EXIGENT’10

A PAPER ON
ELECTRICITY METERING USING
WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Submitted By

S.MANJU (09E58) J.JANANI (09E32)

III Semester III Semester
manju.sivam@yahoo.in janajegan481@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

The Automatic Electricity metering (AEM) is the adventurous method to measure and display the
tariff which may replace the present tradition of human dependent energy measuring system. In AEM
system microprocessor based Digital Energy Meters (DEM) are adopted instead of conventional Energy
meters of rotating disc type. The signals are taken from the DEM and processed by PCM modulator, FEC
coder, Code Division Multiplexer, BPF. The processed signals are transmitted to the satellite through
transmitter and VSAT uplink dish antenna. The signal of each consumer is separated by CDMA
technology. The signals radiated from the DOMSAT (Domestic satellite) are received by the downlink
dish antenna which is located at the sub-station. In this system at the end every month, individual
consumer and the sub-station people can able to know the consumption of energy, tariff rate, service
number through LCD display simultaneously.
BLOCK DIGRAM OF TRANSMITTING AND RECEIVING PORTION OF THE
SYSTEM:
DESCRIPTION:
Electromechanical meter Using
Ferrari principle is the basic
electricity meter in use at
present. These meters measure
the electric energy and demand
in both single phase and three
phase systems. These energy
meters are based on the rotating
disc integrator. Even though this
type of meter has been serving
power industry for a long time,
it is not free from problems like
wear and tear, inconsistency in
maintaining accuracy limits,
environmental effects, and
above all liable for tampering.
Most of these problems are
traceable to the rotating disc
which is only moving part of
this meter. The advents of digital
electronics and microprocessors
have been made it possible for
the adoption of electronic
techniques of measuring power
and energy very accurately.
Hence electronic digital energy
meters, demand meters, tri
vector meters are being
developed. Such electronic
meters, being static in nature,
offer effective solutions to the
problems encountered in
conventional meters having
rotating disc.
DIGITAL ENERGY
METER : This prototype is
designed with the Intel 8085 A,
an 8-bit microprocessor buffers,
multiplexers, sample/hold,
Analog to digital converter,
Microprocessor with buffers,
Inputs/Output peripherals,1`1
Electromechanical display and
driver, Electronic display and
drivers, Non-volatile memory
with protection circuit, under
voltage protection with watch
dog circuit are used. The phase
voltage and phase currents are employed to place the samples
stepped down by internal PTs properly and also used to
and CTs. The output of these compute time interval used, for
PTs and CTs are buffered with integrating KW. The
signal buffers then they are software consists of different
passed through multiplexers to a routines (1) to control sample
signal conditioners and in turn and hold, (2) to initiate the A/D
fed to a sample and hold circuit. converter, (3) reading A/D and
The sampled output is fed to an storing the samples, (4)
analog to digital converter. The frequency tracking, (5)
ADC output is read through computing Power KW,(6)
Input/Output peripherals and Computing KWH, (7) Display
stored in a random access routines (8)
memory. The software algorithm BLOCK DIAGRAM OF
employs the stored samples to DEM:
compute KW of each phase. A
frequency tracking circuit is

and manipulating the tariff. The 5.Provision for energy

flow chart for the main monitor ceiling and
program is shown in figure. disconnection, i.e., a
ADDITIONAL FACILITIES: facility to monitor the
energy used by a
1.KVA or KVAH
consumer in a
metering facility;
prescribed duration and
2.KVAR or KVARH
to disconnect the
metering facility;
supply in case the
3.Power factor
consumption exceeds
metering;
the allocated units can
4.Frequency Relaying
be easily incorporated;
facility;
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION:
Satellite communication
means communication through
satellite. These satellite are
placed in a circular orbit, which
lies in the plane earth’s equator,
at an altitude of about 36000
KM above the equator. At this
altitude, the satellite has an
orbital period equal to the
duration of one day i.e. 23
hours, 56 minutes and 4.1
second. With this orbital period,
the satellite relative angular
velocity with respect to that of
earth is zero and hence the
satellite appears stationary when
viewed from the earth, i.e.
geostationary .theoretically,
three satellites properly placed
could provide 100% coverage of
the earth. These satellites have a
device named ‘transducers’ to
receive amplify and retransmit
the incoming signals.
UPLINK:
The satellite must first
receive the signal to be
broadcast. This signal comes
from a large earth – based
satellite dish called an uplink.
The uplink points the dish
towards the satellite to be used,
then broadcasts a very powerful
signal towards that satellite.
DOWNLINK:
When the satellite
receives the pre arranged signal
from a designated uplink, the
signal is simply rebroadcast
towards the surface of the earth.
Because the satellite is so high
into the orbit, the signal can
reach potentially large portion of
the earth’s surface. This area of
reception is referred to as the
satellite’s footprint and may
cover an entire continent.A
typical home or commercial
satellite down link (receiving the
program from the satellite);dish
is several feet wide in order to
capture the relatively weak
satellite signals. In addition to
the dish itself and it’s associated
equipment, a typical down link
requires that a receiver be
connected to the dish. The
receiver then performs a
function similar to a home radio
receiver. However, instead of
locating and tuning radio
stations, the receiver is designed
to locate and tune satellite
signals.
VSAT:
VSAT stands for “Very
Small Aperture Terminal” and
refers to
receive/transmit.Terminals
installed at dispersed sites
connecting to a central hub via
satellite using small diameter
antenna dishes (0.6 to 3.8m).
Direct VSAT to VSAT
connectivity is not feasible.
VSAT technology represents a
cost-effective solution for users
seeking an independent
communications network
connecting a large number of
geographically dispersed sites.
VSAT network offer value-
added satellite-based services
capable of supporting the
internet, data, LAN, voice/fax
communications, and can
provide powerful, dependable
private and public network
communications solutions.
VSAT networks come in various
shapes and sizes ranging from
point to point, point to
multipoint, and on demand for
thousands of sites based on a
dedicated facility located at their
own site. Mesh systems have
traditionally been somewhat
smaller in size than star systems-
5 to 30 sites used to be a good
rule of thumb-but since prices
have come down, some
networks now comprise as many
as several hundred or even
thousands of size.
USES OF SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION WRAP
UP:
Desk and work
environment tools for mobile
computing platforms will enable
a wide range of mobile
computing solutions, ranging
from an individual at his desk to
full blown command and control
centers to mobile medical
facilities. Secure wireless allows
for the distribution of critical
information quickly and
seamlessly over high-speed
backbone, saving time and
infrastructure costs. VSAT
solution also allows for rapid
setup and deployment of mobile
hospitals, training centers and
command and control centers
virtually anywhere in the world
in hours as opposed to days or
weeks.
CODE DIVISION
MULTIPLE ACCESS:
In Code Division
Multiple Access, signals across
the satellite simultaneously.
Each signal uses the same carrier
frequency and occupies the full
transponder bandwidth, but the
individual carriers are identified
by means of coding. At the earth
station transmitter the carrier is
code modulated in a particular
way. The earth station received
at the other end of the link has
the code key that enables it to
respond to the correct carrier.
CDMA system use codes to
separate different users in code
and space and to enable access
to a shared medium without
interference. The main problem
is how to find “good” Codes and
how to separate the signal from
noise generated by other signals
and the environment.
A code for a certain user
should have a good
autocorrelation and should be
orthogonal to other codes.
Orthogonal in code space has the
same meaning as in standard
space. (i. e, the three
dimensional space).
BASIC FUNCTION OF
CDMA:
• Two senders, A and B,
want to send data.
CDMA assigns the
following unique and
orthogonal key
sequences: key Ak
=010011 for sender A,
key Bk =110101 for
sender B. sender A wants
to send the bit Ad=1,
sender B sends Bd=0, To
illustrate this example let
us assume that we code a
binary 0 as -1, a binary 1
as +1.we can then apply
the standard addition and
multiplication rules.
• Both senders spread their
signal using their key as
chipping sequence. In
reality, parts of a much
 longer chipping sequence
are applied to single bits
for spreading. Sender A
then sends the signal As
=Ad*Ak = +1*(-1,+1,-1,-
1,+1,+1) =(-1,+1,-1,-
1,+1,+1).
• Sender B does the same
with it’s data to spread
the signal with the code:
Bs =Bd*Bk= -1*(+1,+1,-
1,+1,-1,+1) =(-1,-1,+1,-
1,+1,-1)
• Both signals are then
transmitted at the same
time using the same
frequency, so
the signals superimpose
in space. Discounting
interference from other
senders and
environmental noise
from this simple
example, and assuming
that the signals have the
same strength at the
receiver, the following
signal C is received at a
receiver:
• C= As +Bs = (-2, 0, 0,-2,
+2, 0)
• The receiver now wants
CONCLUSION:
to receive data from
sender A and therefore,
tunes into the code of A,
i.e, applies A’s code for
de spreading :( C*Ak = (-
2, 0, 0, -2, +2, 0)*(-1, +1,
-1, -1, +1,+1) = communication in the power
2+0+0+2+2+0=6.
• The most critical item in
a digital receiver is the
demodulator usually for
QPSK in satellite links.
The bit error rate from a
REFERENCE:
QPSK demodulator is
critically dependent on
the accurate recovery of
the carrier with correct
phase and on bit
sampling instant as
determined. By the bit
clock recovery circuits in
the demodulator. most
satellite systems achieve
(C/N) of between 10 and
25 db at the demodulator
input. A BER of 10E-6
can theoretically be
obtained with a (C/N) of
10.6 db at the
demodulator input, but
most demodulator
require 1.5 to 3db greater
(C/N) to achieve this
BER.
•FEC coding equipment
can be placed at the input
to the modulator and the
corresponding decoder
placed at the output of
the demodulator, when
coding is applied to the
satellite link alone by the
earth station operator,
since additional benefits
to the user can be
obtained using FEC.
This automatic electric billing
system is a single hub satellite
transmissionnetwork which is
an important step for
development of
system network. With the help
of VSAT network we can able
to implement the internet,
LAN, Voice/fax
communication in future.
 ROBERT RODDY-
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION.
 TIMOTHY PRATT,
CHARLES
W.BOSTIAN-
SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION.
 ANDREW F. INGLIS,
ARCH C. LUTHER
-1997– SATELLITE
COMMUNICATION
SYSTEMS.