two pigs. Ten pigs
are taken out of the pen and brought to the
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Peoples of Taiwan
beads. On her head she wears an old as if it were dance on the waves...(Egli,
fashioned hat. In her hand she holds n.d., pp. 12-13)
carved wooden sick for digging taros. On
its top is carved a boat with a man. She
personifies the waiting lady at home who
awaits the safe return of the fishing boat.
After the prayer they carry the
boat back to its original place. Now they
expel the ghosts in a magic ceremony.
Like excited shamans they approach the
boat. The shouting men look as if they are
possessed. Even the young schoolboys
are allowed to show their skill...From the
four sides they approach the boat as if
they are possessed. At one stage one
group seizes the boat, then it is an other
one that stems it up as if a heavy storm
tries the shaky boat tossing it higher and
higher...
They pick up the boat, stem it
through the small paths between the
houses and bring it to the shore. One the
way they toss it up again. Finally they put C. Ming Yuen-Schat
it on the water, but not without tossing it
Fig. 32 View of Taro Field
up still once more.
They fix the oars. The ten
boatsmen enter the boat, put it out to
sea...They turn again, turn right, turn left
42
DESIGN INTENTIONS sult of lack of ceremonial space in subsi- come by teaching or working in the cul-
dized housing or by refusal of the younger tural center. But, the center's main func-
generation to participate. A cultural cen- tion is to provide a learning environment
ter to help address these issues seem to be for the Yami people, a place where the
COASTAL CULTURAL CENTER a logical proposal. elderly can teach the young their tribe's
In the construction of the center, tradition and craft. Moreover, the older
My design of the cultural center the traditional building method is not generation can pass down the traditional
is based on subjective understanding and feasible because of the shortage of indig- ethics of their culture.
interpretation of the Yami culture. Al- enous materials. In this case, I propose a I imagine the project developing
though public buildings do not exist pres- 'modern' typology. Concrete already has in several phases. The first stage will be
ently in the village, the need for public been introduced by the government, and to encourage the local residents to locate
buildings and spaces are perceivable. the villagers believe that it is strong and their community activities in the center's
When I visited, I observed much group will withstand the climatic conditions. workshops and classrooms. The second
activity. People work in small groups and On the detail level, I propose a design phase, assuming the foundation has been
congregate in small groups. The commu- that embodies indigenous materials such established, will be to invite the visitors
nal activities of boat launching and house as river stones at all the entryways, paved to join the classes or workshops, which
building, for example, express the influ- with round eggshell-like stones. This will help to promote the Yami culture.
ence of their culture in their daily life. combination of materials provides ajux- The center will offer activities
The provision of a cultural center taposition of artifacts with the interven- from dawn to dusk. The programs will
can help to preserve Yami tradition and tion of the new. Use of indigenous mate- include: nature classes, fishing and tool-
practices, not only by offering work- rials and traditional labor power will making workshops, boat building and
shops that are taught by the elders of the impart a sense of pride and ownership to repair workshops, weaving and pottery
village, but also by helping to strengthen the people. The selection of design and classes, language classes, and a museum.
the bonds between villagers. the choice of materials will provide a Most classes and workshops are fairly
The Yami culture is the last cul- connection from the past to the present. straightforward. I think that a language
ture in Taiwan to retain some of its ritu- The primary intention of my de- class is necessary in the center, since the
als. However, through exposure to media sign is to serve the Yami people. The language represents the root of their cul-
and other telecommunications the Yami cultural center serves a dual purpose: ture. Programs should be developed to
culture is being changed. Some tradi- first, to empower the local residents teach the young people their native lan-
tional ceremonies are still being per- through the design intentions. The cul-
formed; however, many of them have tural center will contribute to the local
been eliminated. This loss may be a re- economy. Residents can earn extra in-
43
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
guage, since each culture has its own The main center is descend to- Relation between the Center and the
unique expression and ways of commu- ward the West, the museum and the me- landscape ---
nicating for which no other language can dia center are located in the lowest cham- The center is located between the
substitute. Personally, I believe that when ber traditional harbor and the new harbor
individuals lose communication skills in Vista-
Open workshops located on the
their own language, they lose a large part south side of the center; the space can be View is always toward the ocean
of their ability to express their culture. altered by temporary erection of wood Orientation-
When culture is lost identity is lost. planks on the posts to create flexible Based on the weather and the tide
Finally, the Cultural Identifica- spaces
tion Summary provides models for my Motifs-
design. At all the entry points, paving
with round rocks identifies the entry
Relation to slope- The conversation stones are
The center is terraced down from placed at all the platforms
the village towards the shore. All closure systems are trans-
The retaining walls push the earth formed from the traditional closure sys-
back to form new terraces. tems of wood planks that block the wind
Roofs are extended from the ter- and the rain
race floor to form new terrace. Construction materials-
Access to slope- Most of the heavy construction is
The two 'walls' on the edge of the of concrete, such as retaining walls, and
center is the public path that leads from structure systems for the center.
the mountain to the ocean. The traditional materials are used
The paths extend to the sea. only in the detail area, such as the paving
The paths define the zone of the on the ground, conversation rocks, and
center and the future expansion area closure system
The ceremonial boat launching Construction process-
path is between two buildings All the heavy structures are built
Hierarchy of space- by bulldozer U. Ming Yuen-Schat
The lighter materials are set in
place manually Fig. 33 View of Front Hall at Vagai
tC
5
+. .e+. 4
.4
II
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
Fig. 35 Building
IAI
Virtual courtfard ,
Stones define the fi-
naledgeof the court- ......
yard
-- /
.7
L1
Fig. 36 Building Plan Analysis
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
Boat Launching
Observation
Platform/
Terrace
Fig. 39.1
9 IMU lilIL
Museum and me-
CoveredTeracearea: Transition zone: dia center: Show
Terrace Workshopareafor - casefortheartifacts,- Terrace
Workshop space, the
inside/outside ama weaving classes at night, the enter-
tainment area
140
21
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
DESIGN VISIONS: extends its antenna to feel the surface of the rock, wary of
bumping into any unfriendly neighbors on its way home. The
crabs scurry from one rock to another playing with the skirt of
the waves. The fishermen are thankful for their catch. The
Coastal Cultural Center boats finds its way home with the two glowing eyes.
Flying. Flying over the Island of Lan Yu, covered by
green forest ringed with pink coral. The trees stand fearlessly
in their individual domain, spreading their fingers to catch the
hot rays and casting a cool shadow on the ground. Rocks mark
each cove and each curve of the road. Villages sit on the hillside
overlooking the landscape. The cultural center near the sea
reveals itself as the tide ebbs and flows. The white flag waving
in the wind marks the entrance to the center. The center is hugs
the land to create a field of terraces. The roofs become plat-
forms, become terraces, and the walls become steps which
connect the land and sea.
The crash of the ocean synchronizes with the flapping
of the flag. The interplay of the sun and the clouds makes
patterns on the terraces and the corrugated metal roofs. The
smell of the ocean breeze calms crying babies. Mothers look
after their child playing in the shallow tide pools. The grand-
mother teaches her granddaughters to weave. Teenagers sit
under the roof listening to great-grand father telling a folktale.
Young men are walking along the seawall, spears in hand, on
the way to catch the evening meal.
The boat cuts through the belly of the roaring ocean, its
caved eyes staring at all the creatures of the sea. It sees the fish
of many colors, the octopus waving its arms, like a greeting to C.Ming Yuen-Schat
strangers on the surface, inviting them to visit. The lobsters Fig. 40 Schematic Design Model
52
Fig. 41 Sketch of Look Out Pavilion
53
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
Fig. 43 Schematic Sketch of Stone Bridge Fig. 44 Schematic Sketch of the Property Wall
Wall
Repetition of rhythm
(columns)
COVENANT SHARED
R. Carlos Nakai
C A P T U R I N G cording to the Tayal's culture, the un- research. It is almost impossible to find a
married children always live with their traditional Tayal tribe- I had to travel
T H E parents, therefore the extended family for five hours along winding mountain
S P I R IT can be as big as an entire village. roads to find anything resembling an old
A unique characteristic of the Tayal is its village. The highlight of my field re-
gathering pattern. Tayal is a small com- search was an interview with an elder
1NTRODUCTION munity based society. Village's size av- member of the tribe who is one hundred
The present society of Tayal is erages fifty families, of five persons and four years old. He lived through both
changing rapidly. Modem technology and per family. It is worth noting that the the Japanese occupation and Ko Min Tan
the assimilation of the tribes have forced sparse dwelling pattern is due to their (Chiang Kai Shek) regime. Since there
them to adopt new ways and life-styles. traditional hunting habits, traveling in a was no written culture, many of the tribal
Since the Tayal has lost many of group of ten or fifteen hunters. ( They history is in oral form that might prove
their rituals, I could not conduct an ex- were unlikely to catch game if the group inconsistent. For the sake of my research,
tensive analysis except by comparing the was larger.) It was a tradition that the I collected information from personal
differences between my literature review group would share the catch. The small observations and interpretation. There
and my observations. The following data allowed each to share a larger portion. might be discrepancies between my per-
is based primarily on personal survey, The Tayal's main agriculture sonal experience and the ethnological
observations and literature review of what products are grain crops (rice, millet, literature.
has been written about the Tayal, rather etc.) and root crops (sweet potato, taro).
than on concrete ethnological data. They were hunters as well as agricultural
The Tayal are located in the moun- producers, hunting wild boars, deer, goats,
tain of northeastern Taiwan. They are a and monkeys. Foreign culture through
patriarchal society whose organization is the ages influenced the native cultures,
based on kinship. The kinship affilia- changing not only the material needs of
tions affect the size of the village and the people but also their social and tradi-
location of dwelling clusters. While many tional culture. The intervention of for-
of the Tayal are Christians now, they eign cultures might be one of the major
used to worship in small kinship groups causes that created the generation gap-
of ten to forty families. This organization the grandmother cannot communicate
pattern apparently has not changed. Most with her grandsons because of the lan-
of the relatives live close to each other-
if not next door, then steps away. Ac-
guage barriers. Foreign intervention also
created a major obstacles for my field iA
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
i8
58
the tradition is dying out. Now there is
only a handful of people who still have
than dilute our identity.
DEFINING THE SPACE tween two beds is a stove in a pit en- room is the usual shiny, compacted earth
circled by rocks. The Tayal elders told of a traditional house. The woman of the
me that in the winter, after charcoals are house explained the process to me: they
used for cooking, they are placed under sprinkle water on the floor and repeat-
The Mountain Vilage the beds for warmth. The traditional edly beat it with a wooden paddle to
bedcovers are surprisingly thin. create a smooth, concrete-like surface.
As I mentioned in the previous A newer house is of multi-room The location of the tribe deter-
section, the Tayal have gone through a configuration. The house that I studied mines the building material; any avail-
tremendous transformation in their cul- has two components: a new section built able materials in the region are gathered
ture, including loss of much of their dwell- by a professional carpenter, and a section to construct houses. The Tayal of the
ing patterns. However, by comparing re- built by the owners in the traditional central region build walls of tree trunks,
ports of traditional Tayal dwellings (e.g. style. There are differences and similari- and those of the northwest build with
Japanese surveys) and personal docu- ties between them. Although the carpen- bamboo. Although the materials vary,
mentation of an existing house in the ter was trained in the city, his building the same construction method applies.
village of Taiyaw, I found some similari- bears characteristics of traditional archi- The house I documented is located in the
ties in the dwelling configurations of the tecture. For instance, his bedrooms, while northwest region of Taiwan, and there-
past and the present. separate rooms, are placed in the corners fore is built of bamboo. Its roof is of
The village is approached through of the house. And while the family now bamboo stalks split lengthwise and
a narrow path off a steep and rugged uses more blankets and does not use cupped together to create a water seal.
mountain road. This single entrance to charcoal under the beds, the carpenter
the village apparently is a defense against RETURING As CLOUDS
built the beds about eighteen inches off
invaders. On either side of the village's the ground with an opening in the
main street is a row of structures: on the bedframe as if for charcoal. (I asked In life, is the rain
left are main houses and on the right are That washes the sky
about this empty space, and the family That gathers in streams
chicken coops, storage huts, and out- told me they considered it storage space.) That gathers in dreams
houses. The addition built with the help That flow like rivers
The plan of a typical Tayal house of the extended family is more traditional Back into the ocean
is rectangular, and the interior is open in design. It is a single room used as To give birth to clouds
space with few partitions. The floor is living/dining/cooking space. The tradi- Which become every shape
earthen. Beds are placed in the corners of tional stove pit is to one side. There are In the fleeting, changing,
the house, and are raised on stilts ap- two half-partitions which form a laundry Sky lit circle.
proximately 2.5 feet off the ground. Be- room and a storage area. The floor of the
R. Carlos Nakai
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
1. Individual Houses
2. Auxiliary Building
3. Field
4. Grocery Store
5. Access into the Village
6. Main Road
i6 61
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
ii
Fig. 52 Individual Dwelling Plan: Mountain
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
A: Corner condition: Chicken Coop B: Detail of mud wall construction C: Detail of the wall construction:
The hen flies to the horizontal wood with bamboo sheathing At the base of the wall, bamboo poles
member and then to the nest to lay Bamboo is split into male and female are separated from the earth by either
eggs. The nest protects the chicks from channels that interlock for continuous stone or bricks.
attack by wild animals sheathing
te
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
Fig. 54.1 Study of the existing motifs and its components
CHARACTERISTICS: MOUNTAIN
ii
66
SAGUARO
R. Carlos Nakai
C. Ming Yuen-Schat
4. .
... .... ...
.
*
10-
- Ble 50 IMfeet -
Fig. 57 Site Configuration
70
EARTH CHANT
All of us.
Born from the earth.
Touch the earth.
Making our life.
R. Car;6s NakaL
........- -- ---
.- . - U. ming xuen-sfcnat
W
E
............ x Fig. 58.2 Children's view into the Main
path
4-4
........
.....-..
.....
. .
%-. VULn5 A
Primary Forms 0
0
0
Access
Auxiliary Forms
law*,
Fig. 59.2
%. ivung i uen-acnat
Fig. 59.1 Bamboo Forest
. -11'r -- ...-
4J4
tKAAL
jrrr-7
jVA
i7
baskball courts and rooms for table tennis
73
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
Fig. 61 Sections
74
rl
CD
-1P
Sky form: Re-
- I
ceiving the sky H,
, Northwest light
IN THE SILVER GLOW
4
In the silver glow
Between day and night
Hushed-wing cries out.
Cloud bird answers.
Two Crows listens. Classroom/ workshop area
Makes prayer
R. Carlos Nakai
75
CAPTURING THE ESSENCE: Coastal and Mountain Cultures of Taiwan
R. Carlos Nakai
forget our roots, we have no history or tails, construction skills, construction tern is apparent. They form small com-
identity. The preservation of artifacts pro- materials and ceremonial spaces. munities in their mountain villages.
vides clues to In vernacular architecture, My designs have taken these
the past. In ar- the cultural and climatic phe- factors into consideration. This empha-
chitectural nomenon drives the geomet- sis on cultural understanding in design
terms, the ar- ric forms. In comparing the research hopefully has broad applica-
tifacts also coastal Yami and the moun- tions.
give clues to tain Tayal tribe, we have seen I would like to end with a quota-
how to build, the unique expression of their tion by Carlos Nakai:
what to build customs. The Yami, for ex- Life seeks change in becoming.
and what are ample, has fear of ghosts.
appropriate Their architectural form re-
geometric V flects and emphasizes such
forms. The ar- phenomena by the placement
tifacts present of rocks at the edge of prop-
an important erty line to ward off the ghost.
guideline for, In architectural terms, the
design, and evenly spaced rocks ren-
analysis of dered a boundary between
culture habits the semi-public zones and
makes for less C.M in Yuen-Schat the public zones.
arbitrary pro- The Tayal society is
posals. Furthermore, the understandings based on small groups for hunting and
of rituals informs the social structure and protection. This pattern of grouping
hierarchical system. Through studying unconsciously affected on people's
the social structure in a society, we can behavior, I think. The Tayal commu-
begin to address gender issues and gain nity generally has difficulties cooper-
insight to cultural myths that seemingly ating with each other. The unconscious from Li-Kow Min, 1983
have no scientific logic. Studying indig- habits could be one of the reasons that
enous people's vernacular forms shows they have not been able to cooperate in a
us the size of their public zones, dimen- larger group, whatever the sociological Fig. 66 Tayal woman
sions of private zones, construction de- reason, the small group gathering pat- Fig. 65 Tayal man
104-year-old man
B I B L IO G R A P H Y
Development and Protection of Natural and Human Vincent J. Scully, Pueblo/ Mountain. Village. Dance.
Resources in Orchard Island, (Taiwan: University of New York (1975)
Taiwan, Department of Architecture and Urban Planning,
1984) Syman Rapongan, Ba Di Wan De Shen Huwa, (The
Folktale of Ba Di Wan), Taipei (1992)
Hans Egli, The Yami Of The Orchid Island , Taitung
(n.d.) Tide Tables 1992- Central and Western Pacific Ocean
and Indian Ocean (United States: U.S. Department of
Daw-Shen Lin, "Tayal Social and Governing Systems, Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-
Atayal Culture Part II," East Coastal Critical Essay No. tration, National Ocean Service, 1992)
60 (1993)