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AND WAVES
Objectives
• Describe the period of a
pendulum. (25.1)
• Describe the characteristics and
5 VIBRATIONS
AND WAVES
........
properties of waves. (25.2) THE BIG Waves transmit energy through
• Describe wave motion. (25.3) IDEA space and time.
• Describe how to calculate the
speed of a wave. (25.4)
• Give examples of transverse
A
waves. (25.5) ll around us we see things that wiggle and jiggle. Even
things too small to see, such as atoms, are constantly
• Give an example of a
longitudinal wave. (25.6) wiggling and jiggling. A repeating, back-and-forth
• Explain what causes motion about an equilibrium position is a vibration.
interference patterns. (25.7) A vibration cannot exist in one instant. It needs
• Describe how a standing wave time to move back and forth. Strike a bell and
occurs. (25.8) the vibrations will continue for some time
• Describe how the apparent before they die down.
frequency of waves change as a A disturbance that is transmitted pro-
wave source moves. (25.9) gressively from one place to the next
• Describe bow waves. (25.10) with no actual transport of matter is
• Describe sonic booms. (25.11) a wave. A wave cannot exist in one
place but must extend from one place
to another. Light and sound are both
discover! forms of energy that move through
MATERIALS foam cup, water space as waves. This chapter is about
EXPECTED OUTCOME Regions of vibrations and waves, and the follow-
still water, nodes, and regions ing chapters continue with the study of
of choppy water, antinodes, sound and light.
should be observable. This
pattern is the result of the
interference of traveling discover!
waves reflecting from the
vibrating walls of the cup. What Are Standing Waves? Analyze and Conclude
ANALYZE AND CONCLUDE 1. Fill a foam cup nearly to the top with water. 1. Observing Describe the patterns that you
1. Students should observe Place the cup on a smooth, dry surface. produced on the surface of the water.
regions of still water and 2. While applying a moderate downward pres- 2. Predicting What do you think might happen if
regions of choppy water. sure, drag the cup across the surface. you were to drag the cup on a different kind
2. The pattern changes 3. Adjust the downward pressure on the cup of surface?
because the cup vibrates until a pattern of waves, called standing 3. Making Generalizations Do you think stand-
differently on different waves, appears on the surface of the water. ing waves can be produced in other media?
surfaces.
4. Now try to change the pattern by altering Explain.
3. Yes, because waves travel in
both the speed of the cup and the downward
all media and interference
pressure.
is a characteristic of waves.
490 490
25.1 Vibration of a
25.1 Vibration of a Pendulum Pendulum
Key Terms
Suspend a stone at the end of a string and you have a simple pen-
period, vibration, waves
dulum. Pendulums like the one in Figure 25.1 swing back and forth
Teaching Tip Distinguish
with such regularity that they have long been used to control the
between a simple pendulum (the
motion of clocks. Galileo discovered that the time a pendulum takes bob is very small compared to the
to swing back and forth through small angles depends only on the length of string) and a physical
length of the pendulum—the mass has no effect. The time of a pendulum (the stick makes up
back-and-forth swing of the pendulum is called the period. a significant part of the mass).
FIGURE 25.1
Explain that their rotational
The period of the pendulum depends only on the length of a Two pendulums of the same
inertias are different.
pendulum and the acceleration of gravity. 25.1 length have the same period
A long pendulum has a longer period than a shorter pendulum; regardless of mass. Ask What principle of
mechanics accounts for the
that is, it swings back and forth more slowly—less frequently—than a different periods of pendulums
short pendulum. When walking, we allow our legs to swing with the of different lengths? Rotational
help of gravity, like a pendulum. In the same way that a long pendu- inertia
lum has a greater period, a person with long legs tends to walk with
a slower stride than a person with short legs. This is most noticeable
Demonstration
in long-legged animals such as giraffes and horses, which run with a
slower gait than do short-legged animals such as hamsters and mice. Attach a small heavy weight
to the end of a piece of string
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CONCEPT
FIGURE 25.2
CHECK pendulum depends
Frank Oppenheimer, founder only on the length of a pendulum
of the Exploratorium® science and the acceleration of gravity.
museum in San Francisco, demon-
strates that a pendulum swinging
back and forth traces out a straight Teaching Resources
line over a stationary surface and a
• Problem-Solving Exercises in
sine curve when the surface moves
Physics 12-1, 12-2
at constant speed.
• Laboratory Manual 68, 69
• Probeware Lab Manual 13
492 492
The source of all
......
CONCEPT
CHECK waves is something
If the frequency of a vibrating object is known, its period can be think! that vibrates.
calculated, and vice versa. Suppose, for example, that a pendulum
The Sears Tower in
makes two vibrations in one second. Its frequency is 2 Hz. The time Teaching Resources
Chicago sways back and
needed to complete one vibration—that is, the period of vibration— forth at a frequency of • Reading and Study
is 1/2 second. Or if the vibration period is 3 Hz, then the period is 1/3 about 0.1 Hz. What is Workbook
second. As you can see below, frequency and period are inverses of its period of vibration? • Transparency 50
each other: Answer: 25.2.2
• PresentationEXPRESS
1 1 • Interactive Textbook
frequency or period
period frequency
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CONCEPT
What is the source of all waves?
CHECK 25.3 Wave Motion
Common Misconception
25.3 Wave Motion When a wave travels in a medium,
the medium moves with the wave.
Most of the information around us gets to us in some form of wave. FACT As a wave travels through
Sound is energy that travels to our ears in the form of a wave. Light is a medium, there is no transfer of
energy that comes to our eyes in the form of a different kind of wave matter.
(an electromagnetic wave). The signals that reach our radio and tele- Teaching Tip Point out that
FIGURE 25.5
vision sets also travel in the form of electromagnetic waves. if a leaf is floating in a pond as
When the string is shaken a wave passes, the leaf will move
When energy is transferred by a wave from a vibrating source to a up and down, a disturbance up and down with the water
distant receiver, there is no transfer of matter between the two points. moves along the string. but will not move along with
To see this, think about the very simple wave produced when one end the wave.
of a horizontally stretched string is shaken up and down as shown
in Figure 25.5. After the end of the string is shaken, a rhythmic dis- Demonstration
turbance travels along the string. Each part of the string moves up
and down while the disturbance moves horizontally along the length Have a student hold one
end of a stretched spring or
of the string. It is the disturbance that moves along the length of the a Slinky while you hold the
string, not parts of the string itself. other. Send transverse pulses
along it, stressing the idea
that the disturbance rather
Link to ENTOMOLOGY than the medium moves along
the spring. Shake the spring
and produce a sine wave. Then
Noisy Bugs Big bumblebees flap
send a stretch and squeeze
their wings at about 130 flaps per (elongation and compression)
second, and produce sound of 130 Hz. down the spring, showing
A honeybee flaps its wings at 225 flaps a longitudinal pulse. Send a
per second and produces a higher- sequence of pulses and you
pitched sound of 225 Hz. The annoying have a wave. After some
high-pitched whine of a mosquito discussion, produce standing
results from its wings flapping at 600 Hz. These sounds are produced waves.
by pressure variations in the air caused by vibrating wings.
discover!
Making Waves
Part 1
The energy 1. Oscillate a marking pen back and forth across a piece of paper
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CONCEPT
CHECK transferred by a as you slowly pull the paper in a direction perpendicular to your
wave from a vibrating source oscillation.
to a receiver is carried by a 2. Repeat Step 1, but pull the paper faster this time.
disturbance in a medium.
3. Think What happens to the wavelength of the curves when you
pull the paper faster?
Teaching Resources
Part 2
• Reading and Study
Workbook
1. Repeatedly dip your finger into a wide pan of water to make
circular waves on the surface.
• Problem-Solving Exercises
in Physics 13-1 2. Repeat Step 1, but dip your finger more frequently.
• PresentationEXPRESS 3. Think What happens to the wavelength of the waves when you dip
your finger more frequently?
• Interactive Textbook
494 494
25.4 Wave Speed
think! Teaching Tip Explain that the
frequency of a vibrating source is
If a water wave vibrates up and down two times each second and the the same as the frequency of the
distance between wave crests is 1.5 m, what is the frequency of the wave? wave it produces.
What is its wavelength? What is its speed? Answer: 25.4.1
Teaching Tip Explain or
derive wave speed: Speed 5
wavelength 3 frequency.
25.4 Wave Speed Support this with the freight
car example.
The speed of a wave depends on the medium through which the wave Teaching Tip Have students
moves. Sound waves, for example, move at speeds of about calculate the wavelengths of
330 m/s to 350 m/s in air (depending on temperature), and about four their favorite local radio stations.
times faster in water. Whatever the medium, the speed, wavelength, Wavelength 5 speed/frequency.
For example, 1000-kHz waves
and frequency of the wave are related. Consider the simple case of have wavelengths 5 (3 3 108 m/s)/
water waves, as shown in Figure 25.7. Imagine that you fix your eyes (106 Hz) 5 300 m. Surprisingly
at a stationary point on the surface of water and observe the waves long!
passing by this point. If you observe the distance between crests (the
wavelength) and also count the number of crests that pass each
second (the frequency), then you can calculate the horizontal
distance a particular crest moves each second. For example, in
Figure 25.7, one crest passes by the bird every second. The waves
therefore move at 1 meter per second.
You can calculate the speed of a wave by multiplying the
wavelength by the frequency. For example, if the wavelength is
3 meters and if two crests pass a stationary point each second, then The equation v Gf
3 meters ⫻ 2 waves pass by in 1 second. The waves therefore move at makes sense: During
each vibration, a wave
6 meters per second. In equation form, this relationship is written as
travels a distance of one
v %f wavelength.
FIGURE 25.7
If the wavelength is 1 meter, and one
wavelength per second passes the pole,
then the speed of the wave is 1 m/s.
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CONCEPT
How do you calculate the speed of a wave?
CHECK
do the math!
If a train of freight cars, each 10 m long, rolls by you at the rate
of 2 cars each second, what is the speed of the train?
You can look at this problem in two ways, the Chapter 4 way and the
Chapter 25 way.
From Chapter 4 recall:
d 2 10 m
v 20 m/s
t 1s
Note that d is the length of that part of the train that passes you in
time t.
Here in Chapter 25 we compare the train to wave motion,
where the wavelength corresponds to 10 m, and the frequency is
You can calculate the
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25.5 Transverse
Waves
FIGURE 25.8
A person creates a trans- Key Term
verse wave by shaking transverse wave
the free end of a rope up
and down. The arrows
Waves in the
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CONCEPT
25.5 Transverse Waves represent the motion of
the rope.
CHECK stretched strings
of musical instruments and the
Suppose you create a wave along a rope by shaking the free end up electromagnetic waves that
and down, as shown in Figure 25.8. The motion of the rope is at right make up radio waves and light
angles to the direction in which the wave is moving. Whenever the are transverse.
motion of the medium is at right angles to the direction in which
a wave travels, the wave is a transverse wave. Waves in the
stretched strings of musical instruments and the electromagnetic 25.6 Longitudinal
waves that make up radio waves and light are transverse. Waves
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CONCEPT
What is an example of a longitudinal wave?
CHECK
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CONCEPT
Transverse and longitudi- CHECK longitudinal waves.
nal waves transfer energy
from left to right.
a. When the end of a Teaching Resources
coiled spring is shaken up • Reading and Study
and down, a transverse Workbook
wave is produced.
• Transparency 51
b. When it is shaken in
and out, a longitudinal • PresentationEXPRESS
wave is produced. • Interactive Textbook
25.7 Interference
A material object such as a rock will not share its space with another
rock. But more than one vibration or wave can exist at the same
time in the same space. If you drop two rocks in water, the waves
produced by each can overlap and form an interference pattern.
An interference pattern is a regular arrangement of places where
wave effects are increased, decreased, or neutralized. Interference
Sound, a longitudinal
wave, requires a medium.
patterns occur when waves from different sources arrive at the
It can’t travel in a vacuum same point—at the same time.
because there’s nothing In constructive interference, the crest of one wave overlaps the
to compress and stretch. crest of another and their individual effects add together. The result
is a wave of increased amplitude. As Figure 25.10a shows, this is
called reinforcement. In destructive interference, the crest of one
wave overlaps the trough of another and their individual effects are
reduced. The high part of one wave simply fills in the low part of
another. As Figure 25.10b shows, this is called cancellation.
FIGURE 25.10
There are two types of wave
interference. a. In construc-
tive interference, the waves
reinforce each other to pro-
duce a wave of increased
amplitude. b. In destructive
interference, the waves can-
cel each other and no wave
is produced.
498 498
Teaching Tip Make a pair
of transparencies of concentric
circles. Superimpose them on
your overhead projector and
show the variety of interference
patterns that result when their
FIGURE 25.11 centers are displaced. One
a. Two overlapping water example is shown in Figure 25.12.
waves produce an interfer- Ask Can waves overlap
ence pattern. in such a way as to produce
b. Overlapping concentric a zero amplitude? Yes, that is
circles produce a pictorial the destructive interference
representation of an interfer- characteristic of all waves.
ence pattern.
a b
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CONCEPT
Interference is characteristic of all wave CHECK occur when waves
from different sources arrive at
motion, whether the waves are water waves, sound
the same point—at the same
waves, or light waves. The interference of sound is time.
discussed in the next chapter, and the interference
of light in Chapter 31.
Teaching Resources
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A standing wave
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CONCEPT
CHECK forms only if half a
wavelength or a multiple of half
a wavelength fits exactly into the
length of the vibrating medium.
Teaching Resources
• Reading and Study
Workbook
• Problem-Solving Exercises in
Physics 13-3 FIGURE 25.13
• Transparency 52 The incident and reflected waves interfere
to produce a standing wave. The nodes
• PresentationEXPRESS
are places that remain stationary.
• Interactive Textbook
• Next-Time Question 25-1
500 500
25.9 The Doppler
You can produce a variety of standing waves by shaking the rope Effect
at different frequencies. Once you find a frequency that produces a
Key Terms
standing wave, doubling or tripling the frequency will also produce a Doppler effect, blue shift,
standing wave. A standing wave forms only if half a wavelength red shift
or a multiple of half a wavelength fits exactly into the length of the
Common Misconception
vibrating medium. In Figure 25.14a, the rope length equals half a
Changes in wave speed cause the
wavelength. In Figure 25.14b, the rope length equals one wavelength. Doppler effect.
In Figure 25.14c, the rope length equals one and one-half wave- FACT The Doppler effect is an
lengths. If you keep increasing the frequency, you’ll produce more apparent change in frequency
interesting waves. due to the motion of the source.
Teaching Tip Place an
FIGURE 25.14 electronic whistle that emits a
You can produce a variety of sound of about 3000 Hz into a
standing waves. sponge, rubber, or foam ball.
a. Shake the rope until you set up Introduce the Doppler effect by
a standing wave of ᎏ12ᎏ wavelength. throwing the ball around the
b. Shake with twice the frequency room. Ask students to describe
and produce a standing wave of what they hear as the ball moves
1 wavelength. through the air. Then ask if the
c. Shake with three times the fre- frequency of the sound that the
quency and produce a standing whistle emits actually changes.
wave of 1 ᎏ12ᎏ wavelengths.
Police Officer
Police officers are responsible for protecting people. While that
involves catching criminals and solving crimes, it also requires that
police officers prevent drivers from speeding. In this way, police
officers protect pedestrians and people in vehicles. One way that
police officers prevent speeding is by using radar equipment. Radar
equipment sends waves toward a moving vehicle and uses the
Doppler effect to determine the speed of the vehicle. By knowing
how to operate the device, police officers can determine when a
driver is not obeying the speed limit.
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Teaching Tip Relate the
concept of the moving bug to the
FIGURE 25.17
waves from the moving sources
The pitch of sound
in Figures 25.17 and 25.18.
is higher when the
source moves toward Ask The waves are more
you, and lower when crowded in front of the
the source moves swimming bug and more spread
away. out behind. Is the wave speed
greater in front of the bug
(and less behind the bug)? No!
Sound The Doppler effect is evident when you hear the changing Frequency, not speed, is greater
Bats hunt moths in in front of the bug and less
pitch of a siren as a firetruck passes you. Look at Figure 25.17. When
darkness by echo loca- behind.
the firetruck approaches, the pitch sounds higher than normal. This tion and the Doppler
occurs because the sound wave crests are encountering you more fre- Teaching Tip Emphasize the
effect. Some moths distinction between wave speed
quently. When the firetruck passes and moves away, you hear a drop in are protected by a and wave frequency.
pitch because the wave crests are encountering you less frequently. thick covering of fuzzy
scales that deaden the Teaching Tip Swing a sound
Police make use of the Doppler effect of radar waves in measur-
echoes. source at the end of a string in
ing the speeds of cars on the highway. Radar waves are electromag- a horizontal circle. Relate this
netic waves, lower in frequency than light and higher in frequency to the siren of a fire engine
than radio waves. Police bounce them off moving cars as shown in and the radar of the highway
Figure 25.18. A computer built into the radar system calculates the patrol (Figures 25.17 and 25.18).
(Mention that sound requires a
speed of the car relative to the radar unit by comparing the frequency medium; radar doesn’t.)
of the radar with the frequency of the reflected waves.
Teaching Tip Point out
that light, radar, TV, and radio
waves are all electromagnetic
FIGURE 25.18 in nature. The waves differ
The police calculate a only in frequency (and hence
car’s speed by measur- wavelength) and energy per
ing the Doppler effect photon.
of radar waves. Teaching Tip Relate the pitch
of sound to the color of light.
Both depend on frequency.
Light The Doppler effect also occurs for light. When a light source
approaches, there is an increase in its measured frequency, and
when it recedes, there is a decrease in its frequency. An increase in
As a wave source
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CONCEPT
frequency is called a blue shift, because the increase is toward the
CHECK approaches, an
high-frequency, or blue, end of the color spectrum. A decrease in observer encounters waves with
frequency is called a red shift, referring to the low-frequency, or a higher frequency. As the wave
red, end of the color spectrum. Distant galaxies, for example, show a source moves away, an observer
red shift in the light they emit. A measurement of this shift enables encounters waves with a
lower frequency.
astronomers to calculate their speeds of recession. A rapidly spinning think!
star shows a red shift on the side turning away from us and a blue When a source moves
shift on the side turning toward us. This enables a calculation of the Teaching Resources
toward you, do you
star’s spin rate. measure an increase or • Concept-Development
decrease in wave speed? Practice Book 25-1
CONCEPT How does the apparent frequency of waves change
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CONCEPT
CHECK when a wave source
moves faster than the waves
it produces.
When the bug swims faster than wave speed, ideally it produces
a wave pattern as shown in Figure 25.20. It outruns the wave crests
Teaching Resources
it produces. The crests overlap at the edges, and the pattern made
• Reading and Study by these overlapping crests is a V shape, called a bow wave, which
Workbook
appears to be dragging behind the bug. A bow wave occurs when
• Transparency 53
a wave source moves faster than the waves it produces. The familiar
• PresentationEXPRESS
bow wave generated by a speedboat knifing through the water is pro-
• Interactive Textbook
duced by the overlapping of many circular wave crests.
504 504
25.11 Shock Waves
Key Terms
shock wave, sonic boom
Common Misconception
A sonic boom is a momentary burst
of high pressure produced when
something exceeds the speed
of sound.
FACT A sonic boom is actually a
continuous front of high pressure
generated by faster-than-sound
sources.
Figure 25.21 shows some wave patterns made by sources mov- FIGURE 25.21
ing at various speeds. After the speed of the source exceeds the wave The wave patterns made
by a bug swimming at suc- The analogy between bow waves
speed, increased speed produces a bow wave with a narrower V shape. in water and shock waves in
cessively greater speeds
change. Overlapping at air is useful when discussing
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CONCEPT
What causes a bow wave? the shock waves produced by
CHECK the edges occurs only
supersonic aircraft.
when the source travels
faster than wave speed.
CONCEPT
CHECK when an object loud sounds. Do as your author does when in a room with very loud
moves faster than the speed music—leave. If for any reason you don’t want to leave—really enjoy-
of sound.
FIGURE 25.23 able music or good camaraderie with friends—stay, but use ear plugs
The shock wave has not yet of some kind! You’re not being a wimp when you give the same care
Teaching Resources encountered listener C, but to your ears that you give to your eyes.
• Concept-Development is now encountering listener
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REVIEW
5 REVIEW
For: Self-Assessment
Visit: PHSchool.com Teaching Resources
Web Code: csa – 2500
• TeacherEXPRESS
508 508
17. As fast as the waves move;
faster than the waves move
18. Bow—a 2-D “V” on the water
surface; shock—a 3-D cone in
the air
19. a. Incident shock wave
b. Faster than sound
20. No; it could have been any
time ago. It depends on
speed, not time.
Section 25.10 22. Shown below are four different pairs of
17. Compared with the speed of water waves transverse wave pulses that move toward
each other. At some point in time the pulses Think and Rank
how fast must a bug swim to keep up with
the waves it produces? How fast must a boat meet and interact (interfere) with each 21. A, C, B, D
move to produce a bow wave? other. Rank the four cases from greatest to 22. A, B, D, C
least on the basis of the height of the peak 23. Amplitude: D, B, A, C
18. Distinguish a bow wave from a shock wave. Wavelength: D, A, B, C
that results when the centers of the pairs
Frequency: C, B, A, D
Section 25.11 coincide. Period: D, A, B, C
19. a. What is a sonic boom?
b. How fast must an aircraft fly in order to
produce a sonic boom?
20. If you encounter a sonic boom, is that
evidence that an aircraft just exceeded the
speed of sound to become supersonic?
Rank each of the following sets of scenarios in 23. All the waves below have the same speed
order of the quantity or property involved. List in the same medium. Use a ruler and rank
them from left to right. If scenarios have equal these waves from greatest to least according
rankings, then separate them with an equal sign. to amplitude, wavelength, frequency, and
(e.g., A = B) period.
21. A fire engine’s siren emits a certain
frequency. Rank from greatest to least the
apparent frequency heard by the stationary
listener in each scenario.
(A) The fire engine is traveling toward a
listener at 30 m/s.
(B) The fire engine is traveling away from a
listener at 5 m/s.
(C) The fire engine is traveling toward a
listener at 5 m/s.
(D) The fire engine is traveling away from a
listener at 30 m/s.
CHAPTER 25
CHAPTER 25 VIBRATIONS AND WAVES
VIBRATIONS 509
AND WAVES 509 509
24. D, C, B, A
25. A, C, B
510 510
38. The speeds are the same, so
the wave with the shorter
wavelength has the greater
frequency—violet.
39. A wave takes a time equal to
one period to travel a
distance of one wavelength.
Distance 5 speed 3 time 5
(wavelength 3 frequency) 3
period 5 (wavelength 3
38. Red light has a longer wavelength than vio- 45. In the Doppler effect, does frequency 1/period) 3 period 5
let light. Which has the greater frequency? change? Does wavelength change? Does wavelength
wave speed change? 40. 2 Hz; 20 m/s
39. How far, in terms of wavelength, does a 41. The waves travel at the same
wave travel in one period? 46. Can the Doppler effect be observed with speed in all directions.
longitudinal waves, with transverse waves, 42. Source A has half wavelength
40. If a wave vibrates up and down twice each
or with both? of Source B sound.
second and travels a distance of 20 m each
43. Transverse wave shakes back-
second, what is its frequency? Its wave 47. A railroad locomotive is at rest with its and-forth perpendicular to
speed? (Why is this question best answered whistle shrieking, and then it starts moving coiled spring. Longitudinal
by careful reading of the question rather toward you. wave shakes back-and-forth
than searching for a formula?) a. Does the frequency that you hear increase, along length.
decrease, or stay the same? 44. No, it is the change in the
observed frequency of a
b. Does the wavelength that reaches your ear
wave due to motion of the
increase, decrease, or stay the same? observer with respect to the
c. How about the speed of sound in the air source. There is no change
between you and the locomotive? in wave speed when the
source moves.
41. The wave patterns seen in Figure 25.6 are 48. When a driver blows his horn while ap- 45. Frequency and wavelength
composed of circles. What does this tell you proaching a stationary listener, the listener change; not wave speed.
about the speed of the waves in different hears an increase in the frequency of the 46. Both
directions? horn. Would the listener hear an increase in 47. a. Frequency increases.
42. Sound from Source A has a frequency twice the frequency of the horn if she were also in b. Wavelength decreases.
a car traveling at the same speed in the same c. No change in speed.
as great as the frequency of sound from
direction as the first driver? Explain. 48. No. There is no relative
Source B. Compare the wavelengths of motion between source and
sound from the two sources. listener.
43. What kind of motion should you impart to 49. The sun is spinning, since
point A must be moving
a stretched coiled spring to produce a trans- toward the observer and
verse wave? A longitudinal wave? point B must be moving away.
44. Would it be correct to say that the Doppler
effect is the apparent change in the speed 49. Astronomers find that light coming from
of a wave due to the motion of the source? point A at the edge of the sun has a slightly
(Why is this question a test of reading higher frequency than light from point B at
comprehension as well as a test of physics the opposite side. What do these measure-
knowledge?) ments tell us about the sun’s motion?
5 ASSESS
If slower, no.
51. It takes negligible time for
light to get to you from
the airplane, but it takes a (continued)
noticeable time for sound to
reach you. When sound
from a fast-moving source
reaches you, the source is
farther along. 50. Does a boat moving through the water Think and Solve ••••••
52. The narrower the angle, the always produce a bow wave? Defend
faster the source your answer. 56. The period of a simple pendulum is given
53. At subsonic speeds, there by T 2) Lg , where g is the acceleration of
is no overlapping of waves 51. Whenever you watch a high-flying aircraft gravity and L is the length of the pendulum.
to produce high-pressure overhead, it seems that its sound comes In a lab, you want to double the period of
regions; where there is no from behind the craft rather than from
shock wave, there is no
a certain pendulum. Your friend says you’ll
sonic boom.
where you see it. Why is this? have to make the pendulum twice as long.
54. False; a sonic boom occurs 52. How does the angle of the V shape of a Do you agree with your friend?
continuously for supersonic bow wave depend on the speed of the
source.
57. Maria shows her friends a simple
wave source? 31-cm-long pendulum. Her teacher, look-
55. From difference in arrival
times, each scientist calculates 53. Why is it that a subsonic aircraft, no ing on, asks if she can predict the period of
distance, and draws a circle matter how loud it may be, cannot the pendulum before she demonstrates it.
of possible sources. Origin
produce a sonic boom? What’s your prediction?
of quake is where 3 such
circles drawn by different 54. True or false: A sonic boom occurs only 58. The Foucault pendulum in the rotunda of
scientists overlap. the Griffith Observatory in Los Angeles has
when an aircraft is breaking through the
sound barrier. Defend your answer. a 110-kg brass ball at the end of a 12.2-m-
Think and Solve long cable. What is the period of this pen-
56. No, don’t agree. T ~√L so
55. Consider an earthquake caused by a single dulum?
L~ T2.To double T, L must be disturbance, which sends out both trans-
4 times as long. verse and longitudinal waves that travel with 59. You are looking through your grandparents’
window and notice a hummingbird feeder
57. T 5 2p √L/g 5 distinctly different speeds in the ground.
hanging by a rope. You can’t see the top
2p√(0.31 m)/(10 m/s2) 5 1.1 s How can earth scientists in different loca-
of the rope, but you notice that in a gentle
58. T 5 2p √L/g 5 tions determine the earthquake origin?
breeze the feeder moves back and forth with
2p√(12.2 m)/(10 m/s2) 5 6.9 s
a period of 4.0 seconds. You make a calcula-
(or 7.0 s using g 5 9.8 m/s2)
tion and announce to your grandparents
59. Yes. From T 5 2p √L/g,
that the rope is 4 m long. Your grandparents
L 5 gT2/4p2 5
[(10 m/s2) 3 (4.0 s)2]/4p2 5 go outside and measure the rope. Should
4.0 m they be impressed with you?
60. From T 5 2p √L/g,
60. For your science fair project you decide to
L 5 gT2/4p2 5 [(9.8 m/s2) 3
(2.00 s)2]/4p2 5 0.99 m make a simple pendulum for a grandfather
clock, such that the period of the pendulum
is 2.00 seconds. Show that the length of your
pendulum should be just slightly less than
the length of a meterstick. (Use g = 9.8 m/s2
here.)
512 512
61. She is correct. f = (84 beats)/
(60 s) 5 1.4 Hz.; T 5 1/f
5 1/(1.4 s21) 5 0.71 s
62. T 5 1/f 5 1/(0.15 s21) 5 6.7 s
63. The same; from v 5 lf,
l 5 v/f 5 (340 m/s)/(340 Hz)
5 1.0 m.
64. f 5 3 Hz; T 5 1/3 s; v 5 lf
5 (2 m)(3/s) 5 6 m/s
61. Melanie is new to the nursing program. 67. Radio waves are electromagnetic waves that 65. T 5 (30 s)/10 5 3 s;
f 5 1/3 Hz; l 5 5 m; v 5 lf
With a patient she counts 84 heartbeats in travel at the speed of light, 300,000 kilo- 5 (5 m)(1/3 Hz) 5 1.67 m/s
one minute. She calculates that the period meters per second. What is the wavelength 66. v 5 lf 5 (20 m)(10/min)
and frequency of the heartbeats are 0.71 s of FM radio waves received at 100 mega- 5 200 m/min, or 3.3 m/s
and 1.4 Hz respectively. Is she correct? hertz on your radio dial? 67. l 5 v/f 5 (300,000 km/s) 4
(100,000,000/s) 5 0.003 km,
62. A design engineer figures that a proposed 68. The wavelength of red light is about or 3 m
new skyscraper will swing to and fro in 700 nanometers, or 7 ⫻ 10–7 m. The fre- 68. f 5 v/l 5 (3 3 108 m/s) 4
strong winds at a frequency of 0.15 Hz. A quency of the red light reflected from a (7 3 1027 m) 5 4.3 3 1014 Hz,
new assistant asks how much time a person metal surface and the frequency of the an extraordinarily high
in the skyscraper will experience during vibrating electron that produces it are the frequency by ordinary
each complete swing. What’s your answer? same. What is this frequency? standards
69. The plane’s speed is 1.41
63. In lab you strike a tuning fork that has a times the speed of sound. In
frequency of 340 Hz. For a speed of sound right triangle, the distance
of 340 m/s, how does the wavelength of AB is √2 or 1.41 times the
distance AC.
the resulting sound wave compare with the
length of a meter stick?
Activity
64. If a wave vibrates back and forth three times 70. Check students’ work. The
each second, and its wavelength is 2 meters, frequency of the incident
what is its frequency? Its period? Its speed? wave determines the number
of nodes produced.
69. The half-angle of the shock-wave cone
generated by a supersonic aircraft is 45°.
What is the speed of the plane relative to the
speed of sound?
Activity ••••••
65. While watching ocean waves at the dock
of the bay, Otis notices that 10 waves pass 70. Tie a rubber tube, a spring, or a rope to a
beneath him in 30 seconds. He also notices fixed support and produce standing waves,
that the crests of successive waves exactly as Figure 25.14 suggests. How many nodes
coincide with the posts that are 5 meters can you produce? How can you change the
apart. What are the period, frequency, wave- number of nodes?
length, and speed of the ocean waves?
Teaching Resources
66. The crests on a long surface water wave are
• Computer Test Bank
20 m apart, and in 1 minute 10 crests pass More Problem-Solving Practice
• Chapter and Unit Tests
by. What is the speed of this wave? Appendix F