Solution to the Question No.

(a) Finding an expression for the dipole moment vector:

By definition, 𝑝⃗ = 𝑞𝑎⃗; and 𝑎⃗ is directed along -q (-d, -d, 0) to +q (+d, +d, 0).
|𝑎⃗⃗|(𝑥̂+𝑦̂) (𝑥̂+𝑦̂)
We can write 𝑎⃗ = ; 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔 − 𝑞 𝑡𝑜 +
√2 √2
𝑞.

2
|𝑎⃗| = √(𝑑 − (−𝑑))2 + (𝑑 − (−𝑑))

= √4𝑑2 + 4𝑑 2 = √8𝑑 2 = √8𝑑

Therefore,
𝑥̂+𝑦̂
𝑎⃗ = √8𝑑( ) =2𝑑(𝑥̂ + 𝑦̂)
√2

Then 𝑝⃗ = 𝑞𝑎⃗ = 2𝑞𝑑(𝑥̂ + 𝑦̂)

(b) Finding V
𝑝⃗.𝑟̂
By definition V (r, θ, φ)=
4𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2

Here 𝑝⃗. 𝑟̂ = 2𝑞𝑑(𝑥̂ + 𝑦̂). 𝑟̂ = 2𝑞𝑑(𝑥̂. 𝑟̂ + 𝑦̂. 𝑟̂ )

Where 𝑥̂. 𝑟̂ = (sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑 𝑟̂ + cos 𝜃 cos 𝜑 𝜃̂ − sin 𝜑 𝜑̂). 𝑟̂ = sin 𝜃 cos 𝜑

𝑦̂. 𝑟̂ = (sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑 𝑟̂ + cos 𝜃 sin 𝜑 𝜃̂ + cos 𝜑). 𝑟̂ = sin 𝜃 sin 𝜑

Therefore,
𝑞𝑑 sin 𝜃 (cos 𝜑 + sin 𝜑)
𝑉(𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜑) =
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 2
c) Finding expression for the Electric Field

𝐸⃗⃗ = −∇𝑉
𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉 1 𝜕𝑉
=− 𝑟̂ − 𝜃̂ − 𝜑̂
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝜕𝜑

𝑞𝑑 2 sin 𝜃(cos 𝜑+sin 𝜑) cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜑−sin 𝜑)

= [ 𝑟̂ − (cos 𝜑 + sin 𝜑)𝜃̂ − 𝜑̂]
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟3 𝑟3 𝑟3

𝑞𝑑
= [2 sin 𝜃 (cos 𝜑 + sin 𝜑)𝑟̂ − cos 𝜃 (cos 𝜑 + sin 𝜑)𝜃̂ − (cos 𝜑 −
2𝜋𝜀0 𝑟 3
sin 𝜑)𝜑̂]