Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
SOPHEAK PEN
Advisory Committee
Principal advisor
(Dr.Supan Karnchanasutham)
Co-advisor
(Associate Professor Dr.Kaew Nualchawee)
Co-advisor
(Dr.Narong Pleerux)
Sopheak Pen
56910038: MAJOR: GEOINFORMATICS; M.Sc. (GEOINFORMATICS)
KEYWORDS: GEOINFORMATION TECHNOLOGY/ CLASSIFICATION/
CASSAVA
SOPHEAK PEN: APPLICATION OF GEOINFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY FOR EVALUATION OF CASSAVA PLANTATION: A CASE
STUDY OF BANTEAY MEANCHEY PROVINCE, CAMBODIA. ADVISORY
COMMITTEE: SUPAN KARNCHANASUTHAM, D.Tech.Sc., KAEW
NUALCHAWEE, Ph.D., NARONG PLEERUX, Ph.D. 72 P. 2015.
.
CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT iii
CONTENTS iv
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES vii
CHAPTER
1. INTRODUCTION 1
Background to the study 2
Statement of the Problem 3
Objectives of the Study 4
The Study Area 4
Benefits of the Study 5
2. LITERATURE REVIEWS 7
Cassava 7
Cassava production in Cambodia 8
Cultivation Practices 9
Geographic Information System and Remote Sensing 10
Geographic Information System 10
Components of Geographic Information System 11
Spatial data 12
Attribute data 13
Electronic maps and images 14
Working GIS 14
Remote sensing 15
Huanjing-1A (HJ-1A) 17
Orbit Characteristic of HJ-1A 19
Landsat 8 20
Band combinations for Landsat 8 21
Global Positioning System 22
Literature Review 24
3 RESEARCH METHODLOGY 28
Geocorrection land of image 30
Data exploration and preprocessing 31
Data exploration 31
Stretching of band data 32
Creating a multiband image 32
Collecting training samples 32
Evaluating training samples 33
Creating the signature file 34
Examining the signature file 34
Editing the signature file 34
Application classify 34
Post-classification processing 35
Filtering the classified output 35
Smoothing class boundaries 35
Generalizing output by removing small isolated regions 35
Equipment of Analysis 36
4 RESULTS
Land use from SMMS (Hj-A1) 38
Land use from image satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) 41
Land use comparing of SMMS (Hj-a1) Landsat 8 (OLI) 45
Values accuracy of model 46
5 CONCLUSION
Recommendation 51
REFERENCES 52
Appendix
Appendix cassava plantation in Banteay Meanchey Province 57
LIST OF TABLES
Tables Page
2-1. Payload Parameters (Rahman, 2012) 19
2-2 Orbit parameters (Rahman, 2012) 19
2-3 Landsat8 spectral band/wavelengths 21
2-4 Composition Band 22
3-1 The using software 37
4-1 Land use of Banteay Meanchey province from SMMS (HJ-A1) 2015 39
4-2 Land use of Banteay Meanchey province from image satellite Landsat 8
(OLI) 42
4-3 Comparison of land use Banteay Meanchey province image satellite
Landsat 8 (OLI) and SMMS (Hj-A1) 45
4-4 Dislocation evaluate the accuracy of the classification land use in SMMS
(Hj-A1) Satellite 47
4-5 Dislocation evaluate the accuracy of the classification land use in image
satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) 48
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures Page
1-1 Map of Banteay Meanchey Province 5
2-1 Components of GIS (Mapsofindia, 2012) 11
2-2 GIS Working 15
3-1 Classification of workflow 28
3-2 SMMS (Hj-A1) 29
3-3 Enhanced Landsat operational land imager (OLI) and the thermal
infrared sensor (TIRS) image of 2015 30
3-4 Collecting training sample 32
3-5 Evaluation training sample 33
3-6 Editing class 33
3-7 Creating the signature file 34
4-1 Percentage of land use Banteay Meanchey SMMS (HJ-A1) 39
4-2 Area of land use Banteay Meanchey SMMS (HJ-A1) 40
4-3 Map SMMS (HJ-A1) of Banteay Meanchey showing location of cassava
plantation fields of studies 40
4-4 Map SMMS (HJ-A1) classification of Banteay Meanchey showing
location fields of studies 41
4-5 Percentage of land use Banteay Meanchey image satellite Landsat 8
(OLI) 43
4-6 Area of land use Banteay Meanchey image satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) 43
4-7 The map of satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) at Banteay Meanchey showing
location of cassava plantation fields of studies 44
4-8 The map of image satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) of Banteay Meanchey
province showing location fields of studies 44
4-9 Comparison of land use Banteay Meanchey province image satellite
Landsat 8 (OLI) and SMMS (Hj-A1) 46
4-10 The map shows the sample location to determine accuracy 47
ABBREVIATION
Cassava
Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) was introduced from Brazil, its country
of origin, to the tropical areas of Africa, the Far East and the Caribbean Islands by the
Portuguese during the 16th and 17th centuries. In the Gold Coast (now Ghana), the
Portuguese grew the crop around their trading ports, forts and castles and it was a
principal food eaten by both Portuguese and slaves. By the second half of the 18th
century, cassava had become the most widely grown and used crop of the people of
the coastal plains. The Akan name for cassava 'Bankye' could most probably be a
contraction of 'Aban Kye' - Gift from the Castle (Korang-Amoakoh et al., 1987).
Cassava is called “yuca” in Spanish, “mandioca” in Portuguese, “cassava” in
Haitian Creole, and “Manioc” in French. It is consumed in a variety of ways, but only
after some form of processing. It is consumed in a variety of ways, but only after
some form of processing. Cultivars are classified into two groups based on the
amounts of hydrogen cyanide present. Sweet types contain less than 50 mg kg-1HCN
(fresh weight) and are generally sold as fresh roots, whereas bitter types have higher
amounts of HCN along with higher yields and starch content (Conceição, 1981).
8
Cassava (Manihot esculenta) is the fourth most important source of food
energy in the tropics. More than two-thirds of the total production of this crop is used
as food for humans, with lesser amounts being used for animal feed and industrial
purposes. The ingestion of high levels of cassava has been associated with chronic
cyanide toxicity in parts of Africa, but this appears to be related to inadequate
processing of the root and poor overall nutrition. Although cassava is not a complete
food it is important as a cheap source of calories. (Cock, 1982)
Cassava (manioc, yuca, or mandioca; Manihot esculenta Crantz,
Euphorbiaceae) is an important cash crop and food crop of resource-limited farmers in
Africa, Asia, and Latin America and the Caribbean. The storage roots are utilized
either fresh, as in the case of sweet cultivars low in cyanogen glycosides, or after
processing into dry products such as flour, starch, and animal feed in the case of bitter
cultivars high in cyanogen glycosides (Emmanuel Okogbenin, Tim L. Setter, Morag
Ferguson, Rose Mutegi, Hernan Ceballos, Bunmi Olasanmi, and Martin Fregene,
2012)
Cultivation Practices
Cassava is adaptable to diverse climates and can be grown in soil with low
fertility. It is planted either as a single crop or intercropped with maize, legumes,
vegetables, rubber or other plants. Cassava is normally planted during February–April
and harvested in eight to 12 months depending on market price and the availability of
labor for harvesting.
Cultivation practices in western and eastern Cambodia are similar, with a
few notable differences due to different soil and climate conditions. In Banteay
Meanchey province who growing cassava planted area is cover about 62151 hectares
(Department of Agriculture Banteay Meanchey 2014). The yield and production were
high especially near Thailand border. There are some Thai cassava varieties in
Cambodia such as Rayong 60 and Karsetsart 50 or other varieties from buyers‟ trader
Thai. The farmers in Banteay Meanchey near Thailand border introduced high
yielding varieties, cassava is mono-cropped and usually planted in December, and the
earliest planting is the middle of November and the last in February. The first
ploughing starts in early December before the forecast rain, followed by a second
ploughing and row making in the middle of January. Most farmers hire a local tractor
owner to plough and hire laborers to make rows for planting. Most have their land
ploughed twice, which results in a greater yield, while about 5 percent do it only once
to lack of financial resource. Planting seeds usually takes place in March. The
majority of farmers use their own cassava seeds from the previous harvest (Hing
vutha, Thun Vathana, 2009).The majority of farmer use their own cassava seeds from
the previous harvest. Herbicide is napery in Malai and needs to be applied at least
twice because weeds grow high and thick. The first application is the made in the
middle of May and the second a month and a half later. A third application of
herbicide might be made, depending on weed condition and farmers financial
resource. Finally, some branches are normally cut a month or so before harvesting to
admit enough sunlight for the root grow bigger. Cassava is mostly planted with other
crops, especially rubber etc. Farmers mostly use more a tractor instead labor for land
preparing in order not to disturb the other crops in western and north western areas.
10
User
Procedure
Data
GIS
Software Hardware
1. Hardware
Hardware includes the computer on which a GIS operates, the monitor on
which results are displayed, and a printer for making hard copies of the results.
Today, GIS software runs on a wide range of hardware types, from centralized
computer servers to desktop. Computers used in stand-alone or networked
configurations. The data files used in GIS are relatively large, so the computer must
have a fast processing speed and a large hard drive capable of saving many files.
Because a GIS outputs visual results, a large, high resolution monitor and a high-
quality printer are recommended.
2. Software
GIS software provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze,
and display geographic information. Key software components include tools for the
12
input and manipulation of geographic information, a database management system
(DBMS), tools that support geographic query, analysis, and visualization, and a
graphical user interface (GUI) for easy access to tools. The industry leader is
ARC/INFO, produced by Environmental Systems Research, Inc. The same company
produces a more accessible product, ArcView that is similar to ARCINFO in many
ways.
3. Data
Possibly the most important component of a GIS is the data. A GIS will
integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a database
management system, used by most organizations to organize and maintain their data,
to manage spatial data. There are three ways to obtain the data to be used in a GIS.
Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or produced by
digitizing images from photographs or published maps. Data can also be purchased
from commercial data provider. Finally, data can be obtained from the federal
government at no cost.
4. People
GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain the
system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work. The basic
techniques of GIS are simple enough to master that even students in elementary
schools are learning to use GIS. Because the technology is used in so many ways,
experienced GIS users have a tremendous advantage in today‟s job market.
5. Methods
A successful GIS operates according to a well-designed plan and business
rules, which are the models and operating practices unique to each organization.
Spatial data
It should be noted that spatial data is at the heart of every GIS application.
Spatial data stores the geographic location of particular features, along with
information describing what these features represent. The location is usually specified
according to some geographic referencing system (e.g., latitude, longitude) or simply
by an address. Spatial data may define some physical characteristics, such as location
or position, or it may also define a property such as the area of a forest and
13
agricultures (which results from defining the various positions of its boundaries).
(Davis, 1996) In GIS, spatial data is classified as three main types: point, line, and
polygon.
1. A point is a convenient visual symbol (an X, dot or other graphic), but
it does not reflect the real dimensions of the feature. Points may indicate specific
locations (such as a given address, or the occurrence of an event) or which are
usually too small to depict properly at the chosen scale features (such as a building)
2. A line is a one-dimensional feature with a starting and an ending point.
Lines represent linear features, either real (e.g., roads or streams)
3. A polygon is an enclosed area, a two-dimensional feature with at least
three sides (and therefore with an area). For example, it may represent a parcel of
land, agricultural fields, or a political district
Attribute data
Since the data collected and stored in the database determine the kind of
questions that can be asked of the data, it is necessary to understand the scales of
measurement in which data are recorded. The measurement scales normally used are
nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio.
Nominal Scale – The nominal scale is the lowest level of measurement
which is used to distinguish among features. Nominal data could be a name or a
description of features. For instance, a lake could be differentiated from a sand dune.
In a tropical area, there could be regions identified with sugar cane fields or rice
paddy fields. Basically, each name or description is distinct.
Ordinal Scale – Ordinal scales allows for data to be ranked in either an
ascending or descending order. A hierarchy of rank could be established depending
on the features under consideration. For example, a country could have cities ranked
as small, medium and large. In addition, the country may have parks that are ranked
as being minor, intermediate and major. Although the ordinal scale permits
differentiation on the basis of rank, it does not show or specify the magnitude of
difference.
Interval Scale – With the interval scale of measurement the distance
between the ranks is known. To employ an interval scale an arbitrary starting point is
14
used. The widely used example of the Celsius temperature scale explains the interval
scale. For example, it cannot be said that 38 degrees Celsius are twice as hot as 19
degrees Celsius, because 0 degrees Celsius is arbitrary.
Ratio Scale – A ratio scale is more advanced than the interval scale because there can
be an absolute starting point. For example, 78 miles is twice as far as 39 miles.
(Lakhan, 1996)
Working GIS
A GIS stores information about the world as a collection of thematic layers
that can be linked together by geography. This simple but extremely powerful and
versatile concept has proven invaluable for solving many real-world problems from
modeling global atmospheric circulation, to predicting rural land use, and monitoring
changes in rainforest ecosystems.
Geographic information contains either an explicit geographic reference such as a
latitude and longitude or national grid coordinate, or an implicit reference such as an
15
address, postal code, census tract name, forest stand identifier, or road name. An
automated process called geocoding is used to create explicit geographic references
(multiple locations) from implicit references (descriptions such as addresses). These
geographic references can then be used to locate features, such as a business or forest
stand, and events, such as an earthquake, on the Earth's surface for analysis.
Remote sensing
Remote Sensing is a powerful tool that could be used to address the problem
of thematic maps which are out of date and have to be updated. The capabilities of
Remote Sensing to map and extract information about earth resources for various
applications are well documented. Among those prominently used is land cover
mapping, considered as one of the most important, most direct and well established
applications of remote sensing (Cambell, 1987).
Remote sensing provides spatial coverage by measurement of reflected and
emitted electromagnetic radiation, across a wide range of wavebands, from the earth‟s
surface and surrounding atmosphere. The improvement in technical tools of
meteorological observation, during the last twenty years, has created a favorable
16
substratum for research and monitoring in many applications of sciences of great
economic relevance, such as agriculture and forestry. Each waveband provides
different information about the atmosphere and land surface: surface temperature,
clouds, solar radiation, processes of photosynthesis and evaporation, which can affect
the reflected and emitted radiation, detected by satellites (Saha, 2003). The challenge
for research therefore is to develop new systems extracting this information from
remotely sensed data, giving to the final users, near-real-time information. Over the
last two decades, the development of space technology has led to a substantial
increase in satellite earth observation systems. Simultaneously, the Information and
Communication Technology (ICT) revolution has rendered increasingly effective the
processing of data for specific uses and their instantaneous distribution on the World
Wide Web (WWW). The meteorological community and associated environmental
disciplines such as climatology including global change, hydrology and oceanography
all over the world are now able to take advantage of a wealth of observational data,
products and services flowing from specially equipped and highly sophisticated
environmental observation satellites. An environmental observation satellite is an
artificial Earth satellite providing data on the Earth system and a Meteorological
satellite is a type of environmental satellite providing meteorological observations.
Several factors make environmental satellite data unique compared with data from
other sources, and it is worthy to note a few of the most important:
1. Because of its high vantage point and broad field of view, an
environmental satellite can provide a regular supply of data from those areas of the
globe yielding very few conventional observations.
2. The atmosphere is broadly scanned from satellite altitude and enables
large scale environmental features to be seen in a single view.
3. The ability of certain satellites to view a major portion of the atmosphere
continually from space makes them particularly well suited for the monitoring and
warning of short-lived meteorological phenomena; and
4. The advanced communication systems developed as an integral part of
the satellite technology permit the rapid transmission of data from the satellite, or
their relay from automatic stations on earth and in the atmosphere, to operational
17
users. These factors are incorporated in the design of meteorological satellites to
provide data, products and services through three major functions.
5. Remote sensing of spectral radiation which can be converted into
meteorological measurements such as cloud cover, cloud motion vectors, surface
temperature, vertical profiles of atmospheric temperature, humidity and atmospheric
constituents such as ozone, snow and ice cover, ozone and various radiation
measurements.
6. Collection of data from in situ sensors on remote fixed or mobile
platforms located on the earth‟s surface or in the atmosphere; and
7. Direct broadcast to provide cloud-cover images and other meteorological
information to users through a user-operated direct readout station.
The first views of earth from space were not obtained from satellites but
from converted military rockets in the early 1950s. It was not until 1 April 1960 that
the first operational meteorological satellite, TIROS-I, was launched by the USA and
began to transmit basic, but very useful, cloud imagery. This satellite was such an
effective proof of concept that by 1966 the USA had launched a long line of
operational polar satellites and its first geostationary meteorological satellite. In 1969
the USSR launched the first of a series of polar satellites.
Huanjing-1A (HJ-1A)
HJ-1A (Huan Jing = Environment) satellites are small Chinese Earth
observation satellites. The main application fields for China are environmental
monitoring and prediction, solid waste monitoring, disaster monitoring and prediction
(flood, drought, typhoon and wind damage, sand storm, earthquake, land creep, frost
and grassland fires, coal fires, crop pest monitoring, ocean disaster monitoring)
(eoPortail Directory, 2010). The first two satellites, HJ-1A and HJ-1B, was
successfully launched in China on September 6, 2008. Both were manufactured by the
China Spaces at Company. And use the China Aerospace Science and Industry
Corporation (CAST) 968 satellite bus with a designed service life of three years. The
HJ-1A was equipped with an electro-optical imager with a 30-meter resolution and a
700-km swath, and a hyper spectral imager with a 100-meter resolution and a 50-km
swath. (Kevin Pollpeter, 2014).
18
HJ-1A the first micro-satellite constellation for Environment and Disaster Monitoring
of China. The same multispectral imagers named HJ-1/CCD with four bands (R, G, B,
Nir) and large swath are installed on both HJ-1A and HJ-1B. The HJ-1/CCD is the
main sensor of the constellation. The satellite constellation is composed of a number
of small satellites, the ground system, and the application system. It provides all-
weather (3 to 100 meter) imagery. The Huan Jing constellation consists of two small
optical satellites, the HJ-1A and the HJ-1B.
HJ-1A is also the Small Multi-Mission Satellite (SMMS) of Asia Pacific
Space Cooperation Organization (APSCO) and it will be the important data resources
of APSCO space application. SMMS is a joint venture payload between China, Iran,
South Korea, Mongolia, Pakistan, Thailand and Bangladesh under the Asian-Pacific
organization (Global Master Change Directory, 2012). China is establishing its
disaster and environment monitoring capability mainly depending on the ordinary
technologies, and meanwhile, China will also launch the small satellites to monitor
the earth environment, and apply the satellite remote sensing technology to conduct
all weather, around-the-clock and high time-resolution disaster and environment
monitoring. The small satellite constellation for disaster and environment monitor is
composed of 4 optical small satellites and 4 small satellites with synthetic aperture
radar. During the period of the Tenth Five-Year Plan, China will launch 2 optical
satellites and 1 radar satellite. The resolutions of CCD camera, the infrared camera
and the synthetic aperture radar are 30m, 150m, and 20m, respectively.
The average re-visit time is 32 hours China, Thailand and Iran are working
on a joint Small Multi Mission Spacecraft (SMMS) devoted to civilian remote-
sensing and communications experiments. The SMMS satellite will carry a low-
resolution charge-coupled device (CCD) camera and an experimental
telecommunications system. The SMMS will give Iran and Pakistan a semi-
autonomous space-imaging capability. The 470-kg (1,034-lb) spacecraft is set for
launch on a Chinese booster by 2004-05 into a 650-km. (400-mi.) Sun-synchronous
polar orbit (Zulu, 2011).
19
Table 2.1 Payload parameters (Rahman, 2012)
Side- Data
Spatial Swath Repetition
Band Spectral lookin transmis
Satellite Payload resolution width cycle
no. range (µm) g sion rate
(m) (km) (days)
ability (Mbps)
1 0.43~0.52 30
2 0.52~0.60 30
CCD
700 83,757 4
Camera
3 0.63~0.69 30
HJ-1A 120
4 0.76~0.9 30
0.45~0.95
Hyperspect
- (110-128 100 50 ±30 4
ral Imager
bands)
Satellite HJ-1A
Orbit Sun synchronous recurrent frozen orbit
Altitude 650 km
Inclination 97.95
Repetition cycle 31 days
Descending node (Local time) 10:30 AM
On-board capacity 16 Gbits
20
Landsat 8 (OLI)
Landsat 8 consist of two major segments the observatory and the ground
system. The observatory consists of the spacecraft bus and its payload of two earth
observing sensors, the operational land imager (OLI) and the thermal infrared sensor
(TIRS). OLI and TIRS collect Landsat 8 science data. The two sensors will
coincidently collect multispectral digital images of the global land surface including
coastal regions, polar ice, islands, and the continental areas. The spacecraft bus stores
the OLI and TIRS data on an onboard solid-state recorder and then transmits the data
to ground receiving stations, these two sensors provide seasonal coverage of the
global landmass at a spatial resolution of 30 meters (visible, NIR, SWIR), 100 meters
(thermal), and 15 meters (panchromatic). Landsat 8 (OLI) is a joint initiative of
NASA and the U.S. Geological Survey to maintain a robust archive of Landsat data
and imagery, which provides an uninterrupted multispectral record of the earth‟s land
surface and it let us analyze everything from terrain types to crop growth to natural
disasters all around the world. Table 3 below, describe some of the spectral band and
wavelengths within satellite image.
OLI and TIRS sensors mounted on Landsat Data Continuity Mission
spacecraft (LDCM). Operational Land Imager (OLI) and Thermal Infrared Sensor
(TIRS) images consist of nine spectral bands with a spatial resolution of 30 meters for
Bands 1 to 7 and 9. New band 1 (ultra-blue) is useful for coastal and aerosol studies.
New band 9 is useful for cirrus cloud detection. The resolution for Band 8
(panchromatic) is 15 meters. Thermal bands 10 and 11 are useful in providing more
accurate surface temperatures and are collected at 100 meters. Approximate scene
size is 170 km north-south by 183 km east west (106 miles by 114 miles).
21
Table 2.3 Landsat 8 spectral band/wavelengths (Source: Credit U.S. Geological
Survey Department of the Interior USGS)
Wavelength Resolution
Bands
(µm) (m)
Literature Review
Land suitability and crop substitution modeling for cassava (Tamkuan,
2013). Thailand is importing highly expansive energy sources such as petroleum
products. Moreover, cassava and sugarcane can be used as food and alternative energy
source. Therefore, this study suggests the use of biofuel crops to be utilized as source
of energy. Kampaeng-phet province was selected as research area in this research
because it has potential for many industries to support growing these crops and extent
the plantation. This study has three objectives. The first objective was land evaluation
for cassava considering 10 factors including soil texture, soil depth, soil drainage, soil
fertility, soil pH, surface water, irrigation, rainfall, temperature and slope. Then, the
weights of factors were investigated by analytic hierarchy process (AHP) and Fuzzy
AHP. It was found that Fuzzy AHP had approximately more accuracy than AHP to
evaluate the land suitability for cassava plantation. The second objective was to
classify agricultural area using HJ-1A satellite image. Two methods of classifications
in this study were pixel base classification (maximum likelihood) and object based
classification. For this objective, it was found that object based classification had
overall accuracy (76.27%) more than pixel based classification (64.55%).The last
objective was to make crop substitution model for extending cassava plantation
regarding land suitability, economics (revenue and profit). The different scenarios
showed many different options for planting biofeul crops. Crop substitution modeling
regarding land suitability had area to substitute to grow cassava (278.68 sq.km).The
model regarding profit had area that can be used to substitute to cassava (1196.76
sq.km)
Some implications on agricultural land use affected by land quality in Sakon
Basin, Northeast Thailand. (Mongkolsawat, 2011). Crop requirements are normally
confined to certain land qualities which in turn reflect to land use pattern in the areas.
Exploring land qualities under a given land use was conducted with objective of
identifying the land quality limitations and its consequences on land use pattern. The
study area, Amphoe Wanon Niwat, is located in Sakon Nakhon basin and
significantly differs in land use pattern when comparing to the extensive areas in the
Northeast. We used the 1995 Landsat TM and the 2002 orthophotography to identify
the change of land use pattern of the areas. Evaluation of land suitability for cassava
25
was conducted asked on the integrated land qualities concerned by using GIS. With
the established GIS database, the overall insight into each land quality affecting the
crops could be determined. The spatial land qualities and their associated attributes
were used to analyze the causes and their consequences on land use patterns. Our
work demonstrates that an analysis of satellite data and aerial orthophoto can provide
detailed, spatially explicit identification of land qualities causing the consequent
agricultural land use pattern in the Sakon Nakhon Basin. The shallow lateritic soils,
improper land use and mis-management of land have significantly caused the current
land use patterns with relatively low agricultural productivity.
A study on estimation of cassava area and production using Remote Sensing
and Geographic Information Systems in the northeast region of Thailand. (Rajendra,
1999). A study on cassava plantation area and production was conducted in the
northeast region of Thailand using an integrated Satellite Remote Sensing (SRS) and
Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Although, SRS and GIS are considered as the
efficient tools for resource inventorying and monitoring, little work has been done in
Thailand with regards to the large area crop monitoring and production estimation.
The objective of the study was to explore the use of NOAAAVHRR data for mapping
cassava plantation areas. GIS was employed to create geographical database, such as
soils, topography, and land use and also for improving the results of image
classification. The study conducted for the two crop seasons of 1995 and 1996
indicated that the NOAA-AVHRR data can be used to map the cassava plantation
areas at the regional scale in Thailand. The results of the study were compared with
existing cassava statistics produced from the Thai Tapioca Development Institute
(TTDI) and the Office of Agricultural Economics (OAE), Thailand. The estimated
cassava plantation areas from the study were underestimated by - 9.7 and - 16.4
percent to that of TTDI and OAE, respectively for 1995 and overestimated by 4.0
percent but underestimated by - 14.4 percent, respectively for the year 1996.
Land suitability for cassava and assessing cassava cropping area with
satellite data and Geographic Information Systems (olsawat, 2008). Cassava a major
annual crop in Northeast Thailand requires minimal cultural attention and cash input,
it is tolerant to drought, efficient extractor of nutrients in infertile soil.
26
Over 50% of the cassava production in Thailand has been originated from the
Northeast. Land suitable for cassava should be depicted to support the increase of its
yield with effective land utilization. The study made with the aims of analyzing the
integration of land qualities to evaluate land based on the FAO guideline, with respect
to cultivation practices and minimal soil loss as well as economic viability. The study
area, Northeast Thailand, covers an estimated 170,000 km2 with over 1 million ha of
cassava cropped area and is characterized by gently undulating topography. The
overall evaluation of land for cassava in the Northeast was based on the integrated
requirements of crop, management, conservation and economic viability.
Evaluation of cassava planting potential with Remote Sensing and
Geographic Information System (GIS) (Zhang Chao, 2010). Along with the
development of the starch and grain alcohol industries, biomass energy production
has recently become important. Cassava is an important biomass energy plant. In this
paper, Geographic Information System (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) are used, along
with knowledge of the growing environment needed for cassava and the farmland and
ecology protection policy of China, to evaluate the cassava growing potential of
Winning County. The processing of spatial data is done first. Then, the evaluation
principles are defined according to the spatial data and the required growth
conditions. The evaluation data are obtained by spatial data analysis according with
the evaluation principles. Lastly, the cassava planting potential results are verified by
referencing these to cassava planting statistical data for 2005 provided by Nanning
City Government of Guangxi province.
Conformity of agricultural land use and physical stability in Khon Kaen,
Northeast Thailand. This study is to establish the database for land suitability for
cassava. (S.Sukchan, 2003) The evaluation of land in terms of its suitability for
cassava is based on the procedure as described in FAO guideline for land evaluation
for agriculture. The study area, Khon Kaen Province, covers an area of about
1,088,599 ha. The cassava requirement includes a number of land qualities which
affect the plant growth and yield. The land qualities, on which the suitability are based
consist of rainfall, irrigated area, soil texture and drainage, soil depth, base saturation
cation exchange capacity, available phosphorus, landform, slope and salinity of soil.
Each of land qualities in terms of spatial data were digitally encoded in Geographic
27
Information System databases to create thematic layers. With the selection criteria,
the overlay of those land qualities was digitally performed to produce resultant,
polygonal layer, each of which is a land unit. The land suitability model applied to the
resultant layer provides the suitability class. The result indicated that the most
extensive areas are marginally suitable and cover areas of about 37% of the province
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODLOGY
This chapter gives an overview of data collection, data requirements and the
method applied for processing as well as the modeling approach, geographical dataset
creation and analysis techniques adopted. The findings this research in procedure
adopted work form the basis for driving statics in classification of plantation cassava
in Banteay Meanchey Province and subsequently in the overall.
The methodology workflow to achieve the objectives as shown this below
The figure above was representing the Satellite image of Chines Huan Jing-
1A (HJ-1A) on the 02 March 2015 by code LT51280512011018BKT00 path 07 and
row 105. The reference datum of this image was WGS 1984 and pat the map
projection was UTM zone 47N.
30
Figure 3.3 Enhanced operational land imager (OLI) and the thermal infrared sensor
(TIRS) image of 2015
The satellite image Landsat (OLI) and (TIRS) shown in figure upper was
selected four part on the 03rd ,07th February 2015 and 02nd ,18th March 2015 by
Landsat 8 code LC81270502015054LGN00, LC81270512015038LGN00 path 127
and row 50,51 and LC81280502015077LGN00, LC81280512015061LGN00 path
128 and row 50,51using the OLI and TIRS. The reference datum of this image was
WGS 1984 and pat the map projection was UTM zone 47N.
Applying classification
To classify the image, the Maximum Likelihood Classification tool should
be used. This tool is based on the maximum likelihood probability theory. It assigns
each pixel to one of the different classes based on the means and variances of the class
signatures (stored in a signature file). The tool is also accessible from the Image
Classification toolbar.
35
The Interactive Supervised Classification tool is another way to classify
image. This tool accelerates the maximum likelihood classification process. It allows
to quickly preview the classification result without running the Maximum Likelihood
Classification tool.
Post-classification processing
The classified image created by the Maximum Likelihood Classification tool
may misclassify certain cells and create small invalid regions. To improve
classification, it may want to reclassify these misclassified cells to a class or cluster
that is immediately surrounding them. The most commonly used techniques to clean
up the classified image include filtering, smoothing class boundaries, and removing
small isolated regions. A more visually appealing map results from the data cleanup
tools.
Filtering the classified output
This process will remove single isolated pixels from the classified image. It
can be accomplished by either the Majority Filter tool or the Focal Statistics tool with
Majority as the statistics type. The difference of the two tools is that the Majority
Filter tool assumes a 3 x 3 square neighborhood during the processing, while the
Focal Statistics tool supports more neighborhood types
Smoothing class boundaries
The Boundary Clean tool clumps the classes and smooth the ragged edges of
the classes. The tool works by expanding and then shrinking the classes. It will
increase the spatial coherency of the classified image. Adjacent regions may become
connected.
Generalizing output by removing small isolated regions
After the filtering and smoothing process, the classified image should be
much cleaner than before. However, there may still be some isolated small regions on
the classified image. The generalizing process further cleans up the image by
removing such small regions from the image. This is a multi-step process which
involves several Spatial Analyst tools.
1. Run the Region Group tool with the classified image to assign unique
values to run each region on the image.
36
2. Open the attribute table of the new raster layer created by the Region
Group tool. Use the pixel counts to identify the threshold of small regions that you
want to remove.
3. Create a mask raster for the regions you want to remove. This can be done
by running the Set Null tool to set the regions with small numbers of pixels to a null
value.
4. Run the Nibble tool on the classified image. Use the mask raster created
from the Set Null tool from the previous step as the Input mask raster. This will
dissolve the small regions on the output image.
Equipment of Analysis
In this section, there is some key equipment in participatory research and
analysis. Computer tool to assist in the research study, collection data writing thesis
and analysis with other programs and overall useful such as:
Hardware
Central Processing Unit (CPU) cor i5 2.6GHZ
Read and Memory (RAM) 4GHZ
Printer: The use for print thesis
Camera: IPad Air
Global Position System (GPS)
Software Application
The ArcGIS was used to present the resulting map and image from the
analyses carried out on the research and used Microsoft office for facilitates sit thesis.
The table below was presented outline these software
37
Table 3.1 the using software
No
Software Relevance
.
ArcGIS was used for displaying and subsequent
1 ArcGIS 10 processing and enhancement of the Image as well as the
resulting maps
Microsoft Office: Excel was used in producing the bar chart, while
2 MS word & Excel Microsoft word was used generally for the presentation
of the research in text, chart and map formats
CHAPTER 4
RESULTS
The object of this study form the basis of all the analysis carried out in this
chapter. The results are presented inform of maps, chart and statistical table and
present study application geospatial technology of compare with image satellite
Landsat 8 (OLI) and SMMS (Hj-A1) since 2015 supervised image classification of
land use was classified in nine classes of Banteay Meanchey province. Seven
categories of land us were identified these are: cassava, field crop, forest, water,
perennial tree/fruit tree, rice and urban using maximum likelihood.
Square
Land use Hectare Percentage
kilometers
Perennial trees/
Fruit trees 107,564.40 1,075.64 17.39
Urban
5.80%
Cassava
15.72%
Filed crop
Rice 12.01%
40.93%
Perennial Forest
Trees/Fruit Trees 3.58%
17.39%
Water
4.58%
3,000.00
Cassava
2,500.00
Filed crop
2,000.00
Forest
1,500.00 Water
Figure 4.3 Map SMMS (HJ-A1) of Banteay Meanchey showing location of cassava
plantation fields of studie
41
Figure 4.4 Map SMMS (HJ-A1) classification of Banteay Meanchey showing location
fields of studies
Table 4.2 Land use of Banteay Meanchey province from classified Landsat 8 (OLI)
Square
Land use Hectare kilometers Percentage
Urban
5.26%
Cassava
Filed crop
13.54%
10.57%
Rice
40.55% Forest
4.34%
Perennial
Trees/Fruit Trees
18.93% Water
6.81%
Figure 4.5 Percentage of land use Banteay Meanchey image satellite Landsat 8 (OLI)
3,000.00
Cassava
2,500.00
Filed crop
2,000.00 Forest
1,500.00 Water
Rice
500.00
Urban
-
Figure 4.6 Area of land use Banteay Meanchey image satellite Landsat 8 (OLI)
44
Figure 4.7 The map of satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) at Banteay Meanchey showing
location of cassava plantation fields of studies
Figure 4.8 The map of image satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) of Banteay Meanchey province
showing location fields of studies
45
Table 4.3 Comparison of land use Banteay Meanchey province image satellite
Landsat 8 (OLI) and SMMS (Hj-A1)
300,000.00
250,000.00
200,000.00
150,000.00
100,000.00
50,000.00
SMMS (HJ-A1)
LANDSAT 8 (OLI)
Figure 4.9 Comparison of land use Banteay Meanchey province image satellite
Landsat 8 (OLI) and SMMS (Hj-A1)
Figure 4.10 The map shows the sample location to determine accuracy
Table 4.4 Dislocation evaluate the accuracy of the classification land use in SMMS
(Hj-A1) satellite
Reference data
Classifieds Perennial
Data Filed
Cassava Forest Water trees/ Rice Urban Total
crop
Fruit trees
26 3 0 0 2 3 1 35
Cassava
Filed crop 4 13 1 1 1 2 0 22
Forest 0 0 5 1 0 0 0 6
Water 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 8
Perennial 1 1 2 1 52 3 2 62
trees/Fruit
trees
Rice 4 8 4 6 2 90 4 118
Urban 2 1 1 2 0 1 12 19
Total 37 26 13 17 57 100 20 270
Overall Accuracy for SMMS (Hj-A1) 204/270*100=75.56 %
48
Table 4.5 Dislocation evaluate the accuracy of the classification land use in image
satellite Landsat 8 (OLI)
Reference data
Classifieds
Filed Perennial
Data Cassava Forest Water trees/ Rice Urban Total
crop Fruit tree
Cassava 28 3 0 0 0 3 1 35
Filed crop 4 16 0 0 0 2 0 22
Forest 0 0 5 0 1 0 0 6
water 0 0 0 6 0 1 1 8
Perennial
trees/Fruit trees 1 0 2 1 57 0 1 62
Rice 3 8 4 6 2 93 2 118
Urban 2 1 0 0 0 1 15 19
Total 38 28 11 13 60 100 20 270
Overall Accuracy for Landsat 8 (OLI) 220/270*100=81.48 %
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSION
The result from land use to study the comparing of land use in Banteay
Meanchey province, using satellite imagery Landsat 8 (OLI) and SMMS (Hj-A1)
satellite classification for land use. Land use divided into seven categories of cassava
area, field crop area, forest area, water area, perennial tree/fruit tree area, rice area and
urban. The classification of satellite SMMS (Hj-A1) in 2015 with an area of seven
types of 97,215.33, 74,273.76, 22,146.02, 28,340.40, 107,564.40, 253,158.56 and
35,865.98 hectare respectively.
The Rice area has much space is available plantation that accounting for
40.93 percent of the total area, followed by cassava area, field crop area, forest area,
water area, perennial tree/fruit tree area, rice area and urban area and aquaculture
accounting for 40.93 percent, 15.72, 12.01, 3.58, 4.58, 17.39, 40.93 and 5.80.
The result of the classification of satelliteimagery Landsat 8 year 2015, with
an area of seven types of 83,757.37, 65,386.54, 26,825.14, 42,143.43, 117,079.71,
250,845.26 and 32,527.00 hectare of respectively. The rice area also has the most
accounting for 40.55 percent of the total area, but compared to the MSSM (Hj-A1)
satellite found space down 2,313.30 hectare representing 0.37 percent of the total area
followed by field crop area, urban area and cassava area and aquaculture accounting
for 1.44, 0.54 and 2.18 percent. And another area has increase such as forest area,
water area and perennial tree/ fruit tree area and aquaculture accounting for 4,679.12,
13,803.03 and 9,515.31 hectare respectively, by 0.76, 2.23 and 1.54 percent
respectively.
When compared SMMS (Hj-A1) with image satellite Landsat 8 found that
cassava area, field crop area, rice area include urban area has increase and area
decreasing such as forest area, water area and perennial tree/fruit tree area.
Assessment of the accuracy of models of land use is was the overall accuracy of 75.56
percent from the land use classifies MSSM (Hj-A1) and the model was the overall
accuracy of 81.48 percent land use from satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) which shows that
the accuracy is the medium and high between the data obtained from monitoring
50
changes and data for location details of the trial and evaluated the accuracy of each
point in the survey concluded.
Conclusion
Classification plantations of cassava using satellite imagery Landsat 8 (OLI)
Case Study Banteay Meanchey Province, Cambodia. Using the classification of
controlled (Supervised Classification) with the highest probability (Maximum
Likelihood Classification) the Banteay Meanchey Province here are plantations of
cassava approximately 837.57 square kilometers or 83,757 hectare accounted for
15.72 percent of the total study area. Compared with the results from the classification
using satellite imagery SMMS (HJ-A1) a different percentage of 2.18 was found the
area under cultivation of cassava from satellite SMMS (Hj-A1) has approximately
975.15 square kilometers or 97,215.33 hectares representing 15.72 percent. The result
of the inspection accuracy overall, the classification of satellite images Landsat 8
(OLI) and SMMS (HJ-A1) with an accuracy of approximately 75.56 and 81.48
percent respectively, with accuracy levels moderate and high. The accuracy of which
are similar to the findings of Yamamoto and Suckchan studying the appropriate
classification of land (Land suitability) for rice, sugarcane and cassava by using
factors include area classification. Results from monitoring the overall accuracy of the
classification (Overall accuracy assessment) found that the overall accuracy of the
classification with 81.48% accuracy by reason of satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) is due to be
over SMMS (Hj-A1) satellite Landsat 8 (OLI) has wavelength available upon request.
And the numerical value, which amounted to 16 bits or 65,536 more detailed satellite
images SMMS (Hj-A1) is the numerical value of 8-bit or 256.
This study revealed the capacity of cassava plantation area it will be useful
information to forecast the trend cassava over production. The results obtained from
this study serve as a good example of the application of remote sensing data and
geoinformation system for agriculture. This application can be seen as a regional pilot
project to be adopted by many other provinces in Cambodia for various kinds of
agricultural cultivation such as rice, sugarcane, maze, etc.
51
Recommendation
1. This study used satellite data Landsat 8 and SMMS satellite recorded
during different satellite the results of the data analysis area deviation from reality.
Therefore, it should be taken at the same time satellite images were analyzed to
provide information within creased accuracy.
2. The classification data with satellite images of cassava plantation wanted
ability and experience of a translator. It’s don’t have affect the accuracy of the maps
of land uses should check the accuracy of land use to obtain current information and
increased accuracy.
3. Distribution of numerical value Digital Number: DN of cassava, rice and
coin are similar for accuracy more than must be use high resolution satellite Landsat
analysis exploration another factor that relative with crop planted such as Drainage
of the soil, Depth of soil character of land index value NDVI
4. Continuing the trend of land use in the future is used as a guide in
developing spatial databases and the information used to plan development of the
area, including the management of natural resources, area agriculture and
environment preliminary.
5. The technology of remote sensing and GIS should be employed in major
studies, concerning nation issue such as agriculture and environment etc.
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