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2
Descriptions of CT
"CT marries modern computer technology with
traditional methods of measuring transmission of x-
rays to provide a radically new form of imaging.
Measurements are made from many directions within
a plane through the body. From these
measurements a cross-sectional image of the body is
then reconstructed mathematically" LM Zatz in
chapter 109 "Basic principles of computed
tomography" in Radiology of the brain and skull:
Technical aspects of computed tomography, Newton
and Potts, eds., Mosby Publishing, St. Louis, 1981.
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Summary
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1st
2nd
5th
4th
3rd
X-Ray Tube
• X-ray production just as in radiography: Boil electrons
off cathode, aim at anode; produce bremsstrahlung and
characteristics X-rays.
• Tube Continuously On - So Tube needs Heat Capacity
and significant cooling system
• Rotate Tube around patient to create views. Power to
the tube is an issue (how to power a rotating tube?).
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Filtration/ Collimation
• Filter X-rays to make beam harder (higher eff. energy)
• Bow Tie filter to flatten field (equalize exposure reaching
detectors due to expected difference in thickness of
attenuation path)
• Collimate in z direction to create slice thickness
(using pre-patient or pre- and post-patient collimation)
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Detector
X-Ray Beam
Z direction
Pre-Patient
Collimator
X-Ray Tube
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Detectors
X-Ray Beam
Patient
Cross-Section
Bow-Tie or
Equalizing Filter
X-Ray Tube
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Detectors
Solid State/Photodetector - Detector material is typically
a doped ceramic based material. Detector scintillates
and resulting light is collected by silicon based
photodetectors to produce voltage.
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To DAS
X-ray
Scintillator Photodiode
Detector
Integrator
A/D
Converter
Digital Value
to Reconstruction
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Basic Measurement:
X-Ray Attenuation
For a monoenergetic beam in homogeneous tissue:
I=I0e- _ L
Where:
I = intensity of beam after passing through tissue
I0 = initial intensity of beam
_ = linear attenuation coefficient of tissue
L = length of path in tissue
Thus: ln(I0/I) = _ L
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Basic Measurement: X-Ray
Attenuation
For slab of homogeneous tissue: ln(I0/I) = _ L
_
I0 I
L
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Basic Measurement: X-Ray
Attenuation
3 3 3
Sum = 9
1 6 2
Sum = 9
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How to Find _’s
Large Number of Projections; from Different Angles
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P_ (t1)
1
t1
_1
X-ra
y
P_ (t)
2
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Simple Backprojection
Filtered Backprojection
Convolve with a filter that:
weights the center and
underweights the periphery
Effect of Reconstruction Filter
The exact shape of the mathematical reconstruction
filter can affect:
• in plane spatial resolution
• noise
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Water Phantom
Std Algorithm
40 mAs
.625 mm
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Water Phantom
Bone Algorithm
40 mAs
.625 mm
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Standard
Water Phantom
Bone Algorithm
80 mAs
.625 mm
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Standard
Water Phantom
Bone Algorithm
200 mAs
.625 mm
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STANDARD ALGORITHM
Bone ALGORITHM
STANDARD ALGORITHM
LUNG ALGORITHM
Spatial Frequency
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Spatial Frequency
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Image Formation
Once _’s are calculated, normalize to water.
μtissue μ water
CT number = ( )*1000
μ water
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Image Formation
Voxel (volume element) - for each image slice, there is
an x, y and z dimension. These are coming close to
isotropic (the same in each dimension). A typical
voxel would be created from a 35 cm FOV, 512 x 512
matrix and 0.6 -10.0 mm thick slice.
10 mm
.68 mm μ .6 mm .68 mm μ
.68 mm .68 mm
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Single and Multi-Slice Spiral CT
From:Principles of Spiral CT, M. Vannier, G. Wang, in Spiral CT of the Chest,M.Remy-Jardin, J. Remy,Eds.Springer Verlag .
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Single Detector Spiral
Spiral CT Decouples Image Acquisition and Image
Reconstruction. Still tightly linked, but not the same
thing (as they were in axial imaging).
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Data Acquisition
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Pitch=1; Contiguous Spiral
Width of Spiral Path (From Collimation)
Center of Spiral Path
Direction of
Continuous
Patient Transport
z, mm
t, sec
0
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Pitch=2; Extended Spiral
Width of Spiral Path (From Collimation)
Center of Spiral Path
Direction of
Continuous
Patient Transport
z, mm
t, sec
0
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Selected Image Plane
(Arbitrary)
Path of Continuously
Rotating X-ray Tube
(and Projection Data)
Direction of
Continuous
Patient Transport
z, mm
t, sec
0
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Selected Image Plane
(Arbitrary)
Path of Continuously
Rotating X-ray Tube
(and Projection Data) Pitch = 1
Direction of
Continuous
Patient Transport
z, mm
t, sec
0
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Selected Image Plane
(Arbitrary)
Path of Continuously
Rotating X-ray Tube
(and Projection Data) Pitch = 2
Direction of
Continuous
Patient Transport
z, mm
t, sec
0
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Image Formation
Because a VOLUME of Data is Acquired and
Interpolation is used, then
Images can be formed ANYWHERE
>> Slice Location is Arbitrary
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Contiguous Reconstruction
Width of Image
Object(lesion)
Center of Image
Each image
Volume Averaged
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Overlapping Reconstruction – Additional Images
Better Z-sampling
No Additional Radiation
Better Alignment
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MultiDetector Scanners
These scanners typically now have:
• 16 detectors
• Submillimeter resolution in z direction
– Which results in actual or nearly isotropic voxels
• Fast scan times
– Sensation 64 down to 0.33 seconds/full 360° rotation
– Partial scan times of ~ 0.20 seconds
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Siemens’ Sensation 16
Asymmetric Detector
4 x 1.5 mm
}
} 8 x .75 mm
8 x .75 mm
}
} 4 x 1.5 mm
(Longitudinal or Z direction)
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Siemens’ Sensation 16
Asymmetric Detector
4 x 1.5 mm
}
16 x .75mm
1.5mm } 8 x .75 mm
8 x .75 mm
}
} 4 x 1.5 mm
(Longitudinal or Z direction)
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Siemens’ Sensation 64
} 4 x 1.2 mm
} 16 x .6 mm
32 x 0.6mm
(inner) } 16 x .6 mm
24 x 1.2mm
(outer) } 4 x 1.2 mm
(Longitudinal or Z direction)
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Siemens Sensation 64
How do you get 64 slices from this?
Flying Focal Spot
Double Z sampling
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What Does This Mean?
Get closer to Isotropic Voxels
.6 x .6 x .6 mm
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1.5mm slice thickness – Axial images
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Large, 10mm slices
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MPR sag & coron, 1.5mm
Coronal Saggital
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MPR sag & coron, 10mm
Coronal Saggital
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Coronal Views
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Radiation Dose
Typical Head CT scan
Radiation dose is approximately 40 mGy (4 rad)
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Future of CT
Volumetric coverage (entire organ)
Perfusion applications
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Summary
Basic Physics of CT
X-ray based
Move X-ray Source and Make lots of measurements
Mathematically Reconstruct Images
Image Data element (voxel) has Hounsfield Unit value (HU)
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