METROLOGIA-2003 – Metrologia para a Vida
Sociedade Brasileira de Metrologia (SBM)
Setembro 01−05, 2003, Recife, Pernambuco - BRASIL
FLASH METHOD STANDARDIZATION IN BRAZIL FOR THE
MEASURMENT OF SOLID THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
Paulo Couto1, Helcio R. B. Orlande1, Renato M. Cotta1, Sérgio P. Oliveira2,
Jorge A. Cruz2, Paulo R. F. Santos2, Cláudio S. Pinto Costa1 and Henrique Massard1.
1
Federal University of Rio de Janeiro - EE/COPPE, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil
2
National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality – INMETRO, Xerém, Brazil
Abstract: The flash method, proposed by Parker, Butler,
Jenkins, and Abbott from the U.S. Navy Radiological
Defense Laboratory in 1960, is the most popular method of
measuring the thermal diffusivity of solids. In this method
the front surface of a small sample is subjected to a very
short burst of radiant thermal energy. The resulting
temperature rise on the opposite surface of the sample is
measured, and the thermal diffusivity is computed from the
temperature rise vs. time data. Also, the heat capacity can be
computed from the temperature vs. time data, for the
calculation of the thermal conductivity. Several theoretical
models are available for the the flash method, which include
adiabatic boundary conditions, heat losses, surface coating
effects, among many other aspects. In this paper, these
models are briefly discussed. This paper also describes the
implementation of the flash method in Brazil as a standard
method for the identification of thermal diffusivity. This
work is undertaken in the context of a joint project between
the Graduate School in Engineering of the Federal
University of Rio de Janeiro (COPPE-UFRJ) and the
National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and
Industrial Quality (INMETRO).
Keywords: flash method standardization, thermal
diffusivity measurement, and thermal conductivity.
1. INTRODUCTION
The second half of the twentieth century has seen the subject
of thermal properties measurement change from an exercise
mostly of academic interest to a complex issue employing
the attention of a large number of people in different sectors
of industry, government and universities. The explosion in
materials development for many emerging technologies has
produced very substantial quantities of improved materials
and composites in different forms. This has led to a
corresponding requirement for evaluation of their
thermophysical properties more rapidly and often, under
conditions that cannot be satisfied using the appropriate
classical methods [1]. These classical methods, which
involved the fitting of steady state and non-steady-state
experimental temperature data to theoretical models, were
usually time expendable. Additionally, the large size of the
samples imposed intolerable limitations, usually tied to heat
losses and contact resistance between the specimen, and its
associated heat sources, heat sinks and measurement
devices. The Flash Method, first proposed by Parker et al.
[2], eliminated the problem of contact resistance of the
classical methods, and minimized the heat losses by making
the measurement time short enough so that very little
cooling can take place. This method consists of heating the
front surface of a thermally insulated specimen with a high-
intensity short-duration radiative heat pulse and measuring
the temperature evolution on the back surface by the use of
an infrared (IR) detector. The non-intrusive backside
measurement method eliminates the concern and issues with
sensor attachment to the sample, and removes all
uncertainties associated with contact resistance and sensor
measurement accuracy.
Although different industries and research institutes are
already using the Flash Method for thermal properties
measurements in Brazil, the lack of a national standardized
procedure does not allow the inter-laboratory comparison of
thermal properties, which reduces the measurement
traceability. Therefore, the National Institute of Metrology,
Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) in a
joint project with the Federal University of Rio de Janeiro
(COPPE/UFRJ), funded by the National Council for
Scientific and Technological Development (CNPq), is
working towards the implementation of a primary method
for the measurement of the thermal diffusivity of solids
materials based on the Flash Method, according to the
ASTM standard E1461-0 [3]. This standardized primary
method will stimulate the development of new techniques
for thermophysical properties identifications, which is of
main interest of several Brazilian industries, decreasing its
external dependence of qualified materials testing and
thermal characterization.
This paper describes the actions performed by INMETRO
and COPPE/UFRJ within the scope of this joint project, as
well as a description of the method itself. A brief literature
review about the Flash Method is summarized and a
discussion of the traditional theoretical models considered
for this method is performed.
2. FLASH METHOD STANDARDIZATION IN
BRAZIL
The objective of the work presented here is performing and
assessing thermophysical tests of materials and systems
including the provision of reference procedures and
reference materials.
Reference materials and standards are essential tools to
validate techniques and apparatus based on primary methods
of measurement and for use in the calibration of techniques
based on secondary or indirect methods. In order to cover
the wide ranges of material types and their overall
conductivity and temperature ranges of use it is seen that a
broad variety of materials and specimens are required to
satisfy the total needs.
During the last years there has been a huge increase in the
development and use of new and modified materials for a
very broad range of engineering, physical, chemical,
biological and medical applications. In a majority of cases
involving heat transfer, the thermal properties (p.ex.,
thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and specific heat)
are necessary to model, design and safely operate the
system. The levels of accuracy and precision required can
vary depending upon the application. Reliability and
confidence in the measured value is the primary intention
and use of reference materials is an essential ingredient
towards attaining this goal. It has been found that values,
particularly of thermal conductivity for a material, vary
significantly many times by amounts well outside the
required precision levels. In addition, some concern has
been expressed by the occurrence of cases where significant
discrepancies appear to exist between directly measured
thermal conductivities and values derived from
measurements of thermal diffusivity and specific heat for
certain well-known isotropic materials. Clearly such
differences and uncertainties create serious problems for the
scientists and engineers requiring reliable data for whatever
material and/or application of concern to them.
The final goal is the development, certification and
provision of reference materials, both in Brazil and abroad,
designed to meet the increasing scientific and commercial
requirements. Reference materials (RM) are materials or
substances with sufficiently well established properties,
which can be used for calibrating instruments, assessing
measurement methods or assigning values to materials.
Reference Materials are the key to guarantee reliability and
accuracy for technical measurement data.
In addition to reference materials we can refer to reference
procedures (RP). We define reference procedures as those
that have been designed to deliver results, which can be used
as a reference. The term “reference procedure” applies to
testing, measurement and analysis, i.e. all procedures for
determining characteristics of materials, products and
processes. These characteristics can be of quantitative or
qualitative form, and they can be defined independently or
by the procedure itself.
Reference procedures are used to validate other procedures,
to characterize reference materials or reference objects, as
well as for determining reference values of materials
properties. Another field of application of reference
materials is testing, measurement or analysis as a basis for
important decisions, e.g. for authoritative evidence. The
definition of a “reference procedure” presumes the existence
of several procedures for a specified task or of different
realizations of the same methodology. Therefore, a reference
procedure is qualified by the uncertainty of results, proven
to fit for a given purpose. Moreover it has to be accepted as
such by the relevant target groups. In the case of quantitative
results the uncertainty comprises trueness and precision
combined in the sense of measurement uncertainty. In the
case of qualitative results the uncertainty is an estimate of
the probability of erroneous results.
Accordingly, the developed procedures and techniques
within the scope of this project are implementations of
public standard methods. It will not be include test methods
for which special legal regulations apply, e.g. in the field of
dangerous goods and substances, nor healthy and
environmental rules. Provision of reference procedures at
metrological level will be oriented towards current needs
and tasks; the reference procedures will be reviewed on a
regular basis and an updated list will be published at an
Internet site and in every new edition of a booklet catalogue.
In addition to the development of standard procedures in
Brazil for the identification of thermophysical properties,
the present project will also permit the validation and
advancement of new techniques for the identification of
thermophysical properties, developed within the framework
of research projects conducted by the group of the
Laboratory of Heat Transmission and Technology at
COPPE/UFRJ. Such novel techniques have been under
development by using inverse analysis and design of
optimum experiments approaches [4]. Among the
techniques already available, we can find those for the
identification of the thermal conductivity components of
orthotropic materials [5-9], of thermophysical properties of
ablating materials [10], of the heat capacity and thermal
conductivity of solids [11,12] and of the heat and mass
transfer properties of drying bodies [13,14].
3. LITERATURE REVIEW
The thermal diffusivity, α, of a medium is the
thermophysical property that is associated with the
propagation of heat into a medium during changes of
temperature in time. The higher the thermal diffusivity, the
faster is the propagation of heat. The thermal diffusivity is
related to the thermal conductivity, k, specific heat, Cp, and
density, ρ, as follows:
α = k /( ρC p ) (1)
The thermal diffusivity has the dimension length2/time and it
is usually expressed in the unit m2/s. The most popular
method used for measuring thermal diffusivity is the flash
method. It has the advantage of being fast while providing
values with excellent accuracy and reproducibility. After the
sample has been stabilized at a desired uniform temperature,
T0, a nearly instantaneous pulse of energy (usually laser,
Xenon lamp, or other discharge source) is imposed on its
front surface, and the temperature increase on the rear
surface of the sample is recorded as a function of time (Fig.
1). The thermal diffusivity is then determined by comparing
this thermogram with theoretical models that describe this
transient heat conduction phenomenon. These models are
discussed next.
3.1. The Parker Analysis
Parker et al [2] developed the earliest method of analysis in
1961. The authors modeled the heat pulse diffusion by
conduction in a perfectly insulated solid of thickness L,
using a one-dimensional transient formulation. Parker et al
[2] assumed that all the light energy Q was absorbed
instantaneously in a very thin layer g of the sample material
facing the heat pulse source (zero pulse width), and that the
material properties were constant over the small temperature
range of the measurement. Under these conditions, the
temperature at the rear face (x = L) of the solid at any time
can be written as [15]:
∞

αt

Q to compute the thermal diffusivity with equation (6), results
T ( L, t ) = 1 + 2 ( −1) n exp − n 2π 2 2
 
ρC p L



n =1 L
where ρ, Cp and α are the density, the specific heat, and the
thermal diffusivity of the solid, respectively. Equation (2)
can be written in a dimensionless format, by using the
following non-dimensional parameters:
Θ = T ( L, t ) / Tm
τ = αt / L2
where Tm is the maximum temperature rise at the rear
surface [Tm = T(L, t → )]. By substituting Eq. (3) and (4)
into Eq. (2) we obtain:
∞
Θ(τ ) = 1 + 2 ( −1) n exp( −n 2π 2τ )

n =1
Equation (5) is a function of the non-dimensional time τ
only. Figure 2 shows the variation of the non-dimensional
temperature Θ as a function of τ. According to Parker et al.
[2], the thermal diffusivity α can be determined from Eq. (5)
and Fig. 2, at the point where the non-dimensional
temperature Θ is equal to 0.5. At this point, the non-
dimensional time τ is equal to 0.1388, and from Eq. (5) it
follows that:
0.1388L2
α=
t0.5
where t0.5 is the time required for the back surface
temperature to reach half of the maximum temperature rise.
Therefore, the thermal diffusivity α can be directly
determined from Eq. (6) by measuring the time where the
non-dimensional temperature Θ equals 0.5 (t0.5). It is
important to observe that it is not necessary to know the
amount of energy absorbed in the front surface in order to
determine the thermal diffusivity with this method, which
depends only on the shape of the temperature vs. time curve
(Fig. 2) and thickness of the solid.
IR detector
Signal
amplifier
Data
aquisition
Furnace
Furnace
Test sample power
supply
Heat pulse
power
source Computer, and
supply
(Flash) software
Figure 1. Schematic of Flash Method
thermal diffusivity measurement
We note the interesting fact that the time corresponding to
half of the maximum temperature, which is the selected time
(2)
in a large sensitivity coefficient [16]. Therefore, the use of
such time results in an accurate estimated value for thermal
conductivity, if the experimental implementation of the
method is in accordance with the proposed theoretical
model.
Parker et al. [2] compared data obtained from Eq. (6) with
(3) several other sources, obtaining good agreement and
maximum deviations on the order of ± 5%. However, this
(4) model is somewhat limited in applicability because it
neglected the heat loss effect from the material surfaces
(adiabatic condition), and it assumed instantaneous pulse
heating in the front surface of the solid. These effects
become more evident at high temperatures.
(5) 3.2. Analyses Accounting for Heat Losses
Cowan [17] derived in 1963 equations for the temperature
distribution within a thin slab of solid material, which has
received a short pulse of energy on one surface, for the case
in which energy losses at the surfaces by radiation or
convection to surroundings at T0 are not negligible. When
heat is lost from the sample surface, the temperature vs. time
curve reaches its maximum at a lower temperature when
compared to the adiabatic case. After the peak, the solid
temperature drops off due to the cooling effect provided by
the heat loss. Additionally, it was also assumed that the
energy pulse was rectangular in shape and of relatively short
(6) duration (pulse time tpulse << t0.5). The expression for the rear
surface temperature derived by Cowan [17] is:
∞

Q
Θ(τ ) = exp( −aτ ) + 2 (−1) n exp( −n 2π 2τ )
 
(7)
ρC p L

 
n =1
where τ is defined by Eq. (4) and Θ(τ) = T(L, τ) – T0. The
non-dimensional parameter a in the first term on the right
hand side of Eq. (7) accounts for the heat losses at the solid,
and it is given by:
 1,0 determining thermal diffusivity based on analysis of the
heating part of the curve (i.e., before the back surface
0,9
temperature reaches its maximum). Clark and Taylor [18]
0,8 determined five points on the time scale corresponding to
five different dimensionless temperatures as measured on 

0,7 the temperature rise curve. These times were t0.2, t0.3, t0.4, t0.7
and t0.8. They developed a theoretical relationship between
0,6
the dimensionless time τ in Eq. (4) and the following three
Θ(τ)

0,5 sets of time ratios:

0,4
1,0
0,3
0,9
0,2
0,8
0,1
0,7
0,0

Cp Θ( )L/Q
0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0 0,6
τ
0,5
Figure 2. Thermal diffusivity measurement
according to Parker et al. [2]. 0,4 a=0
0,3 a = 0.01
 
 a = 0.1
1 dW 1 dW 0,2 a = 0.5
a=L +




  

(8)
a=1
 

k dT x = 0 k dT x = L

0,1
where W is the heat flux lost to the ambient at the surfaces at 0,0
x = 0 and x = L. It is clear that if there are no heat losses 0,0 0,1 0,2 0,3 0,4 0,5 0,6 0,7 0,8 0,9 1,0
from the solid surfaces, a = 0 and Eq. (7) turns into Eq. (5),
which represents the case modeled by Parker et al. [2]. = t/L2
Figure 3. Thermal diffusivity measurement
This method requires the knowledge of the value of a at according to Cowan [5].
least approximately, for maximum accuracy. In the case of
radiation losses only, a rough knowledge of the sample
emissivity ε may give a with sufficient accuracy from [17]:
Θ(t0.7)/Θ(t0.3), Θ(t0.8)/Θ(t0.4), and Θ(t0.8)/Θ(t0.2) (11)
a ≈ 2.3 × 10 {[1 + (TL / T0 ) ](T / 1000) (εL / k )}
5 3 3 (9) The three values resulting from these ratios are very close
and are averaged to compute the thermal diffusivity value.
Since Equation (8) correlate Θ and τ as a function of a, an
alternative approach for the thermal diffusivity estimation is Koski [18] presented a two-dimensional transient analysis of
to experimentally measure the ratios: the heat transfer problem, including a dimensionless heat
loss factor to characterize the radiative losses form the
Θ(5t0.5)/Θ(t0.5) or Θ(10t0.5)/Θ(t0.5) (10) sample.
and then find the value of τ for a given heat loss estimation. ∞
Q γ n2 (γ n2 + Bi 2 ) cos(γ n )
Θ( L,τ ) = 2 exp( −γ n2τ )

When there is no heat loss from the sample (a = 0), the rear (12)
surface temperature remains constant after reaching its ρC p n =1 γ n2 + Bi 2 + 2Bi
maximum and the ratio Θ(5t0.5)/Θ(t0.5) [or Θ(10t0.5)/Θ(t0.5)]
where γn are the roots of:
becomes 2. The non-dimensional time τ in equation (7) then
becomes 0.1388 as in Parker’s [2] analysis. Although this 2γ n Bi
method accounts for the heat losses, two aspects of this tan γ n = (13)
γ n2 − Bi 2
model may be considered as source of errors: 1) the derived
equations require estimation of parameters, such as the The radiative losses parameter is written in a Biot number
amount of heat loss per square meter; 2) the use of Eq. (9) is format, and it is given by:
tied to the solid thermal conductivity k, which must be
known a priori. 4σεT 3 L
Rloss ≡ Bi = (14)
Clark and Taylor [18] proposed in 1975 another method for k
the thermal diffusivity measurement based on Cowan’s [17] where σ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, ε is the surface
procedure. However, instead of analyzing the cooling part of emissivity, T is the average absolute temperature of sample
the temperature rise curve, they proposed a method for front and back faces, L is the sample thickness, and k is the
sample thermal conductivity. The radiative Biot number is
determined in the Koski [17] analysis and provides a
measure of the heat loss during the measurement. When
Bi = 0, there is no heat loss from the sample. Equation (14)
is useful in that it shows how the various variables influence
the loss factor. Koski's [17] analysis also allows the laser
pulse width, tpulse to be relatively long, as compared to the
characteristic heating time.
Koski [17] uses five time and temperature ratios including
those four indicated in Eqs. (10) and (11), and an additional
ratio:
Θ(tpulse)/Θ(t0.5) (15)
Koski [17] generated a series of coefficients that can be used
in conjunction with various combinations of the five
temperature ratios and temperature ratios to calculate three
values of the dimensionless time τ parameter in Eq. (4)
based on Clark and Taylor's time ratios, and one value of the
τ parameter based on Cowan's temperature ratio. The three
Clark and Taylor results are then averaged. Loss factors (Eq.
14) are also computed for each case. The results of the
Koski [17] analysis are limited to cases where the loss factor
Bi is less than 1.2 and the pulse time is less than t0.5. Flash
method measurements based on a Xenon Lamp usually have
a minimum pulse width of 100µs. This means that t0.5 must
be greater than 100µs in all cases. Even when testing thin
samples of high diffusivity material, t0.5 is likely to be
greater than 100µs. The Koski [17] method thus produces
two values of thermal diffusivity and loss factor for each
test. The results are typically very close. Koski [17]
recommends that the results based on the Clark and Taylor
[16] ratios be selected for most conventional tests.
Degiovanni and Laurent [18] developed a different method
of analyzing the experimentally obtained temperature rise
curve in 1986. Degiovanni and Laurent [18] used the time
integral of the temperature rise curve, Θ vs. t, which
represent the area under the curve, to describe its shape. In
addition, a second time integral is calculated representing
the area under the curve Θ/t vs. t, which can easily be
derived from the temperature history curve. The integration
is carried out between the limits t0.1 and t0.8:
t0.8
m0 = Θdt (16)
t0.1
and

Θ
t0.8
m−1 = dt (17)
t0.1 t
Between certain limits of the value of m–1, a unique
relationship exists between m0 and m–1 that can be expressed
as:
m0 = ( L2 / α )[ F (m−1 )] (18)
where F(m–1) is a polynomial function of m–1, whose
coefficients were derived by Degiovanni and Laurent [18].
The thermal diffusivity can be computed from Eq. (18) once
the two integrals have been calculated from the experimental
curve. Degiovanni and Laurent [20] assumed that the laser
pulse width is small compared to the half-rise time t0.5 (i.e.,
there is no finite pulse width correction). The analysis
allows for heat loss from all sides of the sample, and it
should yield accurate results on thick samples of low
thermal diffusivity.
3.3. Heat Capacity Estimations
The specific heat of a material is defined as the amount of
energy required to raise a unit mass of material by one unit
of temperature at constant pressure:
Q
Cp = (19)
m∆T
where Cp is the specific heat, Q is the energy, m is the
materials mass, and ∆T is the change in temperature.
Specific heat can be measured with the flash method by
comparing the temperature rise of the sample to the
temperature rise of a reference sample of known specific
heat tested under the same conditions [2]. This temperature
rise is recorded during the diffusivity measurement, so the
specific heat can be calculated from the same data with a
suitable calibration. Assuming that the light pulse energy
and its coupling to the sample remain essentially unchanged
between samples, Eq. (19) can be rewritten as follows:
Q = Absorbed energy = (∆T m Cp)sample = (∆T m Cp)ref (20)
Or, simply:
(m∆TC p ) ref
(C p ) sample = (21)
(m∆T ) sample
A reference sample is measured at each temperature of
interest to calibrate the change in output voltage of the IR
detector ( V) resulting from the absorbed laser energy. The

measured V divided by the detector amplifier gain (G) will

be proportional to the temperature rise ( T), as long as the

temperature rise is small. This calibration gives the absorbed
energy or calibration factor in terms of the mass, specific
heat, V and G for the reference sample measurement.

When a sample of unknown specific heat is measured, the
absorbed energy divided by the product of the mass and
 V/G of the test sample, Equation (21), gives the test sample
specific heat.
The measured V will be affected by heat loss during the

measurement, so in order to use ratios of the measured V in

Equation (21), the heat loss factors (see section the Koski
[19] analysis) of the reference and test sample should be
similar. Tests have shown that the light pulse energy is
stable from pulse to pulse within about ±2%, so the average
of several laser pulses at each temperature are used in the
calculations. The absorptive efficiency of the front surface
of the samples to the light pulse and the radiative efficiency
of the back surface to the IR detector are controlled by
coating the reference and test samples with a thin layer of
graphite.
3.4. Thermal Conductivity Estimations
The thermal conductivity of a sample can be calculated from
Eq. (1) using the diffusivity and specific heat data obtained
by the flash method, that is,
k = α(ρCp) (22)
The primary data measured in the Flash Method is the
thermal diffusivity (α), while the specific heat (Cp) is a
secondary data. The thermal conductivity is not measured; it
is derived from a primary and a secondary measurement
data.
It is important now to observe that the density (ρ) of the
sample must be known for the thermal conductivity
calculation, while for the specific heat, the mass (m) of a
sample must be known. Therefore, special care must be
taken when measuring properties of porous materials. More
specifically: (i) If the measurements are performed in a high
vacuum environment, the heat transmission will occur only
in the solid phase of the porous material. On the contrary,
convection with the pores will affect the temperature vs.
time curve shape on the back surface of the sample; (ii) If
the mass and density of the sample includes the effects of
the fluid mass within the porous structure, the measured
thermophysical properties will be the effective specific heat
and thermal conductivity (solid + fluid).
4. CONCLUSIONS
Generally, from the work conducted so far within the scope
of this joint project between COPPE and INMETRO, we
can mention the following, regarding the major advantages
of the flash method:
• It requires a very small sample, usually 12 mm diameter
and few millimeters thick;
• It is very fast; the actual measurement takes few seconds;
• The same instrument can be made to test a very broad
range of thermal diffusivity materials (10–7 to 10–3 m2/s),
while usual thermal conductivity instruments barely cover
a 10 to 1 ratio range;
• It can also be used to measure other thermophysical
properties (specific heat and thermal conductivity);
• It can be used to test samples up to much higher
temperatures than steady state methods.
On the other hand, major disadvantages of the flash method
are:
• The equipment is usually quite expensive, due to the heat
pulse generation, optical detection and high-speed data
acquisition systems;
• Porous and non-homogeneous materials require special
care to properly process the temperature data.
AKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This work is supported by CNPq through the grant
460.203/01-0.
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Paulo Couto, Dr.Eng.: Visiting Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering – PEM/EE/COPPE, Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Cx. Postal 68503, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil. Phone/Fax: (21) 2562 8566
Helcio R. B. Orlande, PhD.: Associate Professor, Department of
Mechanical Engineering – PEM/EE/COPPE, Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro – UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Cx. Postal 68503,
Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil. Phone/Fax: (21) 2562 8405
Renato M. Cotta, Ph.D.: Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering – PEM/EE/COPPE, Federal University of Rio de
Janeiro –UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Cx. Postal 68503, Rio de
Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil. Phone: (21) 2562 8567, Phone/Fax:
(21) 2562 8566
Sérgio P. Oliveira: National Institute of Metrology,
Standardization and Industrial Quality – INMETRO, Av. Nossa
Senhora das Graças 50, Xerém, RJ, 25250-020, Brazil.
Jorge A. Cruz: National Institute of Metrology, Standardization
and Industrial Quality – INMETRO, Av. Nossa Senhora das
Graças 50, Xerém, RJ, 25250-020, Brazil.
Paulo R. F. Santos: National Institute of Metrology,
Standardization and Industrial Quality – INMETRO, Av. Nossa
Senhora das Graças 50, Xerém, RJ, 25250-020, Brazil.
Cláudio S. P. Costa, M.Sc.: Researcher, Department of
Mechanical Engineering – PEM/EE/COPPE, Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro –UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Cx. Postal 68503, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil. Phone: (21) 2562 8566
Henrique Massard: Undergraduate Student, Department of
Mechanical Engineering – PEM/EE/COPPE, Federal University of
Rio de Janeiro –UFRJ, Cidade Universitária, Cx. Postal 68503, Rio
de Janeiro, RJ, 21945-970, Brazil. Phone: (21) 2562 8566