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to be considered in design of
embankment dams
Published on August 2, 2016
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Amr El-Sayed
FollowAmr El-Sayed
Station Engineer at Purple Line Transit Constructors (PLTC): Fluor, Lane
Construction, and Traylor bros.
Introduction
At the same time the Engineers are responsible to the community for the
cost of the structure. There is always a limit to the finance, so any cut in
cost must not sacrifice safety.
2- Architecture layout and choosing the best spot for the dam
In the planning stage possible dam sites will have been chosen
from contour maps and aerial photography, selected primarily on
topography. A narrow gorge is best, hoping for minimum
quantities in the dam and a valley opening upstream to provide the
required storage. There maybe alternative sites along the length of
a river and hence further investigation has to be done to ascertain
the best possible position.
Depends on many considerations, such as the narrowest stream
width, the location of the reservoir, geological formation at the
site, and what the purpose of the dam was.
3-Site Investigation
All the parameters used in the design such as soil shear strength,
unit weight, maximum dry density,…….etc, should be estimated
from different types of field and laboratory tests.
5- Hydrology study
Both static and dynamic (like earthquake) loads acting on the body of
the dam are calculated.
The minimum factors of safety for embankment dams would be:
Upstream Slope
Following rapid drawdown (slip circles between high and low water
levels) 1.2-1.3
Downstream Slope
7- Foundation Design
1. Piping occurs when water picks up soil particles and moves them
through unprotected exits, developing unseen channels or pipes
through a dam or its foundation.
2. Heave or slope failures caused by seepage forces.
3. Excessive loss of water.
9- Slope Stability
1. The slopes must be safe against surface slipping. To ensure this the
slopes must be no steeper than the angle of repose
2. The dam must be safe against sliding on the foundation
3. The mass of the embankment must be safe against a circular arc
failure or composite linear failure. This is likely to occur within an
earth core or weak foundation
Dam failures are most likely to happen for one of six reasons:
1- Site investigation:
In order to design the most efficient structure, we have to know what the
structure is facing with respect to soil and geological formation, and how
the dam will act at the specific site.
The tests done at the construction site are the base for dam design. If any
tests gave bad results, the design will be based on poor information, and
will be poor design.
4-Hydrology study
Good Hydrology study will determine the U.stream water level, and thus
determining the required height of the dam, and the elevation of the
spillway. Poor investigation might lead to dam overtopping.
6- Foundation Design
7- Slope Stability
The purpose of the dam determines many factors in dam design. There is
no fixed design for every dam. The purpose of the dam should be taken
into consideration in dam design. For example, a dam with power plant,
should be designed to withstand extra dynamic effects from power
machines.
9- Architecture layout and choosing the best spot for the dam
Based on Geology formation, choosing the best place for the dam is very
essential for a successful design. The location of the dam might decrease
or increase construction cost.
Moving the river away from the dam construction area provides low
groundwater level, and thus enables to operate without major dewatering
problems.