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A smaller
Elliptical orbit (secondary)body
(Satellite)
revolving a larger body
Secondary body May be natural
Primary body
(e.g, moon, planets
around the sun)
May be artificial
(e.g, comm satellites)
Pros and Cons of Satellite
Pros
– can reach a large geographical area.
– high bandwidth
– support for mobile users
Cons
– high initial cost (equipment, launching, and limited
lifetime of 3 to 7 years)
– susceptible to noise and interference
– propagation delay and crowding
4
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1940’s – 1950’s
- moon was the first passive
satellite used
1945
- Arthur C. Clark &
John R. Pierce
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1954
- the U.S. Navy
conducted the Earth
Moon Earth
1957
- Russia launched the
SPUTNIK 1 the first
active satellite
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
Explorer I
- transmitted telemetry
information for nearly 5
months
19 58
Score - with on-board tape
recording, the first artificial
satellite used for relaying
terrestrial communications
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
Echo
- accomplish the first
transatlantic
transmission
Courier
- the first transponder type
satellite lasted only 417
days
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1962
- AT & T launched the
TELSTAR 1 the first duplex
satellite transmission
1963
- AT & T launched TELSTAR
H for telephone, TV, fax and
data transmission
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1965
- COMSAT launched the
EARLY BIRD( first
commercial operational
synchronous comm. Sat)
which transmitted
messages to five earth
stations with 66
telephone circuits using
EDM techniques
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1966
- The National
Development Company
and POTC established
the DOMSAT ushering
satellite technology to
the Philippines
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1967
- PHILCOMSAT;
Philippines, installed the
first earth station at the
foot of Sierra Madre
Mountains, Mount
Pinugay, Baras, Rizal
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1974
- Western Union launched
the WESTAR for TV and
data transmission
1976
- Indonesia launched its
first satellite; PALAPA A-
1
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
1988
- India launched its first
satellite; INSAT-1C
1993
- Thailand launched its
first satellite; THAICOM
1.
1997
- Mabuhay Philippines
Satellite Corporation
launched AGUILLA II;
the first Philippine
Satellite
Sputnik 1
- the first active satellite
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
Telstar I
- the first active satellite to
simultaneously receive
and transmit radio signals
Telstar II
- was electronically identical
to Telstar I, except it was
more radiation resistant
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
Syncom I
- was the first attempt to
place geosynchronous
satellite into orbit but was
lost during orbit injection
Syncom III
- used to broadcast the
1964 Olympic Games from
Tokyo
Significant Milestones in Satellite
Technology
Molniya
- first domestic satellite by
the Soviet Union
What Forces Keep the Satellite
from Falling?
Centrifugal Force
-throw the body outward
because of velocity
Gravity
-pulls it towards
earth center
ORBITAL VELOCITY AND ALTITUDE
m = satellite mass
v = satellite velocity in the plane of orbit
µ = Geocentric Gravitational constant
= 3.986004 x 10 5 km3/s2
r = radius from the center of the earth
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Satellite Link- a communication path formed
between two or more ground stations transmitting
and receiving radio communications traffic via a
satellite.
Uplink – that portion of the satellite
communications link involving the transmission of
traffic from the ground station up to the satellite.
Downlink – the portion of a satellite
communications link involving the transmission of
traffic from the satellite to the earth terminal.
Satellite Altitude – refers to the satellite orientation
with respect to the earth.
Orbital terminology
Orbit - the path of a celestial body or satellite in
“unpowered flight”
Ascending node - point where the orbit crosses the
equatorial plane going from South to North
Descending Node - point where the orbit crosses the
equatorial plane going from North to South.
Apogee - The highest point of the orbit or it is the point in
an earth satellite orbit, which is farthest away from earth
Perigee - The point in an earth satellite orbit, which is
closest in the earth
Eccentricity - a number between zero and one which
describe the shape of an ellipse. A circle has an
eccentricity of zero.
Eccentricity
Characteristics of Satellite Orbit
Height
Speed
period
Angle of inclination
Angle of elevation
Angle of Inclination – the angle between
the line that passes through the center of
the earth and the north pole and a line
that passes through the center of the earth
but which is also perpendicular to the
orbital plane.
Johannes Kepler
(December 27, 1571 – November 15, 1630)
was a German mathematician, astronomer and
astrologer, and a key figure in the 17th century
astronomical revolution. He is best known for his
eponymous laws of planetary motion, codified by later
astronomers based on his works Astronomia nova,
Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican
Astronomy.
KEPLER’S LAW
First Law: Satellite will orbit a primary
body following an elliptical path.
T4 T3
T5
T2
A4 A3
A5 A2 T1
A1
T6 A6
PHYSICAL LAWS
KEPLER’S 3RD LAW: LAW OF HARMONICS
The squares of the periods
of two planets’ orbits are
proportional to each
other as the cubes of
their semi-major axis:
T12/T22 = a13/a23
TYPES OF SATELLITES
Communications Satellites
Navigation Satellites
Weather Satellites
Military Satellites
Scientific Satellites
SATELLITE ELEVATION
CATEGORIES
LOW EARTH ORBIT MEDIUM EARTH
(LEO) ORBIT
OPERATES IN THE 1 OPERATES IN THE
GHz – 2.5 GHz 1.2 – 1.66 GHz
LOWER PATH LOSS ORBIT BETWEEN
LOWER TRANSMIT 6000-12000 MILES
POWER, SMALLER HIGH ALTITUDE
ANTENNAS AND EARTH ORBIT
LIGHTER
2 – 18 GHz
19000 -25000 MILES
SATELLITES
44
Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO) 22,300 miles (in
equatorial orbit)
Rotates in an orbit
that takes over north
and south pole.
It follows an orbit
close to earth and
passes over or very
close to the poles.
Inclination is close to
90 degrees (800 to
1000 km)
Used for earth
observation and
surveillance
Satellite orbits
Types of Satellite Transmissions:
Payload- actual information conveyed through the
system
Bus Transmission- includes control mechanisms
that support the payload operation.
Types as to functions;
Passive Satellite- a communications satellite not
equipped with electronic devices to retransmit
communications. Such satellite act as a reflector of
radio waves.
Active Satellite- a satellite equipped with electronic
devices to receive, amplify, convert and retransmit
signals.
Types as to Axis Stabilization
Spinners- use angular momentum of its spinning
body to provide roll and yaw stabilization.
3-axis Stabilizers- body reeamins fixed relative to
earth’s surface while an internal subsystem provides
roll and yaw stabilization.
CATEGORIES OF SATELLITES
Based on Axis Stabilization
Downlink, Bandwidth,
Band Uplink, GHz
GHz MHz
L 1.5 1.6 15
S 1.9 2.2 70
C 4 6 500
Ku 12 14 500
Ka 20 30 3500
Frequency Bands Available for
Satellite Communications
SATELLITE SYSTEM LINK
MODELS
COMPONENTS OF SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Up
Converter
IF RF
Modulator BPF Mixer BPF HPA
Base Band in FDM or
PCM/TDM
Microwave
Generator
COMPONENTS OF SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Frequency
Translator
Microwave
Shift Oscillator
2 GHz
COMPONENTS OF SATELLITE SYSTEMS
Down
Converter
Microwave
Generator
FREQUENCY REUSE
Multiple Coverage Areas
- the use of the same frequency
beamed towards different
geographic areas on earth
multiple spot beam antennas.
- a transponder
1. QUESTIONS 1- 22;
2. PROBLEMS 1-28
REF.: TOMASI 6TH ED pp 601-603
Satellite System
Parameters
Orbital Calculations
ORBITAL VELOCITY
Any satellite orbiting the earth needs to satisfy this
equation: 2 h R
4 x1011 v
v T
(d 6400)
gR 2T 2
h3 R
4 2 Where:
g = acceleration due to
gravity
= 9.81 m/s2
gR2 = gravitational
constant
Orbital Period = 4 x 105 km3/s2
T 2
h R 3 h = height of sat. (m)
R = earth’s radius (m)
gR 2 T = orbital period (s)
Earth station design parameters
Pdelay 2 Ptime
N o N dBW 10 log BW
Carrier-to-Noise Density Ratio
unitless
C C
N o kTe
in db
C
CdBW N o(dbW)
No
C G
EIRP(dBw ) FSL(dB) (dB) K (dBw )
No T
Energy of Bit –to- Noise Density Ratio
Bit Energy
in Joule/bps
Unitless
C Eb Pt Tb
Eb fb
in dbJ or dbW/bps
No N
BW Eb Pt ( dBW ) 10 log Tb
in db
Eb C BW
N o dB N dB f b dB
Satellite system parameters
Gain-to-Equivalent Noise Temperature Ratio
unitless
G Ar ALNA
Te Te
in db
G
Ar ( dB ) ALNA( dB ) Te ( dBK )
Te
G/T (Gain to System Noise Temperature)
• This is the Figure of merit of any receiving system
• It is the ratio of gain of the system and system noise temperature
Te = Ta + Tr
Lp
Lu
Uplink Equation
Lf
Pin
HPA:
Pt LBO LB
C At Pin ( L p LD ) Ar At Pin ( L p LD ) G
x
No KTe k Te
C 4D G
10 log At Pin 20 log( ) 10 log 10 log LD 10 log K
No Te
C G 1
EIRP ( dBW ) L P ( dB ) ( dBK ) L D ( dB ) K ( dBWK )
No Te
Pin At
Lp
Lu
Downlink Equation
Pin
E/S Rx
Te G/Te Eb/No C/N
Problem 4: Complete the uplink budget
Solution:
Problem 5:
Solution:
SATELLITE ACCESSING
TECHNIQUE
Access Techniques – refers to the way a communication
system uses a satellite transponder.
MARISAT
Ship- to- shore and shore-to – ship communications via a dedicated
geostationary satellite system, providing high-quality telephony, data
and telex/telegraphy circuits.