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EHV/HV Underground Cable Sheath Earthing (part 2/2) Page 1 of 14
Cables / High Voltage
EHV/HV Underground Cable Sheath Earthing

(part 2/2)
Continued from previous part: EHV/HV Cable Sheath Earthing (part

1/2)
Accessories for HT Cable Sheath Bonding

1. Function of Link Box?
Link Box is electrically and mechanically one of the integral

accessories of HV underground above ground cable bonding
system, associated with HV XLPE power cable systems. Link boxes
are used with cable joints and terminations to provide easy access to
shield breaks for test purposes and to limit voltage build-up on the
sheath.
http://electrical-engineering-portal.com/ehvhv-underground-cable-sheath-earthing-part-... 2/14/2018
Lightning, fault currents and switching operations can cause over

voltages on the cable sheath. The link box optimizes loss
management in the cable shield on cables grounded both sides. In
HT Cable the bonding system is so designed that the cable sheaths
are bonded and earthed or with SVL in such way as to eliminate or
reduce the circulating sheath currents.
Link Boxes are used with cable joints and terminations to provide
easy access to shield breaks for test purposes and to limit voltage
build-up on the sheath. The link box is part of bonding system, which
is essential of improving current carrying capacity and human
protection.
2. Sheath Voltage Limiters (SVL) (Surge Arrestors)
SVL is protective device to limit induce voltages appearing on the

bonded cable system due to short circuit.
It is necessary to fit SVL’s between the metallic screen and ground

inside the link box. The screen separation of power cable joint
(insulated joint) will be protected against possible damages as a
result of induced voltages caused by short circuit/break down.
Type of Sheath Bonding for HT Cable
There is normally three type of bonding for LT/HT cable

screen:
1. Single Point Bonded

1. One Side Single Point Bonded System.
2. Split Single Point Bonded System.
2. Both End Bonded System
3. Cross Bonded System
1. Single point bonded system
1a. One Side Single Bonded System
• A system is single point bonded if the arrangements are such

that the cable sheaths provide no path for the flow of
circulating currents or external fault currents.
• This is the simplest form of special bonding. The sheaths of
the three cable sections are connected and grounded at one
point only along their length. At all other points there will be
a voltage between sheath and ground and between screens of
adjacent phases of the cable circuit that will be at its maximum
at the farthest point from the ground bond.
• This induced voltage is proportional to the cable length and
current. Single-point bonding can only be used for limited route
lengths, but in general the accepted screen voltage potential
limits the length
• The sheaths must therefore be adequately insulated from
ground. Since there is no closed sheath circuit, except through
the sheath voltage limiter, current does not normally flow
longitudinally along the sheaths and no sheath circulation
current loss occurs.
• Open circuit in cable screen, no circulating current.
• Zero volt at the earthed end, standing voltage at the unearthed
end.
• Optional PVC insulated earth continuity conductor required to

provide path for fault current, if returning from earth is
undesirable, such as in a coal mine.
• SVL installed at the unearthed end to protect the cable
insulation during fault conditions.
• Induced voltage proportional to the length of the cable and the
current carried in the cable .
• Zero volt with respect to the earth grid voltage at the earthed
end, standing voltage at the unearthed end.
• Circulating current in the earth–continuity conductor is not
significant, as magnetic fields from phases are partially
balanced.
• The magnitude of the standing voltage is depended on the
magnitude of the current flows in the core, much higher if there
is an earth fault.
• High voltage appears on the unearthed end can cause arcing
and damage outer PVC sheath.
• The voltage on the screen during a fault also depends on the
earthing condition.
Standing voltage at the unearthed end during earth fault condition:
• During a ground fault on the power system the zero sequence

current carried by the cable conductors could return by
whatever external paths are available. A ground fault in the
immediate vicinity of the cable can cause a large difference in
ground potential rise between the two ends of the cable
system, posing hazards to personnel and equipment.
• For this reason, single-point bonded cable installations
need a parallel ground conductor, grounded at both ends of
the cable route and installed very close to the cable
conductors, to carry the fault current during ground faults and
to limit the voltage rise of the sheath during ground faults to an
acceptable level.
• The parallel ground continuity conductor is usually insulated to
avoid corrosion and transposed, if the cables are not
transposed, to avoid circulating currents and losses during

normal operating conditions.
• Voltage at the unearthed end during an earth fault consists of
two voltage components. Induced voltage due to fault current
in the core.
Advantages
• No circulating current.
• No heating in the cable screen.
• Economical.
Disadvantages
• Standing voltage at the un–earthed end.

• Requires SVL if standing voltage during fault is excessive.
• Requires additional earth continuity conductor for fault
current if earth returned current is undesirable. Higher
magnetic fields around the cable compared to solidly bonded
system.
• Standing voltage on the cable screen is proportional to the
length of the cable and the magnitude of current in the core.
• Typically suitable for cable sections less than 500 m, or one
drum length.
1b. Split Single Point-bonded System
• It is also known as double length single point bonding

System.
• Cable screen continuity is interrupted at the midpoint and SVLs
need to be fitted at each side of the isolation joint.
• Other requirements are identical to single–point–bonding
system like SVL, Earth continuity Conductor, Transposition of
earth continuity conductor.
• Effectively two sections of single–point–bonding.
• No circulating current and Zero volt at the earthed ends,
standing voltage at the sectionalizing joint.
Advantages
• No circulating current in the screen.

• No heating effect in the cable screen.
• Suitable for longer cable section compared to single–point
–bonding system and solidly bonded single-core system.
• Economical.
Disadvantages
• Standing voltage exists at the screen and sectionalizing

insulation joint.
• Requires SVL to protect the un–earthed end.
• Requires separate earth continuity conductor for zero

sequence current.
• Not suitable for cable sections over 1000 m.
• Suitable for 300~1000 m long cable sections, double the length
of single–point–bonding system.
2. Both End Solidly Bonded (Single-core cable) systems
• Most Simple and Common method.

• Cable screen is bonded to earth grids at both ends (via link
box).
• To eliminate the induced voltages in Cable Screen is to bond
(Earth) the sheath at both ends of the cable circuit.
• This eliminates the need for the parallel continuity conductor
used in single bonding systems. It also eliminates the need to
provide SVL, such as that used at the free end of single-point
bonding cable circuits
• Significant circulating current in the screen Proportional to the
core current and cable length and de rates cable.
• Could lay cable in compact trefoil formation if permissible.
• Suitable for route length of more than 500 Meter.
• Very small standing voltage in the order of several volts.
Advantages
• Minimum material required.

• Most economical if heating is not a main issue.
• Provides path for fault current, minimizing earth return current
and EGVR at cable destination.
• Does not require screen voltage limiter (SVL).
• Less electromagnetic radiation.
Disadvantages
• Provides path for circulating current.

• Heating effects in cable screen, greater losses .Cable therefore
might need to be de–rated or larger cable required.
• Transfers voltages between sites when there is an EGVR at
one site.
• Can lay cables in trefoil formation to reduce screen losses .
• Normally applies to short cable section of tens of meters long.
Circulating current is proportional to the length of the cable and
the magnitude of the load current.
3. Cross-bonded cable system
• A system is cross-bonded if the arrangements are such that

the circuit provides electrically continuous sheath runs from
earthed termination to earthed termination but with the sheaths
so sectionalized and cross-connected in order to reduce the
sheath circulating currents.
• In This Type voltage will be induced between screen and earth,
but no significant current will flow.
• The maximum induced voltage will appear at the link boxes for
cross-bonding. This method permits a cable current-carrying
capacity as high as with single-point bonding but longer route
lengths than the latter. It requires screen separation and
additional link boxes.
• For cross bonding, the cable length is divided into three
approximately equal sections. Each of the three alternating
magnetic fields induces a voltage with a phase shift of 120° in
the cable shields.
• The cross bonding takes place in the link boxes. Ideally, the
vectorial addition of the induced voltages results in U (Rise) =
0. In practice, the cable length and the laying conditions will
vary, resulting in a small residual voltage and a negligible
current. Since there is no current flow, there are practically no
losses in the screen.
• The total of the three voltages is zero, thus the ends of the
three sections can be grounded.
• Summing up induced voltage in sectionalized screen from each
phase resulting in neutralization of induced voltages in three
consecutive minor sections.
• Normally one drum length (500 m approx) per minor section.
• Sectionalizing position and cable jointing position should be
coincident.
• Solidly earthed at major section joints.
• Transpose cable core to balance the magnitude of induced
voltages to be summed up.
• Link box should be used at every sectionalizing joint and
balanced impedance in all phases.
• Induced voltage magnitude profile along the screen of a major
section in the cross–bonding cable system.
• Virtually zero circulating current and Voltage to the remote

earth at the solidly earthed ends.
• In order to obtain optimal result, two ‘‘crosses’’ exist. One is
Transposition of cable core crossing cable core at each section
and second is Cross bond the cable screens effectively no
transposition of screen.
• Cross bonding of cable screen: It is cancelled induced
voltage in the screen at every major Section joint.
• Transposition of cables: It is ensure voltages to be summed
up have similar magnitude .Greater standing voltage at the
screen of the outer cable.
• Standing voltages exist at screen and majority of section joints
cable and joints must be installed as an insulated screen
system.
Requirement of transpose for cables core
• If core not transposed, not well neutralized resulting in some

circulating currents.
• Cable should be transposed and the screen needs to be cross

bonded at each sectionalizing joint position for optimal
neutralization
Advantages
• Not required any earth continuity conductor.

• Virtually zero circulating current in the screen.
• Standing voltage in the screen is controlled.
• Technically superior than other methods.
• Suitable for long distance cable network.
Disadvantages
• Technically complicated.
• More expensive.
Bonding Method Comparison

Earthing Method Standing Voltage at Sheath Voltage Application
Cable End Limiter Required
Single End Yes Yes Up to 500 Meter

Bonding
Double End No No Up to 1 Km and Substations short
Bonding connections, hardly applied for HV cables,
rather for MV and LV cables
Cross Only at Yes Long distance connectionswhere joints are
Bonding cross required
bonding
points
Sheath Losses according to type of Bonding

• Sheath losses are current-dependent losses and are generated
by the induced currents when load current flows in cable
conductors.
• The sheath currents in single-core cables are induced by

“transformer” effect; i.e.by the magnetic field of alternating
current flowing in cable conductor which induces voltages in
cable sheath or other parallel conductors.
• The sheath induced electromotive forces (EMF) generate two
types of losses: circulating current losses (Y1) and eddy
current losses (Y2), so the total losses in cable metallic sheath
are: Y= Y1+Y2
• The eddy currents circulating radially and longitudinally of
cable sheaths are generated on similar principles of skin and
proximity effects i.e. they are induced by the conductor
currents, sheath circulating currents and by currents circulating
in close proximity current carrying conductors.
• They are generated in cable sheath irrespective of bonding
system of single core cables or of three-core cables
• The eddy currents are generally of smaller magnitude when
comparing with circuit (circulating) currents of solidly bonded
cable sheaths and may be neglects except in the case of large
segmental conductors and are calculated in accordance with
formulae given in the IEC60287.
• Circulating currents are generated in cable sheath if the
sheaths form a closed loop when bonded together at the
remote ends or intermediate points along the cable route.
• These losses are named sheath circulating current losses and
they are determined by the magnitude of current in cable
conductor, frequency, mean diameter, the resistance of cable
sheath and the distance between single-core cables.
Conclusion
There is much disagreement as to whether the cable shield
should be grounded at both ends or at only one end. If
grounded at only one end, any possible fault current must
traverse the length from the fault to the grounded end,
imposing high current on the usually very light shield
conductor. Such a current could readily damage or destroy
the shield and require replacement of the entire cable rather
than only the faulted section.
With both ends grounded, the fault current would divide and
flow to both ends, reducing the duty on the shield, with
consequently less chance of damage.
Multiple grounding, rather than just grounding at both ends,

is simply the grounding of the cable shield or sheath at all
access points, such as manholes or pull boxes. This also
limits possible shield damage to only the faulted section.
References
1. Mitton Consulting.
2. EMElectricals
About Author
Edvard Csanyi
Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly

specialized for design of LV/MV switchgears and LV high power
busbar trunking (<6300A) in power substations, commercial buildings
and industry fascilities. Professional in AutoCAD programming.
Present on Google+

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EHV/HV Underground Cable Sheath Earthing (part 2/2) Page 1 of 14

Cables / High Voltage

EHV/HV Underground Cable Sheath Earthing

Continued from previous part: EHV/HV Cable Sheath Earthing (part

Accessories for HT Cable Sheath Bonding

Link Box is electrically and mechanically one of the integral

Lightning, fault currents and switching operations can cause over

2. Sheath Voltage Limiters (SVL) (Surge Arrestors)

SVL is protective device to limit induce voltages appearing on the

It is necessary to fit SVL’s between the metallic screen and ground

Type of Sheath Bonding for HT Cable

There is normally three type of bonding for LT/HT cable

1. Single Point Bonded

1. Single point bonded system

1a. One Side Single Bonded System

• A system is single point bonded if the arrangements are such

• Optional PVC insulated earth continuity conductor required to

Standing voltage at the unearthed end during earth fault condition:

• During a ground fault on the power system the zero sequence

transposed, to avoid circulating currents and losses during

• Standing voltage at the un–earthed end.

1b. Split Single Point-bonded System

• It is also known as double length single point bonding

• No circulating current in the screen.

• Standing voltage exists at the screen and sectionalizing

• Requires separate earth continuity conductor for zero

2. Both End Solidly Bonded (Single-core cable) systems

• Most Simple and Common method.

• Minimum material required.

• Provides path for circulating current.

3. Cross-bonded cable system

• A system is cross-bonded if the arrangements are such that

• Virtually zero circulating current and Voltage to the remote

Requirement of transpose for cables core

• If core not transposed, not well neutralized resulting in some

• Cable should be transposed and the screen needs to be cross

• Not required any earth continuity conductor.

Bonding Method Comparison

Cable End Limiter Required

Single End Yes Yes Up to 500 Meter

Sheath Losses according to type of Bonding

• The sheath currents in single-core cables are induced by

Multiple grounding, rather than just grounding at both ends,

Electrical engineer, programmer and founder of EEP. Highly

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