Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
MMat 380
1
Copper lecture
2
Copper lecture
Topics in Copper
• “pure”
– Extraction and terminology of “grades”
– hydrogen embrittlement, deoxidizers
– phosphor free (P reduces conductivity)
• Pros and cons of Cu
• Alloys
• Brasses
– Stress corrosion cracking
• Bronzes
– dezincification
• Cu-Ni alloys
• Cu-Be
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Copper lecture
Processing:
Production of high-purity Cu from CuS concentrates
Copper Converter
Blister Copper
(98+%Cu)
Refining Furnace
Tough Pitch Copper
(99.5%Cu)
Processing:
Production of high-purity Cu from CuS concentrates
Tough Pitch Copper
(99.5%Cu)
Electrolytic Refinery Mud (treated for
Au and Ag)
Cathode Copper
(99.9%Cu)
Melt, Refine, and Cast
Electrolytic Tough
Pitch Copper
(99.9%Cu)
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Copper lecture
Interdendritic space:
dendrites and solidification
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Copper lecture
Cu-O phase
diagram
holes
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Copper lecture
Deoxidizers
Examples of deoxidizers
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Copper lecture
“Pure” copper
Electrolytic tough pitch copper (~0.045 O 2)
– Least expensive of the coppers
– Oxide does not appreciably affect conductivity
– H2 from torch when welding diffuses into metal
and interacts with oxide to form steam
– Metal may become “gassed” and therefore weak
and brittle
Phosphorous deoxidized copper
– < 0.09%P therefore oxygen absent
– Suitable for torch welding and brazing
– Good for plumbing, gas
– Not used for electrical conductivity (i.e., 0.025%P
in solution lowers the conductivity to 85% IASC)
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Copper lecture
Advantages Disadvantages
• Good corrosion resistance • Susceptibility to hydrogen
embrittlement, stress corrosion
• Excellent electrical and cracking
thermal conduction
• Relatively low strength/weight
• Variance in colour with ratio
alloy addition (aesthetic – (when compared to Al or steel)
value) • Properties are subject to
• Ease of fabrication due to dramatic changes with varying
excellent ductility (rolled alloy content
stamped, drawn) – (i.e. conductivity decreases
substantially with increasing
impurity content)
• Pure Cu
• Cu with minor additions
• Brasses
• Bronzes – Sn, Al, Si, Mn
• Cu-Ni alloys
• Cu-Be
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Copper lecture
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Copper lecture
Effect of additions
on strength
All increase
strength
especially Cd,
Sn, Al
All decrease
conductivity
especially P
Then Si, Fe, Ar,
Be
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Copper lecture
Brasses
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Copper lecture
Cu-Zn
phase diagram
Cu-Zn
Phase
Diagram
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Copper lecture
Susceptible:
• cold worked α brasses
• with Zn>15%
• In presence of trace
ammonia with oxygen
and moisture
Alleviated by:
Intergranular s.c.c. crack in
cartridge brass (70%Cu, 30%Zn)
• Low-T stress relief
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Copper lecture
Cu-Zn
Phase
Diagram
Susceptible to SCC
if ammonia, O2 and
H2O present
Brasses
• Alloys of Cu-Zn - cheaper than Cu
• Solid solution to ~38% Zn
• 3 alloys:
– α (cold working alloys),
– α+β,
– β (hot working alloys)
• Strength increases a lot in the α+β region
• Ductility drops - β more brittle
• 70-30 or 65-35 brass:
– high strength,
– high ductility
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Copper lecture
Corrosion: dezincification
Increasing % Zn
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Copper lecture
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Copper lecture
Cu-Sn
phase
diagram
L (Bronzes)
Cu-Al
L
β phase
diagram
γ1
α aluminum
+ bronzes
β
β γ
α Cu
+ 2
γ2
α + γ2
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Copper lecture
Influence of Al on properties of
bronzes
• Increase ductility
– (if adding < 8%)
– what happens at 8%?
• Increase strength
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Copper lecture
Influence of Ni on properties
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Copper lecture
• Age hardenable
L
1.87%Be solutionised
@ 800o C, quenched,
aged 4h @ 350o C.
α α+γ 1 γ1
γ 1 +γ2
α+γ 2
γ’
intermediate
CuBe phase
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