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Ion exchange is a versatile process that can efficiently remove a wide range of heavy metals with compact equipment and regenerative resin, but has high operation costs and is sensitive to pH and fouling. Electrocoagulation uses simple equipment to form settleable flocs with low sludge production, but has high energy costs and electrode replacement needs. Chemical precipitation is a proven conventional method to achieve low metal concentrations, but produces large amounts of sludge and requires frequent testing and chemical transportation. Adsorption has low energy requirements but pollutants are only separated without destruction and adsorbents require regeneration.
Ion exchange is a versatile process that can efficiently remove a wide range of heavy metals with compact equipment and regenerative resin, but has high operation costs and is sensitive to pH and fouling. Electrocoagulation uses simple equipment to form settleable flocs with low sludge production, but has high energy costs and electrode replacement needs. Chemical precipitation is a proven conventional method to achieve low metal concentrations, but produces large amounts of sludge and requires frequent testing and chemical transportation. Adsorption has low energy requirements but pollutants are only separated without destruction and adsorbents require regeneration.
Ion exchange is a versatile process that can efficiently remove a wide range of heavy metals with compact equipment and regenerative resin, but has high operation costs and is sensitive to pH and fouling. Electrocoagulation uses simple equipment to form settleable flocs with low sludge production, but has high energy costs and electrode replacement needs. Chemical precipitation is a proven conventional method to achieve low metal concentrations, but produces large amounts of sludge and requires frequent testing and chemical transportation. Adsorption has low energy requirements but pollutants are only separated without destruction and adsorbents require regeneration.
Ion Exchange - No sludge generation - Calcium sulphate fouling
- Less labor intensive than chemical - Metallic fouling (from Fe, Mn, Cu, etc.) treatment on the ion exchange media - Less space requirement than chemical - Fine silt fouling treatments - Organic matter adsorption - Regenerative resin - Chlorine damages resin -Good removal of a wide range of heavy - Increased acidity of water due to Na metals ions transferring to water - Metal selective - High long-term operation costs -Fast kinetics - Highly sensitive to Ph - In comparison with conventional -Fouling due to oil, grease, silt, clay, precipitation treatment, ion exchange colloidal silica, organic materials, and offers the following advantages: microbes. (a) Precipitation and clarification -Presence of free acids reduces the equipment require a lot of space while efficiency of operation ion exchange is very compact. (b) Metal hydroxide sludges must be transported to a landfill licensed to handle them; ion exchange avoids generation of sludge. (c) No economical method is currently available to recover the metal values from metal finishing sludges so the metals cannot be recycled. Ion exchange allows convenient recovery of metals. (d) Ion exchange is a versatile process which accommodates metal ion concentration variations and reasonable changes in flow rate without deterioration in performance.
Electrocoagulation - Equipment is simple and easy to - Electrodes need regular replacement
/Electroflotation operate due to constant dissolution into - Sludge is readily settleable, and easy wastewater during oxidation to de-water. - Constant use of electricity (costs) - Low sludge production - Impermeable oxide film may form on - Flocs formed are larger, has less the cathode (lowers efficiency) bound water, acid-resistant, and more - Wastewater must be very conductive stable - Formation of large particles - Less to no use of chemicals compared - High energy costs to chemical coagulation - Gas bubbles formed during electrolysis carries pollutants to surface for easy concentration, collection, and removable - No moving parts -Low operating costs Chemical - Well established and proven method; - Frequent jar testing may be necessary precipitation conventional method to ensure optimal treatment conditions - Precipitants/treatment chemicals are and avoid instances of overdosing. relatively inexpensive - Exposure of operators to corrosive - Minimal maintenance and skilled chemicals may pose safety concerns. operator requirement are needed for - The addition of treatment chemicals, completely enclosed systems especially lime, may increase the -Low metal concentration in the effluent volume of waste sludge up to 50%. are achieved - Transport of large amounts of chemicals to the treatment location is a consideration. - Polymers can be expensive. High chemical requirement -Sludge disposal problem, large production of sludge -Slow metal precipitation and poor settling Adsorption - Low energy requirement - Adsorbents require regeneration - Low maintenance costs - Low selectivity - High metal binding capacities - Production of waste products - Wide pH range - Regular filter replacement - Easy installation and maintenance - Requires water analysis to choose - Flexibility and simplicity of design appropriate type of adsorbent to use - Ease of operation - Contaminants/pollutants are only - Insensitivity to toxic pollutants separated from the water and not totally removed/destroyed - Most studies on adsorption use activated carbon; not much experience with other adsorbents Membrane - Small space requirement - Membrane fouling; leads to high filtration - Low pressure requirement operational costs - High separation selectivity - Concentrated sludge production -Low flow rate Electrodialysis - High separation selectivity - Membrane fouling; leads to high operational costs - Consumes large amounts of energy Photocatalysis - Removes metals and organic - Long duration time pollutants simultaneously - Applications are limited - By-products are less harmful
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