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MATLAB GUI Development Environment

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 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ICCSIT 2012

MATLAB GUI Development Environment Simplifies Deployment of Standalone

Software for Optimal Design of Substation Grounding Systems

Kaustubh A. Vyas and J. G. Jamnani

Department of Electrical Engineering
Institute of Technology, Nirma University
Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India
vyas_kaustubh@yahoo.in jg.jamnani@nirmauni.ac.in

Abstract— MATLAB is a powerful language that simplifies the
process of solving technical problems in a variety of disciplines
by including a very extensive library of predefined functions.
In addition to simple coding, MATLAB system also facilitates
creation of GUIs that make it suitable for application
deployment. GUIDE, the MATLAB Graphical User Interface
Development Environment, provides a set of tools for creating
graphical user interfaces (GUIs). These tools greatly simplify
the process of designing and building GUIs. Main purpose of
the present work is description of software which is developed
using MATLAB® GUIDE to analyze performance of substation
grounding system as per method described in IEEE standard
80 - 2000. Substations as a whole being an important part of
the complete power system, grounding system of substations
plays a vital role in overall performance of reliable power
system. Grounding system of any substation deserves
considerable care and attention at design stage, primarily to
ensure electrical safety of persons working within or near
substations. The software developed here allows two layered
soil modeling which is not given in IEEE standard. Proposed
software is able to calculate various performance parameters
of grounding system for given input data related to grid
geometry, soil and system conditions for various shapes of
ground grid. Additionally this software can also suggest
optimal i.e. most appropriate, safe and cost-effective design of
the grounding system under given conditions and safety
constraints. Sample design problems have been solved using
this software. In order to check validity of the results obtained
by it, the same problems are also solved by ‘Ground Grid
Systems’ module of ETAP – power system analysis software.
Comparison of results shows that the newly developed software
is quite reliable tool in the field of grounding system design.
Keywords-Electrical safety; Grounding system; MATLAB
GUIDE; Safety criteria; Substation; Tolerable potentials
I. INTRODUCTION
On its way from generating station to the end consumer,
electrical power passes through different kinds of
substations. Continuity of electrical power supply depends to
a considerable extent upon the successful operation of
substations. It is therefore essential to exercise substantial
care while designing and building a substation. Grounding
system plays crucial role in the performance of any
substation as it provides place for connecting system neutral
points, equipment body and support structures to the earth. It
also ensures safety of working personnel within the
substation and enables earth fault detection and protection. It
provides path for discharging the earth currents from neutrals
of equipments, faults, surge arrestors, overhead shielding
wires etc. It keeps step and touch potential within tolerable
limits. Hence properly designed and installed grounding
system ensures reliable performance of electrical substation,
safety of persons working within or near substation and
limits the ground potential rise GPR within acceptable levels.
Substation grounding system being an essential part of the
overall electrical system, its design is also of very much
importance [1, 2].
Designing and operation of grounding system is an area
in which there has been extensive study and analysis for last
five decades [3-5]. Several methods for grounding system
analysis and design have been proposed. Numbers of
computer programs have been developed to calculate safety
parameters of an earthing installation in order to obtain a
reliable model of ground grid and predict the hazardous
scenarios which could occur under certain situations. Most of
these methods are based on professional experience, on semi
- empirical works, on experimental data obtained from scale
models and laboratory tests or intuitive idea. In spite of
significant research work going in the field of grounding
system design there are quite a few number of software that
are available to users in open environment. Most of the
grounding systems designing software are proprietary and
quite costly. This paper mainly describes development and
utilization of software Economical Substation Grounding
System Designer (ESGSD), which is designed using
MATLAB® as mathematical computing tool as well as
programming platform. Basically MATLAB is a numerical
computing environment and fourth-generation programming
language developed by Math Works. MATLAB allows
matrix manipulations, plotting of functions and data,
implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces,
and interfacing with programs written in other languages,
including C, C++, Java, and FORTRAN. Design problems
have been solved by ESGSD in uniform soil as well as two
layered soil conditions for simple performance analysis as
well as optimal design. Results obtained by it are compared
with those given by Ground Grid Systems (GGS) module of
ETAP – power station 4.7.0. Snap shots showing the
analysis results and comparison tables clearly draw attention
that ESGSD gives fairly correct results for grounding system
design and it is found to be trustworthy tool for design of
grounding systems of HV / EHV substations.
 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ICCSIT 2012
II. SAFETY CRITERIA FOR GROUNDING SYSTEM DESIGN
AS PER IEEE STANDARD 80 – 2000
There are typically five shock situations to which a
person working within the substation may be subjected
namely, Touch voltage, Step voltage, Mesh voltage, Metal to
metal touch voltage and Transferred voltage. Out of these
five shock situations, first two are used for derivation of
safety criteria for grounding system design [2]. A good
grounding system should be able to maintain the actual mesh
and step voltages within a substation well below tolerable
touch and step voltages respectively. These tolerable safety
criteria have been established based on fibrillation discharge
limit of body current [6]. To attain this safety the equivalent
electrical resistance of the grounding system must be low
enough to assure that fault currents dissipate mainly through
the grounding grid into the earth. Main performance
parameters of the grounding system are Grid resistance, Step
voltage, Touch voltage and GPR.
While designing any substation grounding system
the main thing to be taken care of is that under any
circumstances actual step and mesh voltages must not exceed
those described as tolerable values [6].
Touch voltage and step voltage safety criteria for people
weighing 50 Kg. and 70 Kg. are as follows respectively.
0.116
E _ touch _ 50 = (1000 + 1.5ρ s ⋅ Cs ) ⋅ ..........(1)
ts
0.157
E _ touch _ 70 = (1000 + 1.5ρ s ⋅ Cs ) ⋅ ..........(2)
ts
0.116
E _ step _ 50 = (1000 + 6 ρ s ⋅ Cs ) ⋅ ..........(3)
ts
0.157
E _ step _ 70 = (1000 + 6 ρ s ⋅ Cs ) ⋅ ..........(4)
ts
Where
ρs = Surface layer resistivity in ( Ω ⋅ m )
Cs
= Surface layer derating factor
ts
= shock duration in (Sec.)
III. DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMICAL SUBSTATION
GROUNDING SYSTEM DESIGNER
A. GUIDE – GUI Development Environment in MATLAB
In addition to simple coding, MATLAB also allows
creation of graphical user interfaces [7]. Previously in order
to develop a software, toolbox or standalone applications one
had to rely on C++, Visual basic, or Java. For a computer
science or information technology student it is easy to
program in these environments but for other science and
engineering students this pose a problem since they are not
familiar with these programs and require excellent
programming expertise. However MATLAB also has very
nice inbuilt GUI development environment called as GUIDE
that allows creation of GUI so that the code becomes more
user friendly. It is similar to VB for creating GUIs. It also
includes low-level commands that allow user to fully
customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build
complete Graphical User Interfaces on MATLAB
applications. Also it has access to other programming
environments such as C, C++, JAVA etc. It allows user to
write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with
MATLAB. It include facilities for calling routines from
MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a
computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-
files. Also with the help of deployment tool it can deploy
windows standalone application so that the application can
be used even in absence of MATLAB.
B. MATLAB GUIDE exploited to develop Economical
Substation Grounding System Designer
Here MATLAB GUI Development Environment is used
to develop graphical software that can help the engineer in
designing grounding systems for HV / EHVAC substations.
IEEE standard 80 – 2000 – ‘IEEE Guide for Safety in AC
Substation Grounding’ is one of the most widely accepted
documents which describes guide lines for design of
grounding systems for HV / EHV AC substations,
considering its performance at power frequencies only.
Software Economical Substation Grounding System
Designer (ESGSD) has been designed as per guide lines
given in the same. Additionally this software provides option
for modeling the soil as two layered one which is not given
in IEEE guide. ESGSD has been developed using MATLAB
– GUIDE as programming tool and MATLAB as
mathematical computing tool [7, 8]. This has been designed
using MATLAB version 7.6 R2008a, hence it is supposed to
work well with MATLAB 7.6 and above versions.
1) Salient features of ESGSD [1,2]
• GUI developed with the help of MATLAB makes the
software quite user friendly and any novice user can
also work with it without going for detailed literature
study.
• A list of commonly used conductor materials is
provided and program automatically takes the standard
values of material constants for the selected conductor
material.
• This software calculates required conductor size and
automatically chooses the most appropriate standard
conductor size available in the market; however manual
entry is also possible.
• It gives well formatted output in Microsoft Word file.
• Results obtained here are found to be quite matching, in
majority of cases, with those obtained from ‘Ground
Grid Systems’ module of ETAP – professional software
used for solving problems related to power system
design and analysis by many utilities.
 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ICCSIT 2012
Fig. 1 Main page of ESGSD
Figure 1 shows main page of the software ESGSD. This
page allows access to all other input modules for entering
data related to grid geometry, soil conditions and system
related data and analysis modules for evaluating performance
of proposed system and getting optimal design. Also report
can be generated for each type of analysis from this page.
The software analyzes performance of grounding system
in two ways
1. Simple performance analysis of proposed grounding
system by taking data related to grid geometry, system
parameters and soil parameters.
2. Optimal design of grounding system for all the five grid
shapes namely, Square, Rectangular, Triangular, L
shaped, and T shaped grids in uniform as well as two
layered soil by taking the same data as for first option.
In case of simple performance analysis the software asks
for data related to ground grid geometry, No. of ground rods,
data regarding substation soil, generalized data related to
power system for safety criteria establishment, conductor
size and material etc. Then it calculates tolerable voltages as
per safety criteria, actual mesh and step voltages, grounding
system resistance (Rg), ground potential rise (GPR) and
safety of the proposed grounding system. After calculation
results are displayed in a separate window.
In case of optimization, ESGSD suggests the most
appropriate, safe and economical i.e. optimal design of
grounding system.
C. Major factors affecting grounding system performance
Following parameters have been found to have
substantial effect on ground grid design and performance.
Maximum grid current, Fault duration, Shock
duration, Soil resistivity, Surface layer resistivity, Thickness
of surface layer, Area occupied by the grid conductors,
Depth of burial of grid, Spacing between grid conductors,
Number and location of vertical ground rods [2].
Of these parameters No. of Vertical ground rods
(Nr), Conductor spacing (D), Depth of grid (h) and Area of
grounding system (A) have dominating effect on the grid
performance among the others. Further details about the
influence of these parameters on grounding system
performance can be found from [1, 2, 9]. At least two if not
all of the above four parameters must be decision variables
while formulating the optimization problem.
Here for the purpose of optimization, first two
dominating parameters affecting grounding system
performance viz. No. of conductors in horizontal ground grid
and No. of vertical ground rods, have been considered to be
variable. Hence for obtaining optimal design of grounding
system, No. of ground grid conductors are varied thereby
altering separation between them for fixed grounding system
area. Also No. of ground rods are varied to get most
appropriate design at minimal cost. Depth of burial is again
assumed constant and not varied for optimization.
Information on effects of various parameters on grounding
system performance can be found from [1, 2, 9, 10]
D. Mathematical formulation of objective function for
optimization of grounding system design[11]
Optimization problem formulated here is of linear,
constrained type optimization problem. It has been solved by
application of linear programming method, incorporating
trial and error iterative method for optimizing the design.
Decision variables chosen are No. of ground rods and No. of
horizontal grid conductors as shown in eq. (5). In order to get
optimal solution, following cost objective function has to be
minimized subjected to safety criteria listed below it.
Minimize the cost of grounding system given by
C ( f ) = N r ( Lr ⋅ Cri + Cr ) + Lc (Ci + Cc )..........(5)
Subjected to constraints of safety and grid geometry:
Em _ act ≤ 0.95 ⋅ Em _ tol ..........(6)
Es _ act ≤ 0.95 ⋅ Es _ tol ..........(7)
Rg ≤ 0.5Ω..........(8)
0.95 ⋅ D1 ≤ D2 ≤ 1.05 ⋅ D1..........(9)
2.5 ≤ D ≤ 22.5..........(10)
Where
Nr = No. of vertical ground rods
Lr = Length of each vertical ground rod (m)
Cri = Installation cost of vertical ground rods (` / m)
Cr = Material cost for ground rods (` / rod)
LC = Total length of conductors in ground grid (m)
Ci = Installation cost for grid conductors (` / m)
CC = Material cost of conductors (` / m)
Em_act = Actual mesh voltage (Volts)
Em_tol = Tolerable mesh voltage (Volts)
ES_act = Actual step voltage (Volts)
ES_tol = Tolerable step voltage (Volts)
D1 = Spacing between conductors in X direction (m)
D2 = Spacing between conductors in Y direction (m)
 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ICCSIT 2012
D = Average separation between any two consecutive
conductors in the ground grid (m)
Rg = Grounding system resistance (Ω)
These safety criteria state that actual mesh and step
voltages must be less than 95 percent of the corresponding
tolerable values and grounding system resistance must be
less than 0.5Ω taking into consideration safety performance.
Also spacing between the conductors in horizontal grid
should be uniform and almost equal in both directions and
spacing between two adjacent conductors should be between
2.5 m to 22.5 m which are pre requisites while using
equations given in IEEE guide [6].
Algorithm of working of this software is shown in fig. 2
Figure 3. Ground Grid layout page of ESGSD
Fig. 3 Program flow chart for working of ESGSD
As seen from the figure, the software initially takes
necessary data from user. After calculating the required
conductor size and selecting the actual standard conductor
size as per user requirement, it solves the problem of soil
model extraction if not available. Then it establishes safety
criteria given by IEEE standard guidelines for designing
grounding system. Next it works iteratively with different
combinations of conductors and rods for getting the best
solution. It can simply analyze any proposed grounding
system and additionally, it can give safe and economical i.e.
optimal design of grounding system that is compliant with
IEEE standard.
Figure-3 shows grid layout page that is used by the
software for taking data related to grid geometry, and details
about ground rods.
Fig. 2 Grid layout page of ESGSD
Figure-4 shows system data page that is used by the
software for taking general system related data, ambient
conditions and fault current related data. These data are
necessary to establish safety criteria and designing grounding
system such that it does not violate the safety criteria.
Fig. 4 System data page of ESGSD
 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ICCSIT 2012

IV. PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF ESGSD
A. Design of grounding system with ESGSD and
confirmation of results with ETAP – GGS
The software ESGSD has been developed using
Table II shows comparison of the results obtained by
both the software before application of optimization and after
applying optimization to the proposed grounding system.
TABLE II. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GROUNDING SYSTEM
LOCATED IN TWO LAYERED SOIL

MATLAB and is based on IEEE – 80 – 2000 guidelines as Particular Unit Before Optimization After Optimization
described before. ESGSD facilitates two types of analysis for Results given by Results given by
grounding system design. ESGSD ETAP ESGSD ETAP
1. Simple performance analysis: Here it only indicates Rg Ω 0.181 0.19 0.18 0.21
(Es_tol) Volts 1745.64 1745.6 1745.64 1745.6
whether the proposed grounding system is safe or not
(Em_tol) Volts 559.44 559.4 559.44 559.4
according to IEEE safety criteria.
(Es_act) Volts 891.4 890.1 908.64 950.9
2. Optimization: It works in two ways as explained below. (Em_act) Volts 657.23 656.3 531.23 523
a. If system is already safe then optimization (Es_act) / (Es_tol) % 51.06 51 52.05 54.5
gives the design at minimal cost i.e. pecuniary (Em_act) / (Em_tol) % 117.48 117.3 94.95 93.49
saving, without compromising technical Nx_opt - - 19 20
Ny_opt - - 19 20
performance in terms of electrical safety. Nr_opt - - 45 4
b. If proposed system is not safe, optimization Cost of grid ` 3600000 3600000 4275000 4500000
makes design safe and that too at least cost. Cost of rods ` 150000 150000 168750 15000
Total cost ` 3750000 3750000 4443750 4515000
These points become clear from following examples. Extra cost ` - - 693750 765000
Safety Not Safe Not Safe Safe Safe
B. Grounding system design for Square shaped grid in
two layered soil: In the table – II following notations are used
In order to validate the results given by the software, Rg = Grid resistance
following design problem has been solved by it and the same (Es_tol) = Tolerable step voltage
is also solved with the help of Ground Grid Systems (GGS) (Em_tol) = Tolerable mesh voltage
module of ETAP – professional software [12]. (Es_act) = Actual step voltage
In this design problem, grounding system having square (Em_act) = Actual mesh voltage
shaped grid supplemented by vertical ground rods and Nx_opt = Optimal No. of Conductors in X direction
situated in two layered soil has been solved by both software Ny_opt = Optimal No. of Conductors in Y direction
for simple analysis and also for optimal design. Results Nr_opt = Optimal No. of ground rods
produced by both the software are compared for checking Looking to the table – II we observe following two
performance of ESGSD. Following table – I shows input important things. First, ESGSD gives trustworthy results as
data required for grounding system design verified with ETAP – GGS results for two layered soil and
square shaped grid for both type of analysis, thereby
TABLE I. INPUT DATA REQUIRED FOR GROUNDING SYSTEM DESIGN validating its performance. Next, the grounding system
No. Particular Value
proposed in table I is not safe because, actual mesh voltage
1 Grid shape Square 657.23 Volts is 17 % more than tolerable mesh voltage
2 Fault current (If) 45kA 559.44 Volts. Thus revision in design is necessary for
3 Fault current split factor (Sf) 0.65 making the design safe.
4 Shock Duration (ts) 0.5 sec Here comes into picture second aspect of optimization
5 Fault duration (tf) 1 sec that is making unsafe system safe by application of
6 Current projection factor 1.25 optimization and that too at least possible cost. In order to
7 Surface layer resistivity (ρs) 2000 Ω ⋅ m make system safe, now optimization is applied to the
8 Surface layer thickness (hs) 0.18 m aforesaid grounding system with the help of ESGSD as well
9 Resistivity of first layer (ρ1) 34.15 Ω ⋅ m as ETAP – GGS. Comparison of results given by both the
10 Dept of first layer 1.8 m software after application of optimization to above
11 Resistivity of first layer (ρ1) 16.67 Ω ⋅ m grounding system is shown in table II.
12 Depth of burial of grid (h) 0.5 m As observed from above table, after application of
13 Uniform soil resistivity (ρ) 25 Ω ⋅ m optimization, the grounding system becomes safe as both
14 Length in X direction (Lx) 75 m actual voltages are less than corresponding tolerable values.
15 Length in Y direction (LY) 75 m
16 Spacing between conductors (D) 5m
Of course this involves additional expenditure on grounding
17 No. of ground rods (Nr) 40 system installation and material cost which is about 18% of
18 Length of ground rod (Lr) 2.5 m the cost of original unsafe system. However this should not
19 Ambient temperature (Ta) 50 oC be constraint because after all personnel safety is of major
20 Cost of grid conductors (Cc + Ci) 2500 `/m interest. Also the design suggested by ESGSD is optimal and
21 Cost of ground rods (Cr + Cri) 2500 `/m the most favorable at least at preliminary analysis stage. This
22 Material for ground rods Zinc coated steel rod is also verified by corresponding results of ETAP.
23 Material for grid conductors Zinc coated steel rod
 International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology ICCSIT 2012

C. Grounding system design for Square shaped grid in grounding system performance at power frequency is
uniform soil: concerned. All these results can be checked from [13].
Now the same system is considered to be installed in V. CONCLUSION
uniform soil having resistivity of 25 Ω ⋅ m . Table III shows
comparison of results given by both the software before In this paper initially importance of grounding system is
application of optimization and after application of starched at and newly developed software is briefly
optimization. introduced. Next, safety criterion is explained along with
appropriate equations. Then information about development
TABLE III. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF GROUNDING SYSTEM of software together with its salient features is given. Next
LOCATED IN UNIFORM SOIL
objective function for optimizing the grounding system
Particular Unit Before Optimization After Optimization design along with the safety and geometrical design
Results given by Results given by constraints is described. Then general design methodology as
ESGSD ETAP ESGSD ETAP per IEEE guidelines is discussed with flowchart of program
Rg Ω 0.157 0.16 0.157 0.16 algorithm. Finally performance of newly developed software
(Es_tol) Volts 1743.84 1743.8 1743.84 1743.8
ESGSD is evaluated by solving two design problems and
(Em_tol) Volts 558.99 559 558.99 559 comparing results with those given by professional software
(Es_act) Volts 652.56 652.6 660.89 677.5
ETAP. Analyses results clearly show technical soundness of
(Em_act) Volts 481.14 481.1 530.9 549.4
(Es_act) / (Es_tol) % 37.42 37.4 37.89 38.78 the novel software and importance of application of
(Em_act) / (Em_tol) % 86.07 86.1 94.97 98.28 optimization. Finally ESGSD is found to be an effective
Nx_opt - - 15 14 design tool at least at preliminary level for designing
Ny_opt - - 15 15 grounding system of AC substations considering only power
Nr_opt - - 24 4 frequency performance parameters. It can serve quite useful
Cost of grid ` 3600000 3600000 3375000 3375000 to design engineers for designing preliminary grounding
Cost of rods ` 150000 150000 90000 15000 system as per standards rather than using empirical hand
Total cost ` 3750000 3750000 3465000 3390000 calculation methods based on rough approximation or
Saving ` - - 285000 360000
previous experiences.
Safety Safe Safe Safe Safe
As seen from table III, in case of grounding systems in REFERENCES
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