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Summary
1. Red flags are clinical indicators of possible serious underlying conditions requiring
further medical intervention. Red flags were designed for use in acute low back
pain, but the underlying concept can be applied more broadly in the search for
serious underlying pathology in any pain presentation.
Red Flags
The presence of red flags in acute low back pain suggests the need for further investigation and
possible specialist referral as part of the overall strategy. If there are no red flags present in this
situation it is safe to reassure the patient and move ahead with a multimodal management
approach.
1. Yellow flags can relate to the patient’s attitudes and beliefs, emotions, behaviours,
family, and workplace. The behaviour of health professionals can also have a major
influence.
The presence of yellow flags may highlight the need to address specific psychosocial factors as
part of a multimodal management approach.
References
1. New Zealand Low back Pain Guide. Accident Rehabilitation and Compensation Insurance
Corporation of New Zealand and the National Health Committee. Wellington 1997.
2. Low Back Pain: Rational use of opioids in chronic or recurrent non-malignant pain. NSW
Therapeutic Assessment Group: Prescribing guidelines for primary care clinicians. Published
1998. Revised 2002.