IOT BASED AUTOMATED SMART IRRIGATION

SYSTEM
ABSTRACT

Agriculture has a major impact on economy of the country. Lot of Research been carried
out in automating the irrigation system by employing wireless sensor and mobile computing.
Also research been done in applying machine learning in agricultural system too Recently
“Machine to machine (M2M)” communication is an emerging technology which allows devices,
objects etc to communicate among each other and send data to Server or Cloud through the Core
Network. So accordingly we here have developed an Intelligent IoT based Automated Irrigation
system where sensor data pertaining to soil moisture and temperature captured and accordingly
KNN (K- Nearest Neighbor) classification machine learning algorithm deployed for analyzing
the sensor data for prediction towards irrigating the soil with water. This is a fully automated
where devices communicate among themselves and apply the intelligence in irrigating. This has
been developed using low cost embedded devices like Arduino Uno, Raspberry Pi3.
INTRODUCTION

Agriculture is the major backbone of Indian Economy. Most of the available fresh water
resources are used in Agriculture.In India most of the irrigation systems are operated manually
which is not automated. In the recent years automated and semi- automated technologies been
deployed for irrigating the field which has replaced the traditional Agricultural mechanism.

The available traditional methods of irrigation are drip irrigation, ditch irrigation,
sprinkler system. This problem can be easily rectified by making use of the automated system
rather than the traditional systems.. The current irrigation methodology adopted employ uniform
water distribution [1,2] which is not optimal. So accordingly technologies being applied towards
agricultural monitoring which is required by farmers.

So as such standalone monitoring station been developed employing “MSP 430”

microcontroller along with set of meteorological sensors which includes temperature and
humidity. In addition to the standalone monitoring station, Wireless Sensor based monitoring
system [3] been developed which is composed of number of wireless sensor nodes and a
gateway.

This system here provides a unique, wireless and easy solution with better spatial and
temporal resolutions In addition to employing technologies in monitoring the agriculture for
automating the irrigation system, there is need for some intelligence which allows machines to
apply some intelligence in interpreting agricultural data captured and accordingly analyze data
towards predicting the output rather than following traditional rule based algorithm.

So towards this, “Machine learning” [4] which is a part of Artificial intelligence plays a
key role which allows devices to learn without being explicitly programmed.. Machine learning
got its applications in Crop Selection and Yield where many effective Machine algorithms [5-7]
identify the input and accordingly output the relationship in Crop selection yielding the
approximated prediction
 There are other Machine learning techniques like Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), K-
Nearest Neighbor and Decision trees which has been applied in Crop Selection based on various
factors.

Machine learning also got its application in Crop Disease prediction [8] in addition to
Crop Selection and Yield. Crop Disease detection and classification in early stage been carried
out using Support Vector Machines. Also disease detection of Crop leaves been carried out using
Pattern Recognition which is a branch of Machine Learning.

So it is clear that Wireless sensor based system and machine learning have been
employed in agricultural monitoring pertaining to Crop Selection and Yield, Crop disease
prediction. But there has been no research reported so far which does prediction and analysis of
the agricultural data gathered towards automating the irrigation.

Also most of the systems so far are semi automated or in some cases automated which
are confined to a small area and there is still need of some human intervention based on
prediction for actuating and so.

So now with the upcoming of M2M [9] which is a part of IoT that allow devices to communicate
with other devices without the need of human intervention, we here have developed an
Intelligent IoT based Automated Irrigation system where Moisture and Temperature sensor been
deployed in the agriculture field towards capturing the data for watering the field. Now based on
information gathered by the gateway unit from sensor, information sent to control unit which is
Raspberry pi.

Raspberry pi holds a KNN (K- Nearest Neighbor) machine learning algorithm towards analysis
of information extracted from the sensor for actuating the pump for watering the field. This
information on data analyzed is recorded in Cloud server which allows the farmer’s to access
from their mobile handset.

This shows a complete intelligent IoT based Automated Irrigation system prototype developed
where intelligence developed in training the data set for predicting the soil condition towards
watering the field or not which makes things simpler for farmer of not worrying about watering
the field. Also the famer’s can view the agricultural field watered or not from web server too.
LITERATURE SURVEY

TITLE:Paddy Growth Monitoring with Wireless Sensor Networks,

YEAR: 2007.

AUTHER: Kait L.K., Kai C.Z., Khoshdelniat R., Lim S.M., and Tat E.H.,

The emergence of wireless sensor networks and micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)

technologies have brought thousands of evolutions to establish connections among human world,
nature and computers. This paper presents a system design of Paddy growth monitoring with
wireless sensor networks, which aimed to assist farmers in precise agriculture and increase of
rice yield.

TITLE: Remote Sensing and Control of an Irrigation System Using a Distributed Wireless
Sensor Network

YEAR: July 2008.

AUTHER: Kim Y., Evans R.G. and Iversen W.M.,

Efficient water management is a major concern in many cropping systems in semiarid

and arid areas. Distributed in-field sensor-based irrigation systemsoffer a potential solution to
support site-specific irrigation management that allows producers to maximize their productivity
while saving water. This paper describes details of the design and instrumentation of variable
rate irrigation, a wireless sensor network, and software for real-time in-field sensing and control
of a site-specific precision linear-move irrigation system.

Field conditions were site-specifically monitored by six in-field sensor stations

distributed across the field based on a soil property map, and periodically sampled and wirelessly
transmitted to a base station. An irrigation machine was converted to be electronically controlled
by a programming logic controller that updates georeferenced location of sprinklers from a
differential Global Positioning System (GPS) and wirelessly communicates with a computer at
the base station.
 Communication signals from the sensor network and irrigation controller to the base
station were successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication.
Graphic user interface-based software developed in this paper offered stable remote access to
field conditions and real-time control and monitoring of the variable-rate irrigation controller.

TITLE:Automated Irrigation System Using a Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module

YEAR: 2013

AUTHER: Joaquín G, Juan F , Alejandra N.G, and Miguel Ángel,

An automated irrigation system was developed to optimize water use for agricultural
crops. The system has a distributed wireless network of soil-moisture and temperature sensors
placed in the root zone of the plants.

In addition, a gateway unit handles sensor information, triggers actuators, and transmits
data to a web application. An algorithm was developed with threshold values of temperature and
soil moisture that was programmed into a microcontroller-based gateway to control water
quantity.

The system was powered by photovoltaic panels and had a duplex communication link
based on a cellular-Internet interface that allowed for data inspection and irrigation scheduling to
be programmed through a web page.

The automated system was tested in a sage crop field for 136 days and water savings of
up to 90% compared with traditional irrigation practices of the agricultural zone were achieved.

Three replicas of the automated system have been used successfully in other places for 18
months. Because of its energy autonomy and low cost, the system has the potential to be useful
in water limited geographically isolated areas.
TITLE:Crop Selection Method to maximize crop yield rate using machine learning technique

YEAR:2015.

AUTHER:Kumar R, Singh M .P, Prabhat K, and Singh J.P.

Agriculture planning plays a significant role in economic growth and food security of
agro-based country. Se- lection of crop(s) is an important issue for agriculture planning. It
depends on various parameters such as production rate, market price and government policies.
Many researchers studied prediction of yield rate of crop, prediction of weather, soil
classification and crop classification for agriculture planning using statistics methods or
machine learning techniques.
If there is more than one option to plant a crop at a time using limited land resource,
then selection of crop is a puzzle. This paper proposed a method named Crop Selection Method
(CSM) to solve crop selection problem, and maximize net yield rate of crop over season and
subsequently achieves maximum economic growth of the country. The proposed method may
improve net yield rate of crops.

TITLE: Automatic drip irrigation system using fuzzy logic and mobile technology

YEAR: 2015.

AUTHER: Koushik Anand, Jayakumar C, Mohana Muthu andSridhar A

An intelligent drip irrigation system optimizes water and fertilizer use for agricultural
crops using wireless sensors and fuzzy logic. The wireless sensor networks consists of many
sensor nodes, hub and control unit.

The sensor collects real-time data such as temperature, soil humidity. This data is sent to
the hub using the wireless technology. The hub processes the data using fuzzy logic and decides
the time duration for keeping the valves open. Accordingly, the drip irrigation system is
implemented for a particular amount of time.
 The whole system is powered by photovoltaic cells and has a communication link which
allows the system to be monitored, controlled, and scheduled through cellular text messages. The
system can quickly and accurately calculate water demand amount of crops, which can provide a
scientific basis for water-saving irrigation, as well as a method to optimize the amount of
fertilizer used.

JOAQUÍN GUTIERREZ, JUAN FRANCISCO VILLA-MEDIN

In this paper, greenhouse is a building in which plants are grown in closed environment.
It is used to maintain the optimal conditions of the environment, greenhouse management and
data acquisition.

TITLE : Smart Farming System Using Sensors for Agricultural Task Automation”, IEEE
AUTHER : Priyatharshini

It is designed for IoT based monitoring system to analyze crop environment and the
method to improve the efficiency of decision making by analyzing harvest statistics.

TITLE :Design and Development of Precision Agriculture System Using Wireless Sensor
Network”,
AUTHER : S. R. Nandurkar, V. R. Thool, R. C. Thool

In this paper image processing is used as a tool to monitor the diseases on fruits during
farming, right from plantation to harvesting. The variations are seen in color, texture
and morphology.

AUTOMATED IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING SOLAR POWER.

This paper proposes a model of variable rate automatic microcontroller based irrigation
system. Solar power is used as only the source of power to control the overall system. Sensors
are placed on the paddy field and these sensors continuously sense the water level and give the
message to the farmer informing the water level.

Without visiting the paddy fields, farmers can get the information about the water level.
Based on the water level, a farmer can control the motor by sending a message from his cellular
phone even from a remote place.
 However, if the water level reaches to the danger level; the motor will automatically start
without confirmation of farmer to ensure the proper water level in the site. At the end of this
paper, a complete hardware implementation of this proposed automated irrigation system is
presented.

REMOTE SENSING AND CONTROL OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM USING A

DISTRIBUTED WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORK

Efficient water management is a major concern in many cropping systems in semiarid

and arid areas. Distributed in-field sensor-based irrigation systemsoffer a potential solution to
support site-specific irrigation management that allows producers to maximize their productivity
while saving water.

This paper describes details of the design and instrumentation of variable rate irrigation, a
wireless sensor network, and software for real-time in-field sensing and control of a site-specific
precision linear-move irrigation system. Field conditions were site-specifically monitored by six
in-field sensor stations distributed across the field based on a soil property map, and periodically
sampled and wirelessly transmitted to a base station.

An irrigation machine was converted to be electronically controlled by a programming

logic controller that updates georeferenced location of sprinklers from a differential Global
Positioning System (GPS) and wirelessly communicates with a computer at the base station.

Communication signals from the sensor network and irrigation controller to the base
station were successfully interfaced using low-cost Bluetooth wireless radio communication.
Graphic user interface-based software developed in this paper offered stable remote access to
field conditions and real-time control and monitoring of the variable-rate irrigation controller.
BLOCK DIAGRAM:

POWER
SUPPLY

SOIL
MOISTURE
INTERNET OF
THINGS
TEMPERATURE
SENSOR

CURRENT PIC RELAY

SENSOR

HUMIDITY
SENSOR
PUMP MOTOR
PIR SENSOR

LCD
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Power supply
 LCD
 PIC Microcontroller
 Soil moisture
 Humidity sensor
 IOT
 Relay
 Pump motor
 PIR sensor
 Temperature sensor
 Current sensor

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

 Embedded c
 Arduino uno

MODULES:

 Power supply
 LCD
 PIC Microcontroller
 Soil moisture
 Humidity sensor
 IOT
 Relay
 Pump motor
 PIR sensor
 Temperature sensor
 Current sensor
MODULE DESCRIPTION

MODULE 1

POWER SUPPLY

Available power source is an Ac voltage arrives at 230V.Since our electronic

circuits require only very minimal voltage and current we use step down power transformer.
Step down transformer is designed in such a way that the input is 230V and output of 12V.
Another thing is, that electronic circuits operate in DC where as available output of
transformer is Ac of 12V. So rectifier circuit is used to convert AC to DC. Rectifier circuit
consists of four diodes formed in bridge fashion so as to convert incoming AC to DC.

Even though output of rectifier circuit is DC it is not smooth or fixed DC. So filter
circuits are used to convert rippling DC to smooth DC. The filter circuit is a capacitor,
connected parallel to the output of rectifier circuit. This smooth DC voltage will be in the
range of 12+volt. But we require only 5V supply for the operation of micro controllers and
it’s supporting components. Here again regulator ICs such as 7805 is used to regulate the
incoming 12VDC to fixed regulated 5V as output. This DC regulated 5V is applied to the
circuits.

Even though the circuit is functioning with 5V, the relays are driven by 6V or
12V. For this purpose 7806/7812 regulator IC is additionally connected to the rectifier
filter circuit. Thus 12V regulated is used for driving 12V relays.

VOLTAGE REGULATORS
THREE-TERMINAL REGULATORS

For most no critical applications the best choice for a voltage regulator is the
simple –terminal type. It has only three connections (input, output, and ground) and is
factory-trimmed to provide a fixed output. Typical of this type is the 78xx.
The voltage is specified by the last two digits of the part number and can be any
of the following: 05, 08,10, 12, 15,18, or 24. It is to make a +5 volt regulator, for
instance, with one of these regulators. The capacitor across the output improves transient
response and keeps the impedance low at high frequencies (an input capacitor of at least
0.33F should be used in addition if the regulator is located a considerable distance from
the filter capacitors).

The 7800 series is available in plastic or metal power packages (same as power
transistors). A low-power version, the 78Lxx, comes in the same plastic and metal
packages as small-signal transistors. The 7900 series of negative regulators works the
same way (with negative input voltage, of course). The 7800 series can provide up to 1
amp load current and has on-chip circuitry to prevent damage in the event of overheating
or excessive load current; the chip simply shuts down, rather than blowing out. In
addition, on-chip circuitry prevents operation outside the

Transistor safe operating area by reducing available output current for large input-
output voltage differential. These regulators are in-expensive and easy to use, and they
make it practical to design a system with many printed-circuit boards in which the
unregulated dc is brought to each board and regulation is done locally on each circuit
card.

Three - terminal fixed regulators come in some highly useful variants. The LP
2950 works just like a 7805, but draws only 75A of quiescent current (compared with
the 7805’s 5mA or the 78L05’s 3mA); it also regulates with as little

as a 0.4 volt drop from unregulated input to regulated output (called the “drop out
voltage”), compared with 2 volts drop out for the classic 7805. The LM291 is also low-
dropout, but you might call it milli power (0.4mA quiescent current), compared with the
“micro power” LP 2950. Low-dropout regulators also come in high – current versions
for example, the LT 1085/4/3 series from LTC (A, 5A, and 7.5A, respectively, with both
+ 5V and + 12V available in each type).

Regulators like the LM 2984 are basically three-terminal fixed regulators, but with extra
outputs to signal a microprocessor that power has failed, or resumed. Finally, regulators
 like the 4195 contain a pair of 3-terminal 15-volt regulators, one positive and one
negative.

LM78XX Series Voltage Regulators

GENERAL DESCRIPTION

The LM78xx series of three terminal regulators is available with several fixed output
voltages making them useful in a wide range of applications. One of these is local on card
regulation, eliminating the distribution problems associated with single point regulation.

The voltages available allow these regulators to be used in logic systems,

instrumentation, HiFi, and other solid-state electronic equipment.

Although designed primarily as fixed voltage regulators these devices can be used with
external components to obtain adjustable voltages and currents.

The LM78XX series is available in an aluminum TO-3 package which will allow over
1.0A load current if adequate heat sinking is provided. Current limiting is included to limit
the peak output current to a safe value.

Safe area protection for the output transistor is provided to limit internal power
dissipation. If internal power dissipation becomes too high for the heat sinking provided, the
thermal shutdown circuit takes over preventing the IC from overheating.

Considerable effort was expanded to make the LM78XX series of regulators easy to
use and minimize the number of external components. It is not necessary to bypass the
output, although this does improve transient response. Input by-passing is needed only if the
regulator is located far from the filter capacitor of the power supply.

Features

 Output current in excess of 1A

 Internal thermal overload protection
 No external components required
 Output transistor safe area protection
 Internal short circuit current limit
  Available in the aluminum TO-3 package

Voltage Range

LM7805C 5V

LM7812C 12V

LM7815C 15V

LM7912C -12V

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM OF POWER SUPPLY UNIT

12-0-12 / 500MA
7805
230 V AC/50 HZ
1 3
GND

INPUT IN OUT
1N 4007 +5 Volt
+ 0.1MF
+ 1000 MF/25 V
2

0 GND
0 GND
MODULE 2

LCD DISPLAY

LCD DISPLAY

LCD stands for liquid crystal; this is a output device with a limited viewing angle. The
choice of LCD as an output device was Because of its cost of use and is better with alphabets
when compared with a 7-segment LED display.

We have so many kinds of LCD today and our application requires a LCD with 2 lines
and 16 characters per line, this gets data from the microcontroller and displays the same. It has 8
data lines, 3 control line, a supply voltage Vcc (+5v and a GND.

This makes the whole device user friendly by showing the balance left in the card. This
also shoes the card that is currently being used.

In recent years the LCD is finding widespread use replacing LED’s. This is due to the
following reasons:

1. The declining prices of LCD’s.

2. The ability to display numbers, characters and graphics. This is in contrast to LED’s,
which are limited to numbers and few characters.
3. Incorporation of a refreshing controller into the LCD, there by relieving the CPU of the
task of refreshing the LCD .in contrast, the Led must be refreshed by the CPU to keep
displaying the data.
4. Ease of programming for characters and graphics.

LCD PIN DESCRIPTIONS

VCC, VSS and VEE

While VCC and VSS provide +5v and ground respectively, VEE is used for controlling
LCD contrast.
RS, REGISTER SELECT

There are two very important registers inside the LCD. The RS pin used for their
selection as follows.

If RS=0, the instruction command code register is selected, allowing the user to sent a
command such as clear display, cursor at home ,etc .

IF RS=1 the data register is selected, allowing the user to sent data to be displayed on the
LCD.

R/W READ/WRITE

R/W input allows the user to write information to the LCD or read information from it.

R/W=1 when reading; R/W=0 when writing.

E, ENABLE

The enable pin is used by the LCD to latch information present to its data pins. When
data is supplied to data pins, a high to low pulse must be applied to this pin in order for the LCD
to latch in the data present at the data pins. This pulse must be a minimum of 450ns wide.

D0-D7

The 8-bit data pins, D0-D7, are used to sent information to LCD or read the contents of
the LCD’s internal registers.

The LCD commands codes are as shown in table.4. To display letters and numbers, we
send ASCII codes for the letters A-Z, a-z, and numbers 0-9 to these pins while making RS=1.
1 Clear display screen

2 Return home

4 Decrement cursor

6 Increment cursor

5 Shift display right

7 Shift display left

8 Display off, cursor off

A Display off, cursor on

C Display on, cursor off

E Display on, cursor blinking

F Display on, cursor blinking

10 Shift cursor position to left

14 Shift cursor position to right

18 Shift the entire display to the left

1C Shift the entire display to the right

80 Force cursor to beginning of the 1st line

C0 Force cursor to beginning of the 2nd line

38 2 lines and 2*7 matrix

TABLE.4. LCD COMMAND CODES

LCD PROGRAMMING CHART

The LCD programming chart is as shown in the fig.13.

FIG.13. LCD PROGRAMMING CHART

LCD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

+5V

LO
40
31 39 14 D B7
EA/VP P0.0 38 13 D B6
P0.1
19 37 12 D B5 VCC HI
X1 P0.2
P0.3
36 11 D B4 2 +5V
11.0592 35 10 D B3
P0.4
18 34 9 D B2 POT
X2 P0.5 33 8 D B1 V EE 10K
P0.6
1mf P0.7
32 7 D B0 3
2 1 9
RESET 21 6 EN V SS
P2.0 22 5 R/W 1
12 AT 89C52
AT89S52 P2.1 23 4 RS
13 INT0 P2.2 24
0 14 INT1 P2.3 25 0
15 T0 P2.4 26
T1 P2.5 27
1 P2.6 28
2 P1.0 P2.7
3 P1.1 17
P1.2 RD
4 16 L C D JH D 1 6 2 A
5 P1.3 WR 29
6 P1.4 PSEN 30
7 P1.5 ALE/P 11
8 P1.6 TXD 10
P1.7 RXD
20
0

FIG.14. LCD CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROGRAMMING THE LCD

Before you may really use the LCD, you must initialize and configure it. This is
accomplished by sending a number of initialization instructions to the LCD.

The first instruction we send must tell the LCD whether we'll be communicating with it
with an 8-bit or 4-bit data bus.
 We also select a 5x8 dot character font. These two options are selected by sending the
command 38h to the LCD as a command.

As you will recall from the last section, we mentioned that the RS line must be low if we
are sending a command to the LCD. The second byte of the initialization sequence is the
instruction 0Eh. Thus we must repeat the initialization code from above, but now with the
instruction.

Thus the next code segment is: The last byte we need to send is used to configure
additional operational parameters of the LCD. We must send the value 06h.

Thus, the first character in the upper left-hand corner is at address 00h. The following
character position (character #2 on the first line) is address 01h, etc. This continues until we
reach the 16th character of the first line which is at address 0Fh.

However, the first character of line 2, as shown in the memory map, is at address 40h.
This means if we write a character to the last position of the first line and then write a second
character, the second character will not appear on the second line. That is because the second
character will effectively be written to address 10h--but the second line begins at address 40h.

Thus we need to send a command to the LCD that tells it to position the cursor on the
second line. The "Set Cursor Position" instruction is 80h. To this we must add the address of the
location where we wish to position the cursor.

MAX 232- SERIAL PORT INTERFACE

 FIG.11PINOUT DIAGRAM OF MAX232

FIG.12 FUNCTIONAL DIAGRAM OF MAX232

RS-232C
The pin and functional diagram is as shown in the fig.11. and fig.12.

RS-232 stands for Recommend Standard number 232 and C is the latest revision of the
standard. The serial ports on most computers use a subset of the RS-232C standard.

The full RS-232C standard specifies a 25-pin "D" connector of which 22 pins are used.
Most of these pins are not needed for normal PC communications, and indeed, most new PCs are
equipped with male D type connectors having only 9 pins.

9 Pin Connector on a DTE device (PC connection)

Male RS232
DB9

Pin
Direction of signal:
Number
1 Carrier Detect (CD) (from DCE) Incoming signal from a modem

2 Received Data (RD) Incoming Data from a DCE

3 Transmitted Data (TD) Outgoing Data to a DCE

4 Data Terminal Ready (DTR) Outgoing handshaking signal

5 Signal Ground Common reference voltage

6 Data Set Ready (DSR) Incoming handshaking signal

7 Request To Send (RTS) Outgoing flow control signal

8 Clear To Send (CTS) Incoming flow control signal

9 Ring Indicator (RI) (from DCE) Incoming signal from a modem

Details of RS232

STANDARD SERIAL INTERFACE

The serial port is full duplex, meaning it can transmit and receives simultaneously. It is
also receive-buffered, meaning it can commence reception of a second byte before a previously
received byte has been read from the register. (However, if the first byte still hasn’t been read by
the time reception of the second byte is complete, one of the bytes will be lost.)

The serial port receive and transmit registers are both accessed at Special Function
Register SBUF. Writing to SBUF loads the transmit register, and reading SBUF accesses a
physically separate receive register.
ACTIVE MATRIX TECHNOLOGY

TWISTED NEMATIC (TN)

Twisted Pneumatic displays contain liquid crystals that twist and untwist at varying
degrees to allow light to pass through. When no voltage is applied to a TN liquid crystal cell,
polarized light passes through the 90-degrees twisted LC layer. In proportion to the voltage
applied, the liquid crystals untwist changing the polarization and blocking the light's path. By
properly adjusting the level of the voltage almost any gray level or transmission can be achieved.

IN-PLANE SWITCHING (IPS)

In-plane switching is an LCD technology that aligns the liquid crystals in a plane parallel
to the glass substrates. In this method, the electrical field is applied through opposite electrodes
on the same glass substrate, so that the liquid crystals can be reoriented (switched) essentially in
the same plane, although fringe fields inhibit a homogeneous reorientation. This requires two
transistors for each pixel instead of the single transistor needed for a standard thin-film transistor
(TFT) display. Before LG Enhanced IPS was introduced in 2009, the additional transistors
resulted in blocking more transmission area, thus requiring a brighter backlight and consuming
more power, making this type of display less desirable for notebook computers.

IPS LCD VS AMOLED

LG claimed the smartphone LG Optimus Black (IPS LCD (LCD NOVA)) has the
brightness up to 700 nits, while the competitor has only IPS LCD with 518 nits and double
anactive-matrix OLED (AMOLED) display with 305 nits. LG also claimed the NOVA display to
be 50 percent more efficient than regular LCDs and to consume only 50 percent of the power of
AMOLED displays when producing white on screen.

When it comes to contrast ratio, AMOLED display still performs best due to its
underlying technology, where the black levels are displayed as pitch black and not as dark gray.

On August 24, 2011, Nokia announced the Nokia 701 and also made the claim of the
world's brightest display at 1000 nits. The screen also had Nokia's Clearblack layer, improving
the contrast ratio and bringing it closer to that of the AMOLED screens.
SUPER IN-PLANE SWITCHING (S-IPS)

Super-IPS was later introduced after in-plane switching with even better response times
and color reproduction.This pixel-layout is found in S-IPS LCDs. A chevron-shape is used to
widen the viewing-cone (range of viewing directions with good contrast and low color shift)

ADVANCED FRINGE FIELD SWITCHING (AFFS)

Known as fringe field switching (FFS) until 2003 advanced fringe field switching is
similar to IPS or S-IPS offering superior performance and color gamut with high luminosity.
AFFS was developed by Hydis Technologies Co., Ltd, Korea (formally Hyundai Electronics,
LCD Task Force).

AFFS-applied notebook applications minimize color distortion while maintaining a wider

viewing angle for a professional display. Color shift and deviation caused by light leakage is
corrected by optimizing the white gamut which also enhances white/gray reproduction.

VERTICAL ALIGNMENT (VA)

Vertical-alignment displays are a form of LCDs in which the liquid crystals naturally
align vertically to the glass substrates. When no voltage is applied, the liquid crystals remain
perpendicular to the substrate, creating a black display between crossed polarizers.

When voltage is applied, the liquid crystals shift to a tilted position, allowing light to pass
through and create a gray-scale display depending on the amount of tilt generated by the electric
field. It has a deeper-black background, a higher contrast ratio, a wider viewing angle, and better
image quality at extreme temperatures over traditional twisted-nematic displays.
BLUE PHASE MODE

Blue phase mode LCDs have been shown as engineering samples early in 2008, but they
are not in mass-production yet. The physics of blue phase mode LCDs suggest that very short
switching times (~1 ms) can be achieved, so time sequential color control can possibly be
realized and expensive color filters would be obsolete.
MODULE 3

PIC MICRO CONTROLLER

MICROCONTROLLER

INTRODUCTION

Microcontrollers are destined to play an increasingly important role in revolutionizing

various industries and influencing our day to day life more strongly than one can imagine. Since
its emergence in the early 1980's the microcontroller has been recognized as a general purpose
building block for intelligent digital systems.

It is finding using diverse area, starting from simple children's toys to highly complex
spacecraft. Because of its versatility and many advantages, the application domain has spread in
all conceivable directions, making it ubiquitous. As a consequence, it has generate a great deal of
interest and enthusiasm among students, teachers and practicing engineers, creating an acute
education need for imparting the knowledge of microcontroller based system design and
development. It identifies the vital features responsible for their tremendous impact, the acute
educational need created by them and provides a glimpse of the major application area.

MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller is a general purpose device, which integrates a number of the

components of a microprocessor system on to single chip. It has inbuilt CPU, memory and
peripherals to make it as a mini computer. A microcontroller combines on to the same microchip

 The CPU core

 Memory(both ROM and RAM)
 Some parallel digital i/o
Microcontrollers will combine other devices such as:

 A timer module to allow the microcontroller to perform tasks for certain time periods.
 A serial i/o port to allow data to flow between the controller and other devices such as
a PIC or another microcontroller.
  An ADC to allow the microcontroller to accept analogue input data for processing.
Microcontrollers are:

 Smaller in size
 Consumes less power
 Inexpensive
Micro controller is a standalone unit, which can perform functions on its own without any
requirement for additional hardware like I/O ports and external memory. The heart of the
microcontroller is the CPU core. In the past, this has traditionally been based on a 8-bit
microprocessor unit. For example Motorola uses a basic 6800 microprocessor core in their
6805/6808 microcontroller devices.
In the recent years, microcontrollers have been developed around specifically designed CPU
cores, for example the microchip PIC range of microcontrollers.

EVOLUTION OF MICROCONTROROLLER

Markets for microcontrollers can run into millions of units per application. At these
volumes of the microcontrollers is a commodity items and must be optimized so that cost is at a
minimum. .Semiconductor manufacturers have produced a mind-numbing array of designs that
would seem to meet almost any need. Some of the chips listed in this section are no longer
regular production, most are current, and a few are best termed as "smoke ware": the dreams of
an aggressive marketing department.

EVOLUTION OF PIC:

The microcontroller that has been used for this project is from PIC series. PIC
microcontroller is the first RISC based microcontroller fabricated in CMOS (complementary
metal oxide semiconductor) that uses separate bus for instruction and data allowing simultaneous
access of program and data memory.The main advantage of CMOS and RISC combination is
low power consumption resulting in a very small chip size with a small pin count. The main
advantage of CMOS is that it has immunity to noise than other fabrication techniques.
PIC (16F877):

Various microcontrollers offer different kinds of memories. EEPROM, EPROM, FLASH

etc. are some of the memories of which FLASH is the most recently developed. Technology that
is used in pic16F877 is flash technology, so that data is retained even when the power is
switched off. Easy Programming and Erasing are other features of PIC 16F877.The PIC start
plus development system from microchip technology provides the product development engineer
with a highly flexible low cost microcontroller design tool set for all microchip PIC micro
devices. The picstart plus development system includes PIC start plus development programmer
The PIC start plus programmer gives the product developer ability to program user software in to
any of the supported microcontrollers. The PIC start plus software running under mplab provides
for full interactive control over the programmer.

FEATURES OF PIC:

• High-performance RISC CPU

• Only 35 single word instructions to learn

• All single cycle instructions except for program branches which are two cycle

• Operating speed:

DC - 20 MHz clock input

DC - 200 ns instruction cycle

• Power-on Reset (POR)

• Power-up Timer (PWRT) and Oscillator Start-up Timer (OST)

• Watchdog Timer (WDT) with its own on-chip RC Oscillator for reliable operation

• Programmable code-protection

• Selectable oscillator options

• In-Circuit Serial Programming (ICSP) via two pins

 • Only single 5V source needed for programming capability

• Wide operating voltage range: 2.5V to 5.5V

• High Sink/Source Current: 25 mA

• Low-power consumption:

PIN DIAGRAM OF PIC 16F877A:

The complete architecture of PIC 16F877Ais shown in the figure gives details about the
specifications of PIC 16F877A.
PIN DESCRIPTION

The most pins of PIC Microcontroller are multifunctional are multi-functional.

 RA3 Port A third digital input/output

 AN3 Third analog input
 Vref+ Positive voltage reference
 C1IN+ Comparator C1positive input
This small trick is often used because it makes the microcontroller package more compact
without affecting its functionality. These various pin functions cannot be used simultaneously,
but can be changed at any point during operation.

Port name No. of I/O pins Use of ports

Port A 6 Pins A/D converter inputs
Port B 8 Pins External interrupt source
Port C 8 Pins Serial ports, Timer I/O
Port D 8 Pins Parallel Slave Port
Port E 3 Pins A/D converter inputs
ARCHITECTUREOF PIC 16F877A:
I/O PORTS:

Some pins for these I/O ports are multiplexed with an alternate function for the peripheral
features on the device. In general, when a peripheral is enabled, that pin may not be used as a
general purpose I/O pin. PORTA is a 6-bit wide bi-directional port.
The corresponding data direction register is TRISA. Setting a TRISA bit (=1) will make
the corresponding PORTA pin an input, i.e., put the corresponding output driver in a Hi-
impedance mode.
Clearing a TRISA bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTA pin an output, i.e., put
the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. Reading the PORTA register reads the status
of thepins whereas writing to it will write to the port latch.

All write operations are read-modify-write operations. Therefore a write to a port implies
that the port pins are read; this value is modified, and then written to the port data latch.
Multiplexed with the Timer0 module clock input to become the RA4/T0CKI pin.

The RA4/T0CKI pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other RA
port pins have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers.
Other PORTA pins are multiplexed with analog inputs and analog VREF input. The
operation of each pin is selected by clearing/setting the control bits in the ADCON1 register
(A/D Control Register1).

The TRISA register controls the direction of the RA pins, even when they are being used
as analog inputs. The user must ensure the bits in the TRISA register are maintained set when
using them as analog inputs.

PORTB is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISB. Setting a TRISB bit (=1) will make the corresponding PORT B pin an input put the
corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance mode.
 Clearing a TRISB bit (=0) will make the corresponding PORTB pin an output, i.e., put
the contents of the output latch on the selected pin. Three pins of PORTB are multiplexed with
the Low Voltage Programming function.
PORTA AND THE TRISA REGISTER

The RA4 pin is a Schmitt Trigger input and an open drain output. All other RA port pins
have TTL input levels and full CMOS output drivers.

All pins have data direction bits TRIS registers) which can configure these pins as output
or input.

Setting a TRISA register bit puts the corresponding output driver in a hi-impedance
mode. Clearing bit in the TRISA register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin(s).

PORTB AND THE TRISB REGISTER

PORTB is an 8-bit wide bi-directional port. The corresponding data direction register is
TRISB. Setting a bit in the TRISB register puts the corresponding output driver in a high-
impedance input mode.

Clearing a bit in the TRISB register puts the contents of the output latch on the selected
pin(s).

PORTC AND THE TRISC REGISTER

PORTC is an 8-bit bi-directional port. Each pin is individually configurable as an input or

output through the TRISC register. PORTC pins have Schmitt Trigger input buffers.

When enabling peripheral functions, care should be taken in defining TRIS bits for each
PORTC pin.

Some peripherals override the TRIS bit to make a pin an output, while other peripherals
override the TRIS bit to make a pin an input.
PORTD AND THE TRISD REGISTER

PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually
configurable as an input or output.

PORTD AND THE TRISD REGISTER

PORTD is an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is individually
configurable as an input or output.

PORTE AND THE TRISE REGISTER

PORTE can be up to an 8-bit port with Schmitt Trigger input buffers. Each pin is
individually configurable as an input or output.

MEMORY ORGANISATION:

There are three memory blocks in each of the PIC16F877 MUC’s. The program memory
and Data Memory have separate buses so that concurrent access can occur.

PROGRAM MEMORY:

The PIC16f877 devices have a 13-bit program counter capable of addressing 8K *14
words of flash program memory. Accessing a location above the physically implemented address
will cause a wraparound.The reset vector is at 0000h and the interrupt vector is at 0004h.

DATA MEMORY:
The data memory is partitioned into multiple banks which contain the General Purpose
Registers and the special functions Registers. Bits RP1 (STATUS<6) and RP0 (STATUS<5>)
are the bank selected bits.

RP1:RP0 Banks
00 0
01 1
10 2
11 3
 Each bank extends up to 7Fh (1238 bytes). The lower locations of each bank are
reserved for the Special Function Registers. Above the Special Function Registers are General
Purpose Registers, implemented as static RAM.

All implemented banks contain special function registers. Some frequently used special
function registers from one bank may be mirrored in another bank for code reduction and quicker
access.

INSTRUCTION SET SUMMARY:

Each PIC 16f877 instruction is a 14-bit word, divided into an opcode which specifies the
instruction type and one or more operand which further specify the operation of the instruction.
The PIC16F877 instruction set summary byte-oriented, bit-oriented, and literal and control
operations. It shows the opcode Field descriptions.

For bit-oriented instructions, ‘b’ represents a bit field designator which selects the
number of the bit affected by the operation, which ‘f’ represents the address of the file in which
the bits is located. For literal and control operations, ‘k’ represents an eight or eleven bit constant
or literal value.

The instruction set is highly orthogonal and is grouped into three basic categories:

• Byte-oriented operations

• Bit-oriented operations

• Literal and control operations

All instructions are executed within one single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test
is true or the program counter is changed as a result of an instruction. In this case, the execution
takes two instruction cycles with the second cycle executed as a NOP.

One instruction cycle consists of four oscillator periods. Thus, for an oscillator frequency
of 4 MHz, the normal instruction execution time is 1ms.If a conditional test is true or the
program counter is changed as a result of an instruction, then the instruction execution time is
2ms.

BYTE-ORIENTED OPERATIONS

This type of instructions, 'f' represents a file register designator and 'd' represents a
destination designator. The file register designator specifies which file register is to be used by
the instruction.

The destination designator specifies where the result of the operation is to be placed. If’d’
is zero, the result is placed in the W register.

If’d’ is one, the result is placed in the file register specified in the instruction

BIT-ORIENTED OPERATIONS

These instructions, 'b' represents a bit field designator which selects the number of thebit
affected by the operation, while 'f' represents the number of the file in which the bit is located.

LITERAL AND CONTROL OPERATIONS

In These operations, 'k' represents an eight or eleven bit constant or literal value.

All instructions are executed in one single instruction cycle, unless a conditional test is
true or the program counter is changed as a result of an instruction.

In these cases, the execution takes two instruction cycles with the second cycle executed
as an NOP. One instruction cycle consists of four oscillator periods.

Thus, for an oscillator frequency of 4 MHz, the normal instruction execution time is
1ms. If a conditional test is true or the program counter is changed as a result of an instruction,
the instruction execution time is 2ms.

STATUS REGISTER AS DESTINATION

If an instruction writes to the STATUS register, the Z, C, DC and OV bits may be set or
cleared as a result of the instruction and overwrite the original data bits written.
 For example, executing CLRF STATUS will clear register STATUS, and then set the Z
bit leaving 0000 0100b in the register.

PCL AS SOURCE OR DESTINATION

Read, write or read-modify-write on PCL may have the following results:

Read PC: PCL →dest; PCLATH does not change;

Write PCL: PCLATH → PCH;

8-bit destination value →PCL

Read-Modify-Write: PCL→ALU operand

PCLATH →PCH;

8-bit result→PCL

Where PCH = program counter high byte (not an addressable register), PCLATH = Program
counter high holding latch, dest = destination, W register or register file f.

BIT MANIPULATION

All bit manipulation instructions will first read the entire register, operate on the selected
bit and then write the result back (read-modify-write (R-M-W)) the specified register.

The user should keep this in mind when operating on some special function registers,
such as ports.

NOTE:

Status bits that are manipulated by the device (including the interrupt flag bits) are set or
cleared in the Q1 cycle.

So there is no issue with executing R-M-W instructions on registers which contain these
bits.
Q CYCLE ACTIVITY

Each instruction cycle (Tcy) is comprised of four Q cycles (Q1-Q4). The Q cycle is the
same as the device oscillator cycle (TOSC).

The Q cycles provide the timing/designation for the Decode, Read, Process Data, Write
etc., of each instruction cycle. The following diagram shows the relationship of the Q cycles to
the instruction cycle.

The four Q cycles that make up an instruction cycle (Tcy) can be generalized as:

Q1: Instruction Decode Cycle or forced No Operation

Q2: Instruction Read Cycle or No Operation

Q3: Process the Data

Q4: Instruction Write Cycle or No Operation

Each instruction will show the detailed Q cycle operation for the instruction.
MODULE 4

SOIL MOISTURE SENSOR

This sensor can be used to test the moisture of soil, when the soil is having water
shortage, the module output is at high level, else the output is at low level. By using this sensor
one can automatically water the flower plant, or any other plants requiring automatic watering
technique. Module triple output mode, digital output is simple, analog output more accurate,
serial output with exact readings.

Features

Sensitivity adjustable.

 Has fixed bolt hole, convenient installation.

 Threshold level can be configured.

 Module triple output mode, digital output is simple, analog output more accurate, serial output
with exact readings.

Applications

 Agriculture

 Landscape irrigation
MODULE 5

HUMIDITY SENSOR

Humidity is the presence of water in air. The amount of water vapor in air can affect
human comfort as well as many manufacturing processes in industries. The presence of water
vapor also influences various physical, chemical, and biological processes.

Humidity measurement in industries is critical because it may affect the business cost of
the product and the health and safety of the personnel. Hence, humidity sensing is very
important, especially in the control systems for industrial processes and human comfort.

Controlling or monitoring humidity is of paramount importance in many industrial &

domestic applications. In semiconductor industry, humidity or moisture levels needs to be
properly controlled & monitored during wafer processing. In medical applications, humidity
control is required for respiratory equipment’s, sterilizers, incubators, pharmaceutical processing,
and biological products. Humidity control is also necessary in chemical gas purification, dryers,
ovens, film desiccation, paper and textile production, and food processing. In agriculture,
measurement of humidity is important for plantation protection (dew prevention), soil moisture
monitoring, etc.
 For domestic applications, humidity control is required for living environment in
buildings, cooking control for microwave ovens, etc. In all such applications and many
others, humidity sensors are employed to provide an indication of the moisture levels in the
environment.

RELEVANT MOISTURE TERMS

To mention moisture levels, variety of terminologies are used. The study of water vapour
concentration in air as a function of temperature and pressure falls under the area of
psychometrics. Psychometrics deals with the thermodynamic properties of moist gases while the
term “humidity’ simply refers to the presence of water vapour in air or other carrier gas.

Humidity measurement determines the amount of water vapor present in a gas that can be a
mixture, such as air, or a pure gas, such as nitrogen or argon. Various terms used to indicate
moisture levels are tabulated in the table below:

S.No Term Definition Unit

Absolute Humidity
1 Ratio of mass(vapour) to volume. grams/m3
(Vapor Concentration)
Mixing Ratio OR Mass
2 Ratio of mass(vapour) to mass(dry gas) grams/m3
Ratio
Ratio of mass(vapour) to mass(saturated
3 Relative Humidity vapour) OR ratio of actual vapor pressure %
to saturation vapor pressure.
4 Specific Humidity Ratio of mass(vapour) to total mass. %
Temperature(above 0°C) at which the
5 Dew Point water vapor in a gas condenses to liquid °C
water)
6 Frost Point Temperature(below 0°C) at which the
 water vapor in a gas condenses to ice
Ratio of partial pressure(vapour) to partial % by
7 Volume Ratio
pressure (dry gas) volume
Ratio of volume(vapour) X 106 to
8 PPM by Volume
volume(dry gas) PPMV
9 PPM by Weight PPMV X PPMW

Most commonly used units for humidity measurement are Relative Humidity (RH),
Dew/Frost point (D/F PT) and Parts Per Million (PPM). RH is a function of temperature, and
thus it is a relative measurement.
Dew/Frost point is a function of the pressure of the gas but is independent of temperature
and is therefore defined as absolute humidity measurement. PPM is also an absolute
measurement.

SENSING PRINCIPLE
Humidity measurement can be done using dry and wet bulb hygrometers, dew point
hygrometers, and electronic hygrometers. There has been a surge in the demand of electronic
hygrometers, often called humidity sensors.
Electronic type hygrometers or humidity sensors can be broadly divided into two
categories: one employs capacitive sensing principle, while other use resistive effects
SENSORS BASED ON CAPACITIVE EFFECT:
Humidity sensors relying on this principle consists of a hygroscopic dielectric material
sandwiched between a pair of electrodes forming a small capacitor.
Most capacitive sensors use a plastic or polymer as the dielectric material, with a typical
dielectric constant ranging from 2 to 15. In absence of moisture, the dielectric constant of the
hygroscopic dielectric material and the sensor geometry determine the value of capacitance.

At normal room temperature, the dielectric constant of water vapor has a value of about
80, a value much larger than the constant of the sensor dielectric material. Therefore, absorption
of water vapor by the sensor results in an increase in sensor capacitance.

At equilibrium conditions, the amount of moisture present in a hygroscopic material

depends on both the ambient temperature and the ambient water vapor pressure. This is true also
for the hygroscopic dielectric material used on the sensor.

By definition, relative humidity is a function of both the ambient temperature and water
vapor pressure. Therefore there is a relationship between relative humidity, the amount of
moisture present in the sensor, and sensor capacitance. This relationship governs the operation of
a capacitive humidity instrument.
Basic structure of capacitive type humidity sensor is shown below:

On Alumina substrate, lower electrode is formed using gold, platinum or other material. A
polymer layer such as PVA is deposited on the electrode. This layers senses humidity.
 On top of this polymer film, gold layer is deposited which acts as top electrode. The top
electrode also allows water vapour to pass through it, into the sensing layer .

The vapors enter or leave the hygroscopic sensing layer until the vapour content is in
equilibrium with the ambient air or gas.Thus capacitive type sensor is basically a capacitor with
humidity sensitive polymer film as the dielectric.

SENSORS BASED ON RESISTIVE EFFECT:

Resistive type humidity sensors pick up changes in the resistance value of the sensor
element in response to the change in the humidity. Basic structure of resistive type humidity
sensor from TDK is shown below

hick film conductor of precious metals like gold, ruthenium oxide is printed and
calcinated in the shape of the comb to form an electrode.
Then a polymeric film is applied on the electrode; the film acts as a humidity sensing film
due to the existence of movable ions. Change in impedance occurs due to the change in the
number of movable ions.
MODULE 6
IOT

The Internet of things (stylized Internet of Things or IoT) is the inter-networking of

physical devices, vehicles (also referred to as "connected devices" and "smart devices"),
buildings, and other items—embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and
network connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data.

In 2013 the Global Standards Initiative on Internet of Things (IoT-GSI) defined the IoT
as "the infrastructure of the information society."

The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network
infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into
computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in
addition to reduced human intervention.

When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance
of the more general class of cyber-physical systems, which also encompasses technologies such
as smart grids, smart homes, intelligent transportation and smart cities. Each thing is uniquely
identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate within the
existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion
objects by 2020.

Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and

services that goes beyond machine-to-machine (M2M) communications and covers a variety of
protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded devices (including
smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling
advanced applications like a smart grid, and expanding to areas such as smart cities.

"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart monitoring
implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal waters, automobiles
with built-in sensors, DNA analysis devices for environmental/food/pathogen monitoring or field
operation devices that assist firefighters in search and rescue operations. Legal scholars suggest
to look at "Things" as an "inextricable mixture of hardware, software, data and service".

These devices collect useful data with the help of various existing technologies and then
autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current market examples include home
automation (also known as smart home devices) such as the control and automation of lighting,
heating (like smart thermostat), ventilation, air conditioning (HVAC) systems, and appliances
such as washer/dryers, robotic vacuums, air purifiers, ovens or refrigerators/freezers that use Wi-
Fi for remote monitoring.

As well as the expansion of Internet-connected automation into a plethora of new

application areas, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations,
with the consequent necessity for quick aggregation of the data, and an increase in the need to
index, store, and process such data more effectively. IoT is one of the platforms of today's Smart
City, and Smart Energy Management Systems
MODULE 7

RELAY

+6V
COM M 5
3
4
1
2
1N4007
RELA Y 12 V /5 A
2 1
1 K

1 K

LED

10 K
FROM MC
BC 187
PA.3
 Relays are electrically controlled switches. In the usual type, a coil pulls in an armature when
sufficient coil current flows. Many varieties are available including “latching” and “stepping” relays;
the later provided the cornerstone for telephone switching stations, and they’re still popular in
pinball machines.

Relays are available for dc or ac excitation, and coil voltages from 5 volts up to 110 volts are
common. “Mercury-wetted” are “reed” relays are intended for high-speed (~ 1ms) applications, and
giant relays intended to switch thousands of amps are used by power companies. Many previous
relay applications are now handled with

Transistor or FET switches, and devices known, as solid-state relays are now available to
handle ac switching applications. The primary uses of relays are in

Remote switching and high-voltage (or high-current) switching. Because it is important to

keep electronic circuits electrically isolated from the ac power line, relays are useful to switch ac
power while keeping the control signals electrically isolated.

The electrical relay offers a simple on / off switching action in response to a control signal.
When a current flows through the coil of wire a magnetic field is produced. This pulls a movable
arm, the armature, that forces the contacts to open are close; usually there are two sets of contacts
with one being opened and the other closed by the action. This perhaps an electric heater in a
temperature controls system.
MODULE 8
WATER PUMP MOTOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
As the name implies, water pumps pump water. Whether that be in a vehicle at a
business, in the home, or in a well, shoppers can probably find a water pump to fit their vehicle
or to help them draw water from the ground in a self-dug well to be used in pressure tanks
within the location.
Vehicle water pumps help regulate the flow of water through a vehicle's cooling system;
when the seal on these go bad, the whole pump must be replaced. Located within the home or
business, pressure water pumps regulate the water pressure year round, controlling water flow
to different areas of the location.

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION
A pump motor is a DC motor device that moves fluids. A DC motor
converts direct current electrical power into mechanical power. DC or direct
current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is placed
in a magnetic field, it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is
known as motoring action.
Pumps operate by some mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work by moving the fluid. Pumps operate
via many energy sources, including manual operation, electricity, engines, or wind
power, come in many sizes, from microscopic for use in medical applications to
large industrial pumps.
FEATURES
 Reduced noise
 Available in DC and AC
 Supply voltage: +12VDC
 Supply voltage: 230V AC

APPLICATONS
 Priming a pump
 To pump water supply, including pneumatic systems and in places where no
suction lift is required
 Pump motor as public water supply
 In domestic water supply system
MODULE 9

PIR SENSOR

A passive infrared sensor (PIR sensor) is an electronic sensor that measures infrared (IR) light
radiating from objects in its field of view. They are most often used in PIR-based motion
detectors.

An individual PIR sensor detects changes in the amount of infrared radiation impinging
upon it, which varies depending on the temperature and surface characteristics of the objects in
front of the sensor.

When an object, such as, the temperature at that point in the sensor's field of view will
rise from to , and then back again.

The sensor converts the resulting change in the incoming infrared radiation into a change
in the output voltage, and this triggers the detection.

Objects of similar temperature but different surface characteristics may also have a
different infrared emission pattern, and thus moving them with respect to the background may
trigger the detector as well.

PIRs come in many configurations for a wide variety of applications. The most common
models have or mirror segments, an effective range of about ten meters (thirty feet), and a field
of view less than 180 degrees.

Models with wider fields of view, including 360 degrees, are available—typically
designed to mount on a ceiling.

Some larger PIRs are made with single segment mirrors and can sense changes in
infrared energy over thirty meters (one hundred feet) away from the PIR.

There are also PIRs designed with reversible orientation mirrors which allow either broad
coverage (110° wide) or very narrow "curtain" coverage, or with individually selectable
segments to "shape" the coverage.

Pairs of sensor elements may be wired as opposite inputs to In such a configuration, the
PIR measurements cancel each other so that the average temperature of the field of view is
removed from the electrical signal; an increase of IR energy across the entire sensor is self-
cancelling and will not trigger the device.

This allows the device to resist false indications of change in the event of being exposed
to brief flashes of light or field-wide illumination. (Continuous high energy exposure may still be
able to saturate the sensor materials and render the sensor unable to register further information.)
At the same time, this differential arrangement minimizes , allowing the device to resist
triggering due to nearby electric fields. However, a differential pair of sensors cannot measure
temperature in this configuration, and therefore is only useful for motion detection.
 MODULE 10

TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The LM35 series are precision integrated circuit temperature sensors, whose output
voltage is linearly proportional to the Celsius (centigrade) temperature. The LM35 thus has an
advantage over linear temperature sensors calibrated in Kelvin as the user is not required to subtract
a large constant voltage from its output to obtain convert centigrade scaling.

The LM35 does not require any external calibration or trimming to provide typical
accuracy’s of ±1/4 ºc at room temperature and ±3/4 ºc over a full -55 to +150 ºc temperature range.
Trimming and calibration at the wafer level assure low cost.

The Lm35’s low output impedance, linear output, and precise inherent calibration make
interfacing to readout or control circuitry especially easy.

It can be used with single power supplies, or with pulse and minus supplies. As it draws
only 60microamp from its supply, it has very low self-heating, less than 0.1c in still air.

The LM35 is rated to operate over a-55 to 150-ºc-temperature range while the LM35cis
rated for a -40 to +110 ºc (-10 with improved accuracy).

The LM35 series is available packaged in hermetic TO-46 transistor packages. While the
LM35c, LM35CA and LM35D are also available in the plastic TO-92 transistor package.

The LM35Dis also available in an 8-lead surface mount small outline package and a plastic
TO-220 package.
Pin out Diagram

Features

 Calibrated directly in ºc Celsius(centigrade)

 linear +10.0mV/ºc scale factor
 0.5 c accuracy graranteeable (at+25c)
 rated for full -55 to +150 ºc range
 Suitable for remote applications
 Low cost due to wafer level trimming
 Operates from 4 to 30 volts
 Less than 60 µA current drain]
 Low self-heating, 0.08ºc in still air
 Nonlinearly only ± 1/4ºc typical
 Low impedance output 0.1Ω for 1mA load
MODULE 11
CURRENT SENSOR

A current sensor is a device that detects electric current (AC or DC) in a wire, and
generates a signal proportional to it. The generated signal could be analog voltage or current or
even digital output. It can be then utilized to display the measured current in an ammeter or can
be stored for further analysis in a data acquisition system or can be utilized for control purpose.

The sensed current and the output signal can be:

Alternating current input,

 analog output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current
 bipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current
 unipolar output, which is proportional to the average or RMS value of the sensed current

Direct current input,

 unipolar, with a unipolar output, which duplicates the wave shape of the sensed current
 digital output, which switches when the sensed current exceeds a certain threshold

FEATURES:
 Low noise analog signal path
 0.4 mΩ internal conductor resistance
 Output voltage proportional to AC and DC current
 Min. sensing current 0~20A at 5V voltage supply
 High Sensitivity 64 mV/A
 Wide operating voltage range 3.0~12 V.
 Low operating current 3mA
 Nearly zero magnetic hysteresis.
 Ratiometric output from supply voltage
 23K Hz bandwidth

FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION :
The Winson WCS2720 provides economical and precise solution for both DC and AC
current sensing in industrial, commercial and communications systems. The unique package
allows for easy implementation by the customer. Typical applications include motor control, load
detection and management, over-current fault detection and any intelligent power management
system etc…
The WCS2720 consists of a precise, low-temperature drift linear hall sensor IC with
temperature compensation circuit and a current path with 0.4 mΩ typical internal conductor
resistance. This extremely low resistance can effectively reduce power loss, operating
temperature and increase the reliability greatly.
Applied current flowing through this conduction path generates a magnetic field which is
sensed by the integrated Hall IC and converted into a proportional voltage. The terminals of the
conductive path are electrically isolated from the sensor leads. This allow the WCS2720 current
sensor to be used in applications requiring electrical isolation without the use of opto-isolators or
other costly isolation techniques and make system more competitive in cost.

FUNCTION BLOCK
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT

EMBEDDED C:

Introduction:

Embedded C is a set of language extensions for the C Programming language by the

C Standards committee to address commonality issues that exist between C extensions for
different embedded systems. Historically, embedded C programming requires nonstandard
extensions to the C language in order to support exotic features such as fixed-point arithmetic,
multiple distinct memory banks, and basic I/O operations.

In 2008, the C Standards Committee extended the C language to address these

issues by providing a common standard for all implementations to adhere to. It includes a
number of features not available in normal C, such as, fixed-point arithmetic, named
address spaces, and basic I/O hardware addressing. Embedded C uses most of the syntax and
semantics of standard C, e.g., main() function, variable definition, datatype declaration,
conditional statements (if, switch, case), loops (while, for), functions, arrays and strings,
structures and union, bit operations, macros, etc.

Advantages:

Compared to assembly language, C code written is more reliable and scalable, more portable
between different platforms.

1. C compilers are available for almost all embedded devices in use today, and there is a
large pool of experienced C programmers.
2. Unlike assembly, C has advantage of processor-independence and is not specific to any
particular microprocessor/microcontroller or any system. This makes it convenient for a
user to develop programs that can run on most of the systems.
3. As C combines functionality of assembly language and features of high level languages,
C is treated as a ‘middle-level computer language’ or ‘high level assembly language’.
4. It is fairly efficient.
5. It supports access to I/O and provides ease of management of large embedded projects.
6. Java is also used in many embedded systems but Java programs require the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM), which consume lot of resources. Hence it is not used for smaller
embedded devices.
PCW COMPILER:

Introduction:

C-Aware IDE is a highly optimized and feature-rich ANSI C compiler for Microchip
PIC MCUs. Our C-Aware IDE provides embedded developers with a suite of tools and an
intelligent code optimizing Microchip PIC C compiler that frees developers to concentrate on
design functionality instead of having to become an MCU architecture expert. C-Aware allows
developers to manage every aspect of their embedded software development, from design
through device programming and debugging. C-Aware is the ideal environment to develop C
program code with integrated built-in functions, performance analyzation and statistics, and
debugging compiled code in real-time while running on Microchip PIC MCU devices.
Advantages:

1. EZ App Lynx Library - Quickly create a Bluetooth wireless sensor, managed on a mobile
device

2. Built-in Functions - included libraries for SPI, ADC, I2C, Timers, PWM, and more...

3. External Peripheral Drivers - accelerates device and application development

4. Pro-Level Optimization - Optimized code brings lower production costs

5. C Profiler Tool - Track time and usage information for use on functions, code blocks, &
receive live data from running programs

6. Data Streaming - Route program I/O to a PC using an ICD

7. Serial Input/output Monitor Data Graph - Graph in real time to a PC from a PIC MCU

8. Project Wizards - Jump-start and configure many application peripherals

9. Debugger Watch Items - Allow for easy tracking of structure and array variables

10. Tree Viewer - Graphically display your program's call tree.

CONCLUSION

Agricultural monitoring is very much needed to reduce much of human labour and at the
same time minimize on water usage. Lot of system been developed employing Wireless Sensor
in monitoring and predicting the soil condition for irrigating the field.
In addition machine learning techniques been employed towards crop yield and crop
disease prediction only.
Now with the advent of Machine to Machine communication (M2M) which involves
devices to communicate among themselves in taking action, we here have developed an
Intelligent IoT based Automated Irrigation system. The system here receives the input to
microcontroller where Moisture and temperature sensor connected.
The sensor input is transmitted serially to Pi3 which is edge level processor where K-NN
machine learning algorithm employed for predicting the soil condition based on trained data set.
So accordingly the control signal sent to Arduino back again for watering the pump.
The trained data set and predicted data are stored in Cloud server for farmer’s access via
their mobile phone. This has resulted in complete automated irrigation system employing IoT
Technologies where devices communicate among themselves in predicting the soil condition for
watering the field. This proves that the use of water can be diminished and hence water will not
be wasted as compared to the present records.
It reduces the human resources. This irrigation system was found to be feasible and cost
effective for optimizing water resources for agricultural production. The irrigation system can be
adjusted to a variety of specific crop needs and requires minimum maintenance. Furthermore, the
Internet link allows the supervision through mobile tele- communication devices, such as a
Smartphone. Besides the monetary savings in water use, the importance of the preservation of
this natural resource justify the use of this kind of irrigation systems.
In Future, an Intelligent IoT based Automated Irrigation system can be extended not
just for irrigating the field with water but also for deciding on spraying appropriate chemicals
for proper growth of crop. The same work can be extended by looking into water level in tank
before irrigating the field. Lastly the data security and integrity of agricultural data canbe
secured while transmitting for analysis towards prediction and sending the control signal for
actuation.

REFERENCES
[1] Edordu C. and Sacks L., “Self Organizing WirelessSensor Networks as a Land Management
Tool inDeveloping Countries: A Preliminary Survey,” InProceedings of the 2006 London
CommunicationsSymposium, September 2006, CommunicationsEngineering Doctorate Centre,
London, UK.
[2] Kim Y., Evans R.G. and Iversen W.M., “RemoteSensing and Control of an Irrigation System
Using aDistributed Wireless Sensor Network,”Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE
Transactions on, vol.57, no.7, pp.1379-1387, July 2008.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/TIM.2008.917198
[3] Joaquín G, Juan F , Alejandra N.G, and Miguel Ángel, “Automated Irrigation System Using a
Wireless Sensor Network and GPRS Module”, IEEE Transactions On Instrumentation and
Measurement, Vol.63, no.1, pp.166-176, 2013
[4] Karandeep K, “Machine Learning : Applications in Indian Agriculture”, International Journal
of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering, Vol.5, no.4, pp.342- 344,
2016.
[5] Washington O and Joseph O, ”Machine Learning Classification Technique for Famine
Prediction”. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering 2011 Vol II WCE 2011, July 6 -
8, London, U.K, 2011.