Research, Management and Leadership (Review TCUP) o Perform manipulation

 Systematic, empirical, controlled and critical investigation, or a hypothetical o Perform intervention

(hypothesis) proposition related to nature phenomenon  DEVELOPMENT
 Must be conducted to affirm or deny hypothesis o From improvement of system of care
 PHENOMENON/PHENOMENA- anything affects the human life o To develop, improve the existing
o Disease, signs and symptoms, procedure, MD, antidote, virus, bacteria o present method of care
 HYPOTHESIS- educated guess, scientific guess, tentative statement of a supposed
answer to your problem ETHICS AS A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH
o Not yet known if true or false, right/wrong  SCIENTIFIC OBJECTIVE
 PHENOMENON+HYPOTHESIS= RESEARCH PROBLEM o For patient benefits
o Without hypothesis there is no research problem on a problem o Has good faith
 CONSENT/COOPERATION
4 MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF A SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH o Get appropriate consent from the owner
o Legally, who owns the patient chart HOSPITAL
 SYSTEMATIC  INTEGRITY
o Follow step by step process/procedure o What you’ve worked hard for
o From identification of problem to conclusion  EQUITABLE
 EMPIRICAL o If you use or utilize research of another researcher give acknowledgement
o Proper objective o PLAGIARISM is illegal replication or duplicate or replicate another use of
o To collect data, facts and evidence to support hypothesis research without appropriate knowledge of the researcher
o Readily observable (objective)  NOBLE
 CONTROLLED o Proper respect to the same subject (Human Rights)
o Proper planning/direction o 3 BASIC RIGHTS OF SUBJECT/SAMPLE RESEARCH
o Must be appropriate system, strategy, method and scheme o They have the right not to arm- includes, physical, mental, moral, harm
o Researched design- used to look for the truth /date *PHYSICAL HARM NEGLIGENCE*
 CRITICAL INVESTIGATION  COMMISION- unacceptable in standard of practice
o Fact finding investigation  OMMISION- no intervention done *MENTAL HARM*
 ASSAULT- threatened, a mere mental fear
PURPOSE OF SCIENTIFIC NURSING RESEARCH  BATTERY- provide physical harm, force the patient *MORAL HARM*
 DESCRIPTIVE  SLANDER/ORAL DEFAMATION- morally destroyed the reputation of
o Observe, describe, record down the results, use senses the client
o Gain richer familiarity regarding phenomena  LIBEL- you had published picture of a person thru TV, MAGAZIN
o 100% known to RN o They have the right self determination
 EXPLORATORY o They have the right of privacy
o Explore to those areas that is unknown  TYPE OF PRIVACY
o Observe more o ANONIMITY- privacy are regard to identify of the patient
o 0% still unknown by the RN o CONFIDENTIALY- privacy of the information or data
 RESTRAINT- dependent (stay with the patient)
 EXPERIMENTAL  Two types of restraints
  Physical- vest or jacket o FEASIBLE- measureable
 Chemical- valium  Factors/parameters
o TRUTHFULNESS- put only the data you have collected  Time
o IMPORTANCE- important to nursing  Money
o FACTUAL- facts or data  Instrument
o IDEAL- you need to comply on the step by step process (Identification-  Apparatus
conclusion)  Population
o COURAGE-  Experience of the researcher
o IMPORTANCE- importance of nursing profession
RESEARCH PROCESS II SETP IN BASIC PROCEDURE o NOVELTY- originality
o SIGIFICANCE- related to nursing profession
1. IDENTIFICATION- of research  Variable- anything which is subject to change for manipulation
2. Review of related literature  2 Major Variables of the study
3. Formulation of conceptual and theoretical framework  Independent variable- cause target population
4. Formulation of hypothesis  Dependent Variable- effect response
5. Selecting the appropriate research design  Example: hypothesis- a study on the different income of a
6. Selecting your population and sample Filipino nurse working at PGH NYGH
7. Conducting a pilot/trial study INDEPENDENT TARGET DEPENDENT
8. Collecting of data phase Hospital- PGH & NYGH Population $-P income
9. Analysis of data phase Place of work Filipino Effect variable
10. Interpretation of data phase Casual variable nurses
11. Communicating your conclusion and recommendation
 Intervening variable- comes between dependent and
STEP 1- IDENTIFICATION of research problem independent
 Problem research- something /anything that requires solving through scientific o Example: organism variable, internal factor, sex,
investigation gender, colour
 Source of problem in Nursing research  Extraneous variable- external influence can be changed
o Concept in nursing- heart disease, M.I o Ex. Allure, citizenship, educational status
o Literature, essay, book, journal  Dichotomous variable- 2 choices/results
o Issues o Ex. Male/female
o Experience  Polychotomous variable- multiple choices/multiple variable
o Nursing problem o Ex. Prepared foods
o Theories RESEARCH
 CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD RESEARCH  Identify problem
o General applicability- useful and applicable for all  Purpose- objective (SMART)
o BASIC PURE RESEARCH- results is for personal knowledge curiosities, o S-smart
applicable to research o M- measurable
o APPLIED RESEARCH- problem solving of others, focus on other problem o A-attainable
o RESEARCHABLE- capable of collecting data o R-realistic
 o T-time bound o It is the roadmap, blueprint to provide result
 Define terms o Plan, structure/strategy conducting an investigation
o Conceptual definition- dictionary meaning/ordinary diction of nurses  Application-useful/applicable to whom?
 Ex.toxic-waste products o Basic/pure research
o Operational definition- difference in accordance of how the researcher used o Applied research
his problem  Method- observe
 Ex. Very busy day for nurses o Experimental- active participation
 Revision of terms o Manipulation (cause & effect)
o STEP 2- review of related literature o Give certain intervention
o Purpose- update, overview, background, key to theoretical and conceptual o Controlled setting
framework  Ex. Laboratories/researched unit
o Non experimental- research is a passive participant
Conceptual framework Research work o Observes and describe, record
Formulated Researcher o Natural setting-where people naturally exist such as homes, hospital,
Authors Research work only schools, office, community
Can be sold Future use of purpose  Data
Books, general o Qualitative- subjectively collected-internal, physical, the subject just said it
o Belief, understanding, emotions, opinions, attitude, behaviour, culture,
 Step 3 FORMULATION OF CONCEPTUAL AND THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK perception, feelings
 Theory- relationship between concept o Quantitative- data collected is based on objective reasoning, numerical
 Conceptual framework- illustration showing relationship between variable interpretation
 Paradigm- diagrammatic presentation/illustration between variable o EX. TEMP, bp result, weight, distance, height, reading observable using sense
 STEP 4- formulation of hypothesis  Step 6 selecting your population and sample
o Hypothesis- mere educated guess, temporary, tentative  Population- bigger than the sample
o Types of Hypothesis  Sample- data, people
 Null or statistical hypothesis- no relationship or difference between  Sampling
1 variable to another o Probability- equal chance for all, equal opportunity as a sample to be chosen
 Single variable- alternative operational research hypothesis, shows o Simple random sampling- only for identical group, same qualifications, equal
difference between 1 variable to another single variable opportunities, method: draw out
 Complex hypothesis- shows relationship/shows difference between o Stratified random sampling- first created a substrata in a population before
two or more variable doing randomization, un-identical group
 Using other intervening variable o Cluster random sampling- create sub areas in the population before doing
 Same as simple hypothesis randomization, to hospital in Manila, UST 3rd floor, south wing tb patients
 Directional Hypothesis- used only directional of the relationship o Systematic Sampling- list of names appearing in population, choose a
between variable multiple number
 Non-directional hypothesis- only predicts the relationship but has o Non-probability- pre selected group, based group, non equal chance for all
no specific direction between variable o Accidental/convenience- accessible, near to the researcher, based on
 STEP 5 Research design proximity of sample
o Systematic, controlled plan for finding answer problem o Purposive/judgemental- based on popularity, common knowledge
 o Snowball sampling- based on lat referral  Ex. Pie chart, line graph
o Quota Sampling-  Qualitative- narrative method, through words, sentences, phrases
 Step 7 trial Study  Step 11 communicating your conclusion
 Step 8 collection of data phase- information are being gathered from subject to o Explaining the result of the investigation by publishing it, spoken
verify a given hypothesis presentation and mass report
o Questionnaires- method of collecting data using a paper and a pencil o Conclusion-final answer of your research
instrument completed by a subject o Recommendation- suggestion to other dissemination
o Types of questionnaires-  Write a book thesis- most basic
 Checklist/dichotomous- yes or no option  Symposium, oral method- conference
 Rating scale- choices arranged in order by the subject according to a  Publication/published- more wider, journal
certain underlying criteria  Internet- modern technology
 Multiple choice- a, b, c, d
o Record- published, documented- easiest, pre existing data, journal, essay,
documents, newspaper, patient chart
o Interview- use oral communication
o Observation-
 participants- the observe involve in the setting together with the
subject active participant
 non participants- the researcher is merely viewing the subject
o problem encountered
 hawthorns effect- obviously, consciously being observed,
experimental
 remedy- perform double blind research must not now that they are
being observed
 halo effect- effect by special treatment or relationship,
rating/performance, because of special relationship praised
 Step 9- analysis for data phase
o Stage whrein the researcher is performing a body of knowledge out of data
collected affirms or deny hypothesis
o Method of analysis of data (tabulation, measurement of data)
o Nominal- tabulating data based on category
 Ex. Male/female
o Ordinal- tabulating data base on ranking
 Ex. Good, better, best, mild, moderate, severe
o Interval- tabulating data based on measurement
 Ec. Numerical value
 Step 10 interpretation of data phase
o 2 methods of interpretation
 Quantitative method- present the result using numerical graphical