Drug Name ASCORBIC ACID

0-6 months: 40 mg/day

6-12 months: 50 mg/day
1-3 years: 15 mg/day
Dosage, Frequency, 3-8 years: 25 mg/day
Preparation 8-13 years: 45 mg/day
13-18 years: (male) 75 mg/day; (female) 65 mg/day
UL: 1-3 years: 400 mg/day; 4-8 years old: 600 mg/day; 9-13
years old: 1.2 g/day; 12-18 years old: 1.8 g/day
Tab/cap/liq:
Route Oral and Parenteral
Classification May be taken with or without food.
Doses are given via IM, IV or SC inj.
Indication Used in the treatment and prevention of vitamin C deficiency
Contraindication Hypersensitivity
Description: Ascorbic acid, a water-soluble vitamin, acts as a
cofactor and antioxidant. It is essential for tissue repair and
formation of collagen and intercellular materials. Additionally, it
is involved in conversion of folic acid to folinic acid, synthesis
of lipids and proteins, carbohydrate metabolism, iron absorption
and storage, and cellular respiration.
Onset: Scurvy symptoms reversal: 2 days to 3 wk.
Pharmacokinetics:
Mechanism of Action Absorption: Readily absorbed from the GI tract.
Side Effects
Distribution: Widely distributed in the body tissues. Crosses the
placenta and enters breast milk. Plasma protein binding: Approx
25%.
Metabolism: Reversibly oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid
(DHA), some are metabolised to the inactive metabolites,
ascorbate-2-sulfate and oxalic acid.
Excretion: Via urine (as unchanged drug and as inactive
metabolites). Elimination half-life: 10 hr.
It has been reported that large doses may result in hyperoxaluria
and the information of renal calcium oxalate. Ascorbic acid
Precautions
should therefore be given with caution to patients with
hyperoxaluria.
Drug Name CEFALEXIN Monohydrate
Cap 1 cap. Susp Adult 1-2 g daily given in divided doses 6-12
Dosage, Frequency, hrly. Severe infections Up to 6 g/day. Childn 25-100 mg/kg
Preparation daily in divided doses. Max 4 g/day. 5-12 yr 1 tsp, 1-5 yr ½ tsp.
Drops Infant 0.3-0.6 mL. To be taken 6 hrly.

Route J01DB01 - cefalexin ; Belongs to the class of first-generation

Classification cephalosporins. Used in the systemic treatment of infections.

Treatment of UTI, otitis media; resp, skin & other infections due
Indication
to sensitive organisms.
Contraindication Hypersensitivity to cephalosporins.

Mechanism of Action GI discomfort, diarrhea, skin rashes, urticaria, eosinophilia,

Side Effects angioedema, anaphylaxis.

Allergic patients especially history of penicillin allergy. Severe

Precautions
renal impairment.

Drug Name AMLODIPINE Besilate

Initially 5 mg once daily. Max: 10 mg once daily. Childn 6-17 yr
2.5-5 mg once daily. Max: 5 mg daily. Small, fragile, elderly or
Dosage, Frequency, patient w/ hepatic insufficiency Initially 2.5 mg once daily; dose
Preparation may also be used when adding amlodipine to other
antihypertensive therapy. Chronic or vasospastic angina 5-10
mg. CAD 5-10 mg once daily.

Route Take this medication by mouth with or without food as directed

Classification by your doctor, usually once daily.

Indication For the treatment of Hypertension and Prophylaxis of angina.

Hypersensitivity to any of the ingredients.
Contraindication
Hypersensitivity to dihydropyridines.
Pharmacology: Amlodipine inhibits the slow calcium channel in
the cardiac and vascular tissue. Its main site of action is the
peripheral vasculature though it also produces vasodilation in
Mechanism of Action
coronary vascular beds. In vitro studies with high concentrations
Side Effects
of amlodipine demonstrate a weak negative isotropic effect,
however, short-term administration to patients with coronary
artery disease results in no significant cardiodepression.
 In patients with mild to moderate essential hypertension,
amlodipine has a sustained and gradual onset of antihypertensive
effect. Once daily dosage regimen of 2.5-10 mg produces
reduction in mean systolic and diastolic blood pressure of about
10-18% in most studies. Moreover there is an increase in renal
blood flow and glomerular filtration rate and reduction in
renovascular resistance.
Amlodipine reduces the afterload by decreasing the peripheral
vascular resistance and increasing the cardiac output. In addition
to its ability to reduce afterload, amlodipine increases
myocardial oxygen supply, reduces demand and improves
exercise capacity in patients with symptomatic myocardial
ischemia. Animal studies have demonstrated several other
actions eg, cardioprotective, antithrombotic and antihypertrophic
effects, which warrant further study.
Pharmacokinetics: Amlodipine is slowly but almost completely
absorbed after oral administration and the peak levels are
attained between 6-12 hrs. The bioavailability of amlodipine is
about 60-65% and is not influenced by food. Amlodipine is
extensively and slowly metabolized by the liver and none of the
amlodipine metabolites have significant pharmacological
activity.
Amlodipine has relatively long elimination half-life of 35-45 hrs
permitting a once-daily administration. In patients with hepatic
cirrhosis and in the elderly, amlodipine elimination is
significantly reduced and some degree of accumulation is noted
and relevant dosage adjustments should be made.
Since the vasodilation induced by amlodipine has a gradual
onset, acute hypotension has rarely been reported after oral
administration of amlodipine. Nonetheless, caution should be
exercised when administering amlodipine as with any other
peripheral vasodilator particularly in patients with severe aortic
stenosis.
Use in pregnancy: There are no adequate and well-controlled
Precautions
studies in pregnant women. Amlodipine should be used during
pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk
to the fetus.
Use in lactation: It is not known whether amlodipine is excreted
in human milk. In the absence of this information, it is
recommended that nursing be discontinued while amlodipine is
administered.
Drug Name Gliclazide
Adult: Initially, 40-80 mg daily gradually increased to 320 mg
daily if necessary. Doses >160 mg daily are given in 2 divided
Dosage, Frequency, doses. Modified-release tab: Initially, 30 mg once daily, may
Preparation increase in increments of 30 mg up to max 120 mg daily.
Interval between doses should be at least 1 mth. For non-
respondent patients, dose may be increased after 2 wk.

Route
Oral. Should be taken with food.
Classification

Indication For treatment of Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Hypersensitivity to gliclazide, other sulfonylureas or
sulfonamides. Type 1 DM, diabetic ketoacidosis, diabetic pre-
Contraindication
coma and coma. Concomitant use w/ miconazole. Severe renal
and hepatic impairment. Pregnancy and lactation.
Description: Gliclazide stimulates insulin secretion from
pancreatic β-cells, reduces insulin uptake and glucose output by
the liver, and increases insulin sensitivity at peripheral target
sites. It decreases microthrombosis by partial inhibition of
platelet aggregation and adhesion, and by restoring fibrinolysis
w/ an increase in tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) activity.
Duration: 12-24 hr.
Pharmacokinetics:
Mechanism of Action
Absorption: Readily absorbed from the GI tract.
Side Effects
Bioavailability: 97%. Time to peak plasma concentration: 4-6 hr
(immediate-release tab); approx 6 hr (modified-release tab).
Distribution: Plasma protein binding: Approx 94-95%.
Metabolism: Extensively hepatic via CYP2C9 and CYP2C19
isoenzymes converted to inactive metabolites.
Excretion: Via urine (60-70% as metabolites; <1% as
unchanged drug) and faeces (10-20% as metabolites). Half-life:
Approx 10-12 hr.
Patient w/ G6PD deficiency. Patient exposed to stress (e.g.
Precautions trauma, infection, surgery). Mild to moderate hepatic and renal
impairment.
Drug Name PHENYLPROPANOLAMINE Hydrochloride
Cap Adult & older childn 1 cap tid. Syr Adult 10 mL every 6 hr.
Dosage, Frequency, Childn 7-12 yr 5 mL every 6 hr, 2-6 yr 2.5 mL every 6 hr. Oral
Preparation drops Childn 1-2 yr 1 mL every 6 hr, 7-12 mth 0.75 mL every 6
hr, 4-6 mth 0.5 mL every 6 hr, 1-3 mth 0.25 mL every 6 hr.

Route Cap,syr:Non-Rx; Drops:Rx

Classification May be taken with or without food.

For the symptomatic treatment of nasal congestion and others

Indication such as rhinorrhea, sneezing, post nasal drip, common cold,
sinusitis, allergic rhinitis & vasomotor rhinitis.
Syr: Hyperthyroidism, HTN, coronary disease, closed-angle
Contraindication
glaucoma.
Pharmacokinetics:
Phenylpropanolamine is readily and completely absorbed from
the gastrointestinal tract, peak plasma concentrations being
achieved about 1 or 2 hours after oral administration. It
undergoes some metabolism in the liver, to an active
hydroxylated metabolite, but up to 80 or 90% of a dose is
excreted unchanged un the urine within 24 hours. The half-life
has been reported to be about 3 to 5 hours.
Adverse Effects:
Severe hypertensive episodes have followed
phenylpropanolamine ingestion. As with other indirecting-acting
Mechanism of Action sympathomimetics, tolerance to the therapeutic effects of
Side Effects phenylpropanolamine has been reported with prolonged
administration.
The adverse reactions varied widely ranging from headache and
elevated blood pressure to cardiopulmonary arrest, intracranial
hemorrhage and death. Mild reactions included blurred vision,
dizziness, anxiety, agitation, tremor, confusion and
hypersensitivity reaction. Severe reactions also included
hypertensive crisis with hypertensive encephalopathy, seizures,
arrhythmias, psychosis and acute tubular necrosis. One unifying
theme of many of the sever cases was the high blood pressure or
symptoms suggestive of this were the presenting feature; an
acute, persistent, severe headache was also noted in many cases.
Cap: henylpropanolamine HCl (PPA): high BP, toxic goiter,
benign prostatic hypertrophy, irregular heart rate, glaucoma, &
Precautions patients taking antidepressants, patients w/ heart
disease/untreated high BP. Syr: May impair ability to drive or
operate machinery. Pregnancy.
Drug Name COTRIMOXAZOLE
Adult & childn >12 yr Standard dosage: 1 tab in the morning &
1 tab in the evening. Min dosage & dosage for long-term therapy
(>14 days): ½ tab in the morning & ½ tab in the evening. High
dosage (for particularly severe cases): 1½ tab in the morning &
1½ tab in the evening. Duration: Acute infections At least 5 days
or symptom-free for at least 2 days. Chancroid 1 tab bid for 7
days. If no evidence of healing is apparent after 7 days, a further
7 days treatment can be considered. Women w/ acute
Dosage, Frequency, uncomplicated UTI 2-3 tab as single dose to be taken in the
Preparation evening after a meal or before retiring. Patients on hemodialysis
After a normal loading dose, follow-up doses of ½ or 1/3 of the
original dose every 24-48 hr. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia
Up to trimethoprim 20 mg & up to sulfamethoxazole 100 mg/kg
& 24 hr in equally divided doses every 6 hr for 14 days.
Prophylaxis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia 1 tab daily.
Patients w/ nocardiosis 3-4 tab for at least 3 mth. Renal
impairment CrCl >30 mL/min Standard dosage, 15-30 mL/min
½ of the standard dosage.

Route Oral Administration, best taken after meals with an adequate

Classification amount of fluid.

Treatment on geno-urinary tract infections, respiratory tract

infection such as bronchitis and Pneumocystis carinii
pneumonia. It is also indicated for gastrointestinal tract
Indication
infections such as enteritis, shigellosis, septicaemias as well as
skin infections like pyoderma furuncles, abscesses and wound
infections.
Hypersensitivity. Marked liver parenchymal damage, severe
Contraindication
renal insufficiency. Dofetilide. Infant (1st 6 wk of life).
Pharmacology: Pharmacodynamics:
Cotrimoxazole contains two active ingredients acting
synergistically by the sequential blockade of two bacterial
enzymes that catalyse successive stages in the biosynthesis of
folinic acid in the microorganism. This mechanism usually
results in bactericidal activity in vitro at concentrations at which
Mechanism of Action
the individual substances are only bacteriostatic. In addition,
Side Effects
Cotrimoxazole is often effective against organisms that are
resistant to one of the two components.
Pharmacokinetics:
Absorption: Trimethoprim and Sulfamethoxazole are rapidly
and completely absorbed from the upper portion of the
gastrointestinal tract after oral administration.
 Distribution: The volume of distribution is approximately 1.6
L/kg for Trimethoprim and approximately 0.2 L/kg for
Sulfamethoxazole, while the plasma protein binding reaches
37% for Trimethoprim and 66.2% for Sulfamethoxazole.
Metabolism: Around 20% of a Trimethoprim dose is
metabolized.
Elimination: The elimination half-lives of the two components
are very similar (a mean of 10 hours for Trimethoprim and of 11
hours for Sulfamethoxazole).
Pharmacokinetics in Special Populations:
Children and Adolescents: In children aged 1 to 9 years the
total plasma clearance of Trimethoprim is around three-fold
larger than in adults. As a consequence the half-life of
Trimethoprim in children is less than half of that observed in
adults.
Elderly: The elimination half-lives of Trimethoprim and
Sulfamethoxazole are not significantly changed in elderly
patients.
Renal Impairment: In patients with severely impaired renal
function (creatinine clearance 15-30 ml/min), the elimination
half-lives of both components are increased, requiring dosage
regimen adjustment.
Hepatic Impairment: The pharmacokinetics of Trimethoprim
and Sulfamethoxazole in patients with moderate or severe
hepatic impairment is not significantly different from those
observed in healthy subjects.
Patients with Cystic Fibrosis: The renal clearance of
Trimethoprim and the metabolic clearance of Sulfamethoxazole
are increased in patients with cystic fibrosis. Consequently, the
total plasma clearance is increased and the elimination half-life
is decreased for both drugs.
Toxicology: Preclinical Safety: Teratogenicity: In animal
experiments, very high doses of cotrimoxazole produced foetal
malformations typical of folic acid antagonism.
History of severe allergy & bronchial asthma. Perform blood
counts; urinalysis & renal function test regularly if given over a
prolonged period. Do not give in patients w/ serious
hematological disorders. Preexisting folic acid deficiency or
kidney failure. G6PD deficiency. May interfere w/ Jaffe alkaline
Precautions
picrate reaction assay for creatinine. Pregnancy (avoid during
last stage) & lactation. Elderly. TM: Concomitant use w/
methotrexate. May interfere w/ serum methotrexate assay using
competitive protein-binding technique. SMZ: Porphyria or
thyroid dysfunction. Slow acetylators.
Drug Name LOSARTAN POTASSIUM
50 mg Initially 50 mg once daily. Patients w/ possible
intravascular vol depletion Initially 25 mg once daily. Total
dose: 25-100 mg once daily or bid. May increase dose if
Dosage, Frequency, necessary. 100 mg HTN 50-100 mg daily as a single dose or in 2
Preparation divided doses. Childn ≥6 yr Initially 700 mcg/kg once daily.
Max: 50 mg. Patients w/ intravascular fluid depletion Initially 25
mg once daily. Diabetic nephropathy 50 mg once daily,
increased to 100 mg once daily depending on the BP.

Route Losartan is given by mouth as the potassium salt. May be taken

Classification with or without food.

Losartan is an angiotensin II receptor antagonist with

antihypertensive activity due mainly to selective blockade at
AT1 receptors and the consequent reduced pressor effect of
Indication angiotensin II. It is used in the management of hypertension,
particularly in patients with left ventricular hypertrophy and in
the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. It also has been tried in
heart failure and myocardial infraction.
Contraindication Hypersensitivity. Pregnancy.
Pharmacokinetics:
Losartan is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract
following oral administration but undergoes substantial first-
pass metabolism resulting in a systematic bioavailability of
about 33 %. It is metabolized to an active carboxylic acid
metabolite E-3174 (EXP-3174), which has greater
pharmacological activity than losartan; some inactive
metabolites are also formed. Losartan is excreted in the urine,
and in the faeces via bile as unchanged and metabolite.
Mechanism of Action
Following oral dosing about 35 % of the dose is excreted
Side Effects
unchanged in the urine and about 60% in the faeces. The
terminal elimination half-lives of losartan and E-3174 are about
1.5 to 2.5 hours and 3 to 9 hours.
Adverse Reactions:
Dizziness, headache. 50 mg: Asthenia/fatigue, cough, upper resp
infection. 100 mg: Dose-related orthostatic hypotension;
impaired renal function; hyperkalaemia, myalgia & arthralgia;
resp tract disorders, back pain, GI disturbances, fatigue &
neutropenia.
Renal & hepatic impairment. 100 mg: Patients w/ renal artery
Precautions
stenosis; vol depletion. Monitor serum K conc in elderly &
 patients w/ renal impairment. Avoid concomitant use w/ K-
sparing diuretics.

Drug Name DIPHENHYDRAMINE Hydrochloride

Adult: 50 mg 3 or 4 times daily.
Children (>20 lbs): 12.5-25 mg 3 or 4 times daily. Maximum
Daily Dose: 300 mg.
Based upon body weight, the recommended dosage is 5
Dosage, Frequency,
mg/kg/24 hrs.
Preparation
Motion Sickness: Full dosage is recommended for prophylactic
use, the 1st dose to be given 30 min before exposure to motion
and similar doses before meals and upon retiring for duration of
exposure.

Route Cap:Rx;Syr:Non-Rx
Classification May be taken with or without food.

Perennial & seasonal allergic rhinitis; vasomotor rhinitis,

allergic conjunctivitis due to inhalant allergens & foods;
amelioration of allergic reactions to blood or plasma,
Indication
dermographism; adjunct to epinephrine for anaphylactic
reactions after acute manifestations have been controlled.
Motion sickness & parkinsonism.
Acute attack of asthma.
Contraindication
Administration to newborn and premature infants.
Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride is readily absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract after oral administration. About 40 to 60 %
reaches the systematic circulation in its unchanged form, and
Mechanism of Action
about 80 to 85 % is bound to plasma proteins. Peak plasma
Side Effects
levels are achieved in 1 to 4 hours. Elimination half-life ranges
from 2.4 to 9.3 hours and excretion is mainly in the urine as
metabolite
Patients receiving Diphenhydramine Hydrochloride should
Precautions refrain from work that requires mental alertness such as driving
vehicles, where loss of attention may lead to accident.
Drug Name AMOXICILLIN Trihydrate
500-mg cap 1 cap every 8 hr. 125 mg/5 mL susp Childn up to 10
yr 5 mL every 8 hr, doubled in severe infections. <20 kg 20-40
Dosage, Frequency, mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses. 250 mg/5 mL susp Adult 5 mL
Preparation every 8 hr. Childn up to 10 yr 2.5-5 mL every 8 hr. <20 kg 20-
40 mg/kg/day in 3 divided doses. Drops 6-8 kg 1 mL every 8 hr,
<6 kg 0.5 mL every 8 hr.
Powder for Suspension (Oral drops), Capsule
Route
May be taken with or without food: May be taken w/ meals for
Classification
better absorption & to reduce GI discomfort.
Indicated in the treatment of infections caused by susceptible
strains of Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms.
-Respiratory tract infections due to H. influenzae & S.
Pneumoniae sensitive to amoxicillin.
Indication -Prophylaxis of bacterial Endocarditis in dental surgery.
-First line drug of typhoid fever
-Anti-Helicobacter pylori in conjunction with clarithromycin
and bismuth sub citrate or proton pump in the treatment of
gastric ulcer and duodenal ulcer relapses.
Contraindicated to patients with known hypersensitivity to
Contraindication
penicillin
Pharmacology: Amoxicillin is stable in the presence of gastric
acid and may be given without regard to meals. It is rapidly
absorbed after oral administration. It diffuses readily into most
body tissues and fluids, with the exception of brain and spinal
Mechanism of Action fluid, except when meninges are inflamed. The half-life of
Side Effects amoxicillin is 61.3 minutes and most of the amoxicillin is
excreted unchanged in the urine. Its excretion can be delayed by
concurrent administration of probenecid. Amoxicillin is
approximately 20 percent protein-bound as compared with 60
percent for penicillin-G.
Caution in patients with renal impairment and history of
hypersensitivity to cephalosporins. Amoxicillin should be
discontinued if skin rash occurs. It should preferably not be
Precautions given to patients with infectious mononucleosis since they are
especially susceptible to amoxicillin-induced skin rashes;
patients with lymphatic leukemia or possibly HIV infection may
also be increased risk of developing skin rashes.
Drug Name CARBOCISTEINE

Adult: Initially, 2.25 g daily in divided doses, then 1.5 g daily in

Dosage, Frequency,
divided doses as condition improves.
Preparation
Child: 2-5 yr 62.5-125 mg 4 times daily; 6-12 yr 250 mg tid.
Oral
Route
Mucolytic
Classification
Should be taken with food.
For the treatment of disorder of the respiratory tract associated
Indication
with excessive or viscous
Contraindication Active peptic ulceration
Description: Carbocisteine reduces goblet cell hyperplasia and
therefore plays a role in the management of disorders
characterised by abnormal mucous.
Pharmacokinetics:
Mechanism of Action Absorption: Rapidly and well absorbed from the GI tract. Time
Side Effects to peak plasma concentration: Approx 2 hr.
Distribution: Penetrates into lung tissue and resp mucous.
Metabolism: Undergoes acetylation, decarboxylation and
sulfoxidation.
Excretion: Via urine as unchanged drug and metabolites
Administer with caution to patients with history of peptic ulcer
Precautions disease because of a theoretical risk that may disrupt the gastric
mucosal barrier.