Lecture-6

Radicals Tests
I n Inorganic Chemistry two types of test are observed : cationic
and anionic.
nionic Test : In case of anionic test we use the following
A
reagents.
— H2SO4/HCl dil.
— H2SO4 conc.
H2SO4/HCl (dilute)
On adding dil. H2SO4 or dil. HCl the observation is
(1) A brown colour gas is coming out.
Gas ⇒ NO2, Radical ⇒ NO2–
(2) A gas is coming out with vinegar smell.
Gas ⇒ CH3COOH, Radical ⇒ CH3COO–

Note :

(3) A gas comes out which turns lead acetate paper black.
Gas ⇒ H2S, Radical ⇒ S– –
Smell of rotten eggs.
(4) A gas comes out which is having suffocating smell
and turns K2Cr2O7 (orange) into green.
Gas ⇒ SO2, Radical ⇒ SO3– –
(5) If a gas comes out with brisk effervescence.
Gas ⇒ CO2, Radical ⇒ CO3– –

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 Example : Find out all the given in the reaction.

Ans. A = Na2S, C = H2S.

Note :
S2O3– – Thiosulphate
Na2S2O3 Hypo (Sodium Thio Sulphate)
If a compound remove the color of violet iodine then it
is Na2S2O3.
+2 +2.5
Na2 S 2 O 3 + I2   → NaI+Na2 S 4O 6
Violet Disappear
(Iodomatic Test)
Na2S2O3 on reaction with AgBr gives white ppt. this white
ppt. become black on standing and gives a compound
Na3[Ag(S2O3)2] which is used as fixer in photography.

Sodium Argento thio sulphate
(used as fixer in photography)
Note : If salt is heated with dil. HCl it gives white
turbidity and turbidity give clear solution with HNO3.
Na2 S 2 O 3 + HCl  
→ S (white turbidity)
dil.

S + HNO 3 dil
→ No + H 2 SO 4 (clear solution)

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 Example :

Sol. X = Ca(NO2)2
Example : Find out X, G and H in the given process :

Sol. G—NO2
H—[Fe(H2O)5NO]SO4
X—NaNO2
Example : Match the followings :

X Y

(A) Na2S2O3 (P) Lead acetate paper black

(B) H2S (Q) Iodometric test
(C) NaNO2 (R) Turns K2Cr2O7 green
(D) SO2 (S) Brown ring test

Sol. (A)—(Q), (B)—(P), (C)—(S), (D)—(R)

Example : Match the followings :

Column I Column II

(A) NaHSO4 (P) Neutral salt

(B) LiAlH4 (Q) Mix salt
(C) Na2HPO3 (R) Acidic salt
(D) NaH2PO2 (S) Double salt
(E) CaBrCl (T) Complex salt

Sol. (A)—(R), (B)—(T), (C)—(R), (D)—(P), (E)—(Q)

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 Q. 1. If a salt on reaction with dil. H2SO4 gives brown color gas and on heating it
gives golden yellow color.
(a) NaNO2 (b) NaNO3 (c) KNO3 (d) Ca(NO3)2
Ans. (a)
Q. 2. If a salt on reaction with dil. H2SO4 gives a gas which turns K2Cr2O7 green
and on heating it gives Apple green color.
(a) BaSO3 (b) Na2SO4 (c) NaNO2 (d) CaS
Ans. (a)
Q. 3. If on addition H2SO4 (dil) a gas is coming out which turns lead acetate paper
black then compound is
(a) Na2S (b) CaS (c) FeS (d) All
Ans. (d)
Q. 4. If observation is as
H SO ∆
'X' 
2 4
→ B → C + D + E
Conc.

D and E are acidic gases and D gives E on oxidation and D turns K2Cr2O7
green then find ‘X’ and gas by the reaction of ‘X’ with H2SO4 (dil.)
(a) FeS, H2S (b) CaS, H2S (c) CuS, SO2 (d) PbS, H2S
Ans. (a)

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 Test By Conc. H2SO4
If conc. H2SO4 is added.
(1) Brown colour gas with brown ring Test.
Gas = NO2, Radical = NO3–
(2) A dark brown colour gas comes out without brown ring
test.
Gas = Br2, Radical = Br–
(3) A violet coloured gas comes out
Gas = I2, Radical = I–
(4) If HCl comes out → Cl–

Note : In case of F– and Cl–. Gases F2 and Cl2 are not

coming because F2 and Cl2 are good oxidiser due to this F–
and Cl– are not oxidised by H2SO4. But in case of Br– and
I– oxidation is easily possible.

Special Tests :
Ammonia solution
Cl −  
AgNO
3 → AgCl  
→ Dissolved
or ( aq. NH 3 )
White
Br −  
AgNO
3 → AgBr  
→ Dissolved
Yellow

I−  
AgNO
3→ AgI 
→ No reaction
Dark yellow

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 (5) If a gaseous mixture comes out which burns with blue
flame.
Gas = Co + CO2

Radical =

• C2O4– –
+ Fe+2 → [Fe(C2O4)2]2–
Yellow Complex

• + H2SO4 → CO + CO2 + H2O

Chromyl Chloride Test

It is given by only chloride ion of a metal. It is not given
by chlorides of Hg, Sn, Ag, Pb, and Sb.

(+Ve test)
H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 KOH
Q 1. X G Yellow solution

KOH (aq) Pb(CH3COO)2

(Gas) CuSO4
E+F Blue Yellow ppt.
HCl

White fumes
Sol. X = NH2Cl.

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 Some Important Tests (Anionic)
(i) I2 gives violet layer with chloroform.
(ii) F– test
NaF +H 2 SO 4  
→ NaHSO 4 + HF
(Conc.)

HF + SiO 2  
→ SiF4 + H 2 O
SiF4 + H 2 O  
→ H 2 [SiF6 ] + H 4 SiO 4

Waxy, deposite

(iii) Borate (BO3– –)

(iv) Sulphate (SO4– –)

(v) Phosphate (PO4– –)

  

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 Note : For Chromyl chloride test :
(i) The test tube must be dry otherwise chromyl chloride
may hydrolyse.
CrO2Cl2 + 2H2O → H2CrO4 + 2HCl
(ii) Bromides and iodides do not give chromyl chloride
test and in this test they evolve Br2 and I2.
(iii) If NaOH solution is incompletely acidified, then
white ppt. of lead hydroxide may be obtained.
(iv) In the organic layer test of Br –, chlorine water
must not be used in excess, otherwise layer attains
pale yellow colour due to formation of bromine
monochloride or it may be colourless due to formation
of hypobromous acid.
Br2 + Cl2 → 2BrCl (Bromine monochloride)
Br2 + 2H2O + Cl2 → 2HBrO + 2HCl
Colourless
(v) In the organic layer test of I–, excess of chlorine
water must be avoided otherwise the layer becomes
colourless due to formation of iodic acid.
I2 + 5Cl2 + 6H2O → 2HIO3 + 10HCl
(vi) Ring test is not reliable in presence of NO2–, Br– and
I–.
(vii) Smell of NH 3 also indicates the presence of
NO3–, (if nitrate salt is boiled with Zn/NaOH or
Al/NaOH.
Zn + 2NaOH → Na2ZnO2 + 2[H]
Al + NaOH + H2O → NaAlO2 + 3[H]
NaNO2 + 8[H] → NaOH + 2H2O + NH3↑
(viii) HF is corrosive and causes blisters on skin, so its
contact to skin must be avoided and it should not
be inhaled.
(ix) If on heating mixture with conc. H2SO4, a red oily
substance is condensed on colder parts of test tube,
then Cl– and CrO4– (or Cr2O72–) both may be present
in the mixture.

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 (x) During testing with conc. H 2 SO 4, the solution
must not be heated to boiling, otherwise H2SO4 will
get decomposed and evolution of SO2 will make
identification of other gases difficult.
(xi) In the organic layer test of Br– and I–, HNO3, CaOCl2,
KMnO4, NaOCl or chloramine may also be used in
place of chlorine water.

1. Which will not give chromyl chloride test

(a) AgCl (b) NaCl (c) NH4Cl (d) CaCl2
2. A gas is coming out by conc. H2SO4 reacting with salt ‘X’. Which burns with
blue flame and this salt can be converted by the heating of ‘Y’.
X Y Gas

(a) HCOONa CO + CO2

(b) HCOONa CO + CO2

(c) Na2CO3 HCOONa CO + CO2

(d) HCOONa Na2CO3 CO + CO2
3. Which will not evolve gas with conc. H2SO4
(a) NaCl (b) NaF (c) NaBr (d) a and b
4. H2SO4 + K2Cr2O7 gives brown color gas with ‘X’ then this ‘X’ may be
(a) NaCl (b) NaBr (c) Both (d) None
5. If ‘A’ on reaction with BaCl2 gives ‘B’ and this ‘B’ is insoluble in water then ‘A’ is
containing
(a) NaNO3 (b) Na2SO4 (c) NH4NO3 (d) NH4NO2

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b)

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 Lecture-7
Some Important Used Lines in the Questions
(i) If titanic word is there, it will be H2O2.
(ii) If tap water is used for the testing, then Cl– ion is in the
water.
(iii) A compound which is used in voting ink—AgNO3.
(iv) If K4[Fe(CN)6] is added.
Cu++ Given Chocolate colour
+3
Fe Given Prussian Blue
++
Zn Given Bluish white
Cu 2 [Fe(CN)6 ]
Cu++ 
 [Fe(CN) ]−−−− Zn 2 [ Fe(CN)6 ]
++ 
Zn    6
→ Fe [ Fe(CN) ]
4 6 3
+3  II
Fe  Ferri ferro cyanide

(v)

K3[Fe(CN)6] gives blue color with Fe+2.

K3[Fe(CN)6] gives brown color with Fe+3.

Note : If a word white to gray color then combination is as

Always with this combination.

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