British

Ascomycetes
by

R.W.G. DENNIS

Revised Edition
Second impression, with Supplement containing additional species
received at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, by the end of 1980

1981 • J. CRAMER
In der A.R. Gantner Verlag Kommanditgesellschaft

FL-9490 VADUZ
 Author's address:
Royal Botanic Gardens
Kew, Richmond, Surrey
ENGLAND

© 1981 A.R. Gantner Verlag K.G., FL-9490 Vaduz

Printed in Germany
by Strauss & Cramer GmbH, 6945 Hirschberg 2
ISBN 3-7682-0552-5
 ADDENDA and CORRIGENDA

Figures 32-35 have been added to illustrate a number of uncommon or

little known genera and species of which British material has come to
hand since the first impression and a few common fungi hitherto
omitted because of problems regarding their taxonomy, which are now
resolved. There are also a few more unavoidable changes in nomen­
clature due to rigid adherence to the Code and the opportunity has been
taken to illustrate a few species formerly referred to casually without
adequate description.

P. 7. Add: ^
Gyromitra gigas (Krombholz) Cooke, Mycographie 191 (1878)
Fruit body with a strongly reflexed fertile area, hymenial surface ir­
regularly rugose and bossed but not as convolute as in G. esculenta and
a paler yellowish brown in colour, 8-30 cm across; stalk short, stout,
somewhat fusiform, cream to buff, hollow and irregularly chambered.
Asci cylindric-clavate, 360-370 x 25-26 jt, 8-spored; ascospores uni-
seriate, fusiform, 30-34 X 13-14 with a well marked obtuse apiculus
at each end, with a large central guttule and smaller ones towards the
poles. Paraphyses cylindrical, slightly enlarged at the tip to 7 or 8 fi,
with brown granular contents.
In coniferous forests in spring. Very rare and possibly extinct in Britain.
The only verifiable British record is from Glen Urquhart, Inverness-
shire, 2nd May 1916 and Fig. 32A is taken from the collector's water-
colour of this collection.

P. 25. Add:
Peziza apiculata Cooke, Mycographia part 4175 (1877)
Apothecia sessile, shallow, saucer-shaped, up to 1 cm diameter, recep­
tacle thin, smooth, brown, with slightly concave dark brown disc. Asci
cylindrical, 200-250 x 14-15 apex blued by iodine, 8-spored; asco­
spores uniseriate, slightly overlapping, elliptical 17-20 x 9-10 but with
a conspicuous pointed apiculus measuring a further 3-4 /* long at each
end, biguttulate, wall finely warted, hyaline but yellowing slightly with
age. Paraphyses cylindrical, some abruptly enlarged up to 7 n wide at
the apex, brownish. Fig. 32F.
On wet rotten wood in autumn.
 This species, though apparently uncommon, is important as being the
type species of Phaeopezia Saccardo in Michelia 1: 595 (1879), founded
for species in which the spores become coloured. This character is no
longer regarded as of generic value in the Pezizales but the generic name
would be available if it were decided to divide Peziza on other charac­
ters, as of spore guttulation or ornament.

P. 26. Add: ^ ?
- Vic&acecxs^

Pachyella barlaeana (Bresadola) Boudier, op.cit. 70 (1907)

Apothecia sessile, up to 5 cm diameter, receptable at first cupulate but
soon reflexed, expanded with reflexed margin, smooth or nearly so,
whitish, with thick, soft, white flesh; hymenium eventually convex, bay
brown. Asci cylindrical, very long, 18-20 /x wide, with the wall exten­
sively blued by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores uniseriate, broadly ellipti­
cal, smooth, hyaline, 18-24 x 9-10 n (22-26 x 10-13 n according to
Bresadola), with two large guttules. Paraphyses clavate, obtuse, up to
8 fi wide, with light brown contents. Fig. 32E.

On bare soil in April and May, apparently rare.

P. 32. Add:
Marcelleina rickil (Rehm) Graddon in Trans. British mycological Socie­
ty 66: 170(1976)
Apothecia scattered, receptacle sessile, up to 5 mm diameter, smooth,
light brown, disc flat, concolorous. Asci up to 200 X 12 n, 8-spored,
not blued by iodine; ascospores uniseriate, spherical, 8-9 n diameter,
hyaline, ornamented with low, short, forking ridges, like an imperfect
reticulum. Paraphyses enlarged up to 5 ji wide above. Fig. 32 L, spore.
On mossy soil in summer, uncommon.

P. 38. Add: /
Tricharina praecox (Karsten) Dennis in Kew Bulletin 25: 338 (1971)
Apothecia gregarious, sessile, hemispherical with the lower part partial­
ly embedded in soil or ashes, disc up to 5 mm diameter, yellowish to
glaucous, drying dark grey-brown; receptacle densely clothed with short
brownish hairs. Asci cylindrical, up to 170 x 14 8-spored; asco­
spores uniseriate, ellipsoid, smooth, hyaline, 12-16 x 8-10 n, without
guttules. Paraphyses slender, obtuse. Hairs somewhat variable in shape,
more or less cylindrical but sometimes slightly ventricose near the base,
apex usually tapered to a rounded point but sometimes subcapitate,
wall moderately thick, brown, smooth, septa thin, length up to 200 n
and width up to 8 fi. Fig. 32 J.
On burnt ground in spring, not uncommon, often growing with species
ofAnthracobia.

P. 39. Add: y
Trichophaea gregaria (Rehm) Boudier, Hist. Classif. Discomycetes
d'Europe60(1907)
Apothecia gregarious, sessile, at first globose, expanding to saucer-
shaped, sessile, 1-2.5 mm diameter; receptacle brown, densely clothed
with short brown hairs, disc blue-grey. Asci cylindrical, about 300 x
10-14 n, 8-spored; ascospores uniseriate, elliptic-fusiform with broadly
rounded ends, smooth to faintly punctate, 18-24 x 8-11 /x, with one or
two guttules. Paraphyses enlarged to about 5 n wide at the apex, colour
less. Hairs tapered to a rounded tip, thin-walled, brown, smooth, sep-
tate, 150-400 x 10/¾. Fig. 32K, spore.
On the ground in woods.
Collections with distinctly punctate spore walls have been called var. in-
termedia Le Gal in Revue de Mycologie N.S. 2: 214 (1937) but Rehm's
own authentic material issued as his Ascomyceten 6 contains these finely
ornamented spores which are therefore characteristic of the typical
variety gregaria, if subspecific taxa are recognised in this variable spe-
cies.

P. 42. Add: j
Scutellinia pseudoumbrarum Moravec in Ceska Mykologie 25: 199
(1971)
Apothecia solitary or in small groups, sessile, discoid, 5-10 mm diam-
eter, disc bright red, surrounded by a dark brown margin clothed with
short almost black hairs. Asci cylindrical, 8-spored; ascospores uni-
seriate, broadly elliptical, 18-20 x 13-16 n without the ornament, dense-
ly covered with massive obtuse warts up to 2 fan tall and broad so that
overall size of the spore is 21-25 x 15-20 /an. Paraphyses clavate, apex
12 ii wide. Hairs thick-walled, smooth, tapered to a point, up to about
750 x 23 n, forked once or more at the base and rooted in the flesh,
septate, the majority under 500 /nn length. Fig. 32B.
On sodden peaty soil in mountain districts, in autumn.
This scarcely differs from the fungus which has passed as S. umbrarum
(Fries) Lambotte but the real identity of Fries original Peziza umbrorum
is difficult to decide today.
P. 45. Add: y
Cheilymenia raripilia (Phillips) Dennis in Kew Bulletin 14: 428 (1960)
Apothecia superficial, sessile, saucer-shaped, yellow, resembling those
of C. fimicola or smaller but with very inconspicuous hairs which are
easily overlooked. Asci cylindrical about 25 p wide, 8-spored; asco­
spores uniseriate, elliptic-cylindric, smooth, 23-27 x 12-14 ji, without
guttules. Paraphyses capitate, 10-12 n wide at the tip. Hairs scanty,
white, thin-walled, 15-200 long, tapered from a rounded non-rooting
base, 12-30 n wide, to a rounded point. Fig. 32H.

On dung, especially of cattle.

P. 64. Add: y
Ascobolus crenulatus Karsten, Fungi Fennici Exsiccati 763 (1868)
Apothecia superficial, hemispherical, sessile, up to about 1.5 mm diam­
eter, disc flat, greenish yellow, dotted with the dark tips of protruding
asci and surrounded by a prominent crenulate margin. Asci cylindric-
clavate above with a well defined slender stalk, up to 150 x 15 \i,
8-spored; ascospores ellipsoid, brownish violet, 10-15 x 6-8 n, orna­
mented with conspicuous subparallel whitish striations. Paraphyses
numerous, often forked, with rather broad irregular cells in the upper
part. Fig. 32C.
On dung of rabbit and other herbivorous animals and of birds.
Ascobolus viridulans Phillips & Plowright is a synonym.

P. 66. Add: y
Ascobolus stictoideus Spegazzini in Michelia 1:474 (1879)
Apothecia immersed in the substrate, about 1/2 mm diameter, sub-
globose to pyriform, with a small emergent disc from which only a few
black ascus tips protrude, hence very inconspicuous. Asci clavate,
8-spored, very variable in size; ascospores ellipsoid, 25-32 x 15-17 fi,
the wall cover with closely spaced, small, flat, irregular, dark purple
warts. Paraphyses slender, filiform. Fig. 32D.
In dung of cattle, rabbit & c. and on underlying manured soil.
Ascobolus degluptus van Brummelen in Persoonia Supplement Vol. 1:
78 (1967) is superficially similar but has the spore surface only partially
covered by ornament. Both species are probably common but are hard
to find because of the small hidden apothecia from which only a few
asci protrude at one time.
P. 83. Add: y
Tuber aestivum Vittadini, Monographia Tuberacearum 38 (1831)
Fruit body globose to somewhat flattened, up to 9 cm diameter, with a
dark brown to black skin, completely covered by close-set, 5-6-sided
pyramidal warts 2-3 mm high. Flesh very hard, solid, white to cream
coloured, intricately veined with darker much branched lines. Odour
rather slight, fungoid but said to be strong at maturity. Asci clavate, up
to 4-spored; ascospores broadly elliptical, wall yellowish brown, orna­
mented with a very deep large-meshed reticulum, size very variable and
depending in part on the number of spores in the ascus, 18-40 x 14-
32 ii. Fig. 32 G.
Embedded in soil beneath forest litter, especially under Fagus, north to
Cumberland, maturing August to October. Eaten by slugs and rodents
and formerly marketed as a commercial truffle in southern England.
The famous truffle of Perigord, Tuber melanosporum Vittadini is ex­
ternally indistinguishable but has spores ornamented with numerous
spines like those of T. rufum. Periodically publicity is given to reported
discoveries of the Perigord truffle in England, most recently 1980, but
all such reports when investigated have proved to be based on collec­
tions of T. aestivum, which is not uncommon on calcareous soils in
southern England. The known continental distribution of T. melano­
sporum makes its occurrence in Britain improbable. T. macrosporum
Vittadini is also externally similar to T. aestivum but has smaller warts
and spores over 90 n long, ornamented by a much smaller-meshed reti­
culum.

P. 101. Add: y
Lambertella tubulosa Abdullah & Webster has been described on twigs
of Acer pseudoplatanus in England but no material has been available
for illustration.

P. 111. Add:
PYCNOPEZIZA White & Whetzel
Pycnopeziza White & Whetzel, Mycologia 30: 187 (1938)
Apothecia small, solitary, subsessile on overwintered plant debris, cup-
shaped or splitting open by broad marginal teeth, receptacle brown,
smooth, outer tissue composed of round cells. Asci small, ascospores
unicellular, hyaline, paraphyses simple, obtuse. Apothecia typically
associated with superficial pycnidia attributable to the form-genus Aca-
rosporium Bubak & Vleugel, sessile, superficial, splitting open to expose
 chains of cylindrical, 2-celled, hyaline conidia. The type species is P.
sympodialis (Bubak & Vleugel) White & Whetzel, on overwintered buds
and catkins of Acer, Alnus and Populus.
I
Pycnopeziza pachyderma (Rehm) Whetzel & White, Mycologia 32: 617
(1940)
Apothecia up to 4 mm wide, receptacle reddish-brown on a very short
stalk, blackish towards the base, disc concave, yellowish-brown, margin
even or splitting into teeth. Asci cylindrical, short-stalked, 8-spored, 45-
65 x 7/i, the small pore blued by iodine; ascospores uniseriate, ellipsoid,
6-8 X 3-4 /t, without guttules; paraphyses cylindrical, 2.5 /t wide, colour­
less, obtusely rounded, scarcely longer than the asci.
Pycnidia (Acarosporium quisquiliaris White & Whetzel) often on the
same leaf as the apothecia, dark brown to black, subglobose, up to
1 mm diameter, splitting open widely to expose a yellowish to flesh-
coloured cushion of dichotomising chains of 2-celled cylindrical conidia
15-22 x 2.5-3 fi. Fig. 33 N, apothecia & pycnidia.
Typically on overwintered petioles and main veins of fallen Quercus
leaves, April to June but also on Alnus, Prunus, Salix and Spiraea. The
solitary British record, on Quercus in May, requires confirmation as the
diagnostic pycnidia were not observed.
Pycnopeziza sympodialis differs especially in its conidia bearing long,
slender, lateral appendages. P. sejournei (Boudier) Whetzel & White
occurs on dead leaves of Hedera helix in Europe and has larger asco­
spores, 9-13 X 4.5-5 ii.

P. 113. Add: J
Rutstroemia rubi Velenovsky, Monographia Discomycetum Bohemiae
229(1934)
Receptacle cupulate, pale brown with darker vertical streaks, up to
1.5 mm diameter, seated on a short, stout, concolorous stalk, rather
sparsely clothed throughout with stiff brown hairs. Asci cylindrical,
105-118 x 9-11 jit, pore broad and blued by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores
uniseriate, slightly reniform or broader in the upper half, 12.5-16 x 5-
5.5 n, hyaline, nonseptate. Paraphyses enlarged to 2-3 n wide at the
rounded tip. Hairs thick-walled, brown, not encrusted, up to 500 x
18 in, tapered to a narrow point, not forked at the base, multiseptate.
Fig. 33 D.
On dead canes of Rubus "fruticosus" agg., in spring.
 P. 115. In place of Family 4. Caliciaceae read:
Order CALICIALES
Family 1. Caliciaceae

P. 116. Add:
Family 2. Mycocaliciaceae
Differs from Caliciaceae in lacking a mazaedium and thus in having
persistent asci, see further Schmidt in Mitt. Staatsinst. f. Allgemein.
Bot. Hamburg 13: 111 (1970).
CHAENOTHECIOPSIS Vainio
Chaenotheciopsis Vainio in Acta Societatis pro Fauna et Flora Fennica
57(1):70(1927)
Non-lichenised calicioid fungi with coloured, 1-septate, ascospores in
persistent asci which have a thickened wall at the apex, perforated by a
narrow canal, not blued by iodine.
^Chaenotheciopsis caespitosa (Phillips) Hawksworth in Trans. British
mycological Society 74: 650 (1980)
Apothecia apical on simple or slightly branched, smooth, horny, red­
dish-brown to black stalks 2-4 mm tall, hemispherical, black, sometimes
with a yellowish pruina, about 300 n diameter. Asci narrowly cylindri­
cal, 60-80 x 6 n, apex capitate, with an internal canal, 8-spored; asco­
spores uniseriate, elliptic-cylindric, smooth, 9-14 x 3-4 n, smooth, dark
brown. Paraphyses cylindrical, obtuse, apex forming a dark brown epi-
thecium. Fig. 34E.
On bark of conifers, apparently very rare.
The species has been referred to several unrelated genera: Sphinctrina
caespitosa Phillips, Xylobotryum caespitosum (Phillips) A.L. Smith
and Embotidium caespitosum (Phillips) Dennis are all synonyms.

P. 127. Add: /
Gorgoniceps micrometra (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo, Sylloge Fun-
gorum 8: 506(1889)
Apothecia scattered, superficial, sessile, about 100 /JL diameter, cup-
shaped on a broad base, light brown, very soft-fleshed and composed
of parallel hyphae, 2-3 n wide, with free dark brown obtuse tips closely
adpressed to the flank of the receptacle. Asci narrowly cylindric-clavate,
90-100 x 10-12 n, apex rounded and not blued by iodine, 8-spored;
ascospores fascicled, about 80 x 2.5 /t, multiguttulate and multiseptate,
hyaline. Paraphyses filiform. Fig. 34P.
On dead leaves of Juncus in spring, apparently rare and certainly long
overlooked.

P. 145. Add:
GRAHAMIELLA Dennis
Grahamiella Dennis in Trans. British mycological Society 76:281 (1981)
Allied to Pezizella but with a fringe of thick-walled hairs to the recep­
tacle. The type species i£:
Grahamiella dryadis (Nannfeldt) Dennis op. cit.
Apothecia urn-shaped, attached by a small substipitate base, up to 200 n
diameter, olive-brown, fringed with minute downy hairs. Asci narrowly
clavate, 40-50 X 6-8 n, with minute apical pore blued by iodine, 8-spor­
ed; ascospores biseriate, subcylindric, 12-15 x 2 jit, hyaline, becoming
3-septate. Paraphyses filiform, septate, 1 n wide, not enlarged at the tip.
Ectal excipulum formed to thick-walled cells, globose at the surface over
the lower part of the receptacle but passing on the flanks into parallel
hyphae which run out at the margin into obtuse thick-walled hairs up to
40 X 5-6 /I. Fig. 34 K.
Attached to the hairs on the under surface of dead leaves in Dryas octo-
petala, in summer.
Septation of the ascospores has not been confirmed in British material
but it appears unwise to postulate the occurrence of two otherwise very
similar species in Europe on this very distinctive substrate.

P. 157. Add:
Godronia cassandrae Peck in 39th Report New York State Museum 50
(1887)
Apothecia erumpent singly or in small clusters, sessile on a narrow base,
1/2-1 mm diameter, subglobose, becoming urn-shaped when mature,
tawny to olive-brown, surface slightly scurfy and distinctly striate to­
wards the tall erect margin, which becomes incurved when dry; disc
whitish to grey. Asci cylindrical, short-stalked, mostly 95-120 x 7-9 n,
pore blued by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores fascicled though often in two
groups, needle-shaped, 50-70 x2-3 hyaline, 3-7-septate. Paraphyses
filiform.
There is an associated conidial state, commoner than the apothecia,
with subglobose, black, smooth, erumpent pycnidia, with a leathery
wall which tears open to liberate hyaline, fusiform, 1-septate conidia.
This has been called Clinterium obturatum (Fries) Fries. Fig. 34M,
apothecia shown in moist and dry states.
The form figured is that on Calluna vulgaris but there is a morphologi­
cally similar form on Vaccinium. According to Groves there are two
allied species of Godronia on Calluna in Europe, distinguished by asco-
spore length and by size and septation of their conidia, thus:
Ascospores 40-60 p., conidia 10-25 x 2-3.5 n, mostly 3-septate. G. cal-
lunigera (Karst.) Karst. Ascospores 58-75 n, conidia 7-14 x 1.5-2.5 n,
mostly 1-septate. G. cassandrae f. callunae Groves.
In British material the ascospores tend to be somewhat intermediate in
length, 53-65 X 2 n, with associated conidia, 9-18 x 2 /*, mostly 1-sep­
tate.

P. 160. Add:
PATINELLARIA Karsten
Patinellaria Karsten in Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 2(6): 152 (1885)
Apothecia gregarious on a light-coloured subiculum, sessile, durelloid.
Asci clavate, 8-spored; ascospores hyaline, nonseptate. Paraphyses
agglutinated in a coloured epithecium.
The type species is:
Patinellaria sanguinea (Persoon) Karsten, op. cit. 152(1885).
Apothecia saucer-shaped, scarcely 1/2 mm across, receptacle reddish,
then black, smooth with a low obtuse margin but bearing numerous
anchoring hyphae; disc flat, reddish-brown to black. Subiculum copi­
ous, composed of hyaline, rather thick-walled, septate hyphae, 3 n wide,
more or less heavily encrusted with bright red granules, especially on the
anchoring hyphae. Asci clavate, rounded above, 45-55 X 7-9 n, 8-spor­
ed, iodine negative; ascospores biseriate, ellipsoid to pip-shaped, 7-10
x 2.5-3 n, hyaline. Paraphyses slender, 1.5 wide, enlarged up to 4 n at
the brown apical cell. Excipulum flanking the hymenium composed of
parallel dark brown hyphae, 3 /t wide. Fig. 34L.
On decorticated wood of angiosperms, Corylus, Populus, Quercus,
Salix&c.
British records are dubious and require confirmation but the fungus ap­
pears to be more plentiful in central Europe and Scandinavia.

P. 169. Add: J
Dasyscyphus rehmii (Staritz) Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 8:466 (1889)
Apothecia superficial, scattered, cup-shaped on a short stalk, about
1/2-11/2 mm across, yellowish brown but densely clothed with dark
brown hairs. Asci short-stalked, cylindric, 50-65 x 7 /», 8-spored, pore
small and blued by iodine; ascospores biseriate, 10-15 x 2-2.5 /x; para­
physes lanceolate, longer than the asci, 3-5 /x wide, colourless. Hairs
cylindrical, obtuse, thin-walled, septate, up to 80 x 5 /x, encrusted with
rather coarse granules. Fig. 34B.
On dead parts of Juncus balticus, J. conglomerates and J. squarrosus,
especially in Scotland.
Lachnella brunneociliata Phillips and L. orbicularis Phillips are syno­
nyms.

P. 172. Add:
Perrotia phragmiticola (P. Hennings & Ploettner) Dennis in Kew Bul­
letin 17: 357 (1963)
Apothecia subsessile, erumpent, scattered, shallow cup-shaped, recep­
tacle up to 800 n diameter, reddish brown, clothed with short pale hairs,
margin inrolled when dry; disc concave, red when fresh, drying dark
brown. Asci cylindrical, 80 x 8 ix, 8-spored, pore not blued by iodine;
ascospores cylindrical with rounded ends, 18-20 x 2-2.5 ix, straight or
slightly curved, hyaline, with a median septum and eventually up to
3-septate. Paraphyses cylindrical, obtuse, 2-3 ix wide, Hairs cylindrical,
rather thick-walled, septate, hyaline but coarsely encrusted with lumps
of reddish-brown matter. Fig. 33 A.

On dead culms of Phragmites, uncommon.

P. 174. Add: ^
Zoellneria rosarum Velenovsky, op. cit. 298 (1934)
Apothecia scattered, superficial, cup-shaped on a small base, disc flat,
about 1/2 mm in diameter, yellowish, receptacle concolorous but bear­
ing sparse, stiff, brown hairs. Asci cylindric-clavate, long-stalked, 75 x
6 ix, 8-spored, pore not blued by iodine; ascospores narrowly clavate,
6-9 x 2.5 n, hyaline, nonseptate. Paraphyses filiform, often forked
above. Hairs cylindrical, dark brown below, apex much paler, up to
200 x 6-8 ix but up to 12 /x at the apex which is occasionally lobed, base
simple or sometimes forked as in Scutellinia, wall not encrusted.
Fig. 33 P.
On dead fallen leaves of Rosa spp., in autumn and winter, associated
with the superficially indistinguishable conidial state Amerosporium
patellarioides Smith & Ramsbottom.
 P. 175. In place of Cistella piceae var. laricinum read:
CILIOLARINA Svrcek
Ciliolarina Svrcek in Ceska Mykologie 31:198 (1977)
Apothecia minute, sessile, cupulate, light coloured with a brown basal
ring, bearing short clavate marginal hairs. Asci 8-spored, ascospores
hyaline, nonseptate, paraphyses cylindrical. The type species is:
y'Ciliolarina laricina (Raitviir) Svrcek, op. cit. 199 (1977)
after the description add:
Belonium piceae (Hennings) var. laricinum Velenovsky and Clavidiscu-
lum laricinum Raitviir are synonyms. Belonium piceae var. piceae is the
lichenDimerella diluta (Pers.) Trev. according to Svrcek.

P. 177. In place of Hyaloscypha dematiicola read:

DEMATIOSCYPHA Svrcek
Dematioscypha Svrcek in Ceska Mykologie 31:193 (1977)
Distinguished from Hyaloscypha by the dark coloured apothecia with
iodine-negative ascus pore, always associated with a dematiaceous
mould.
Dematioscypha dematiicola (Berkeley & Broome) Svrcek, op. cit. 193
(1977) x

P. 178. After Hyaloscypha laricionis add:

This species has been made the type of a genus Hamatocanthoscypha
Svrcek in Ceska Mykologie 31: 11 (1977).

P. 178. Add:
BETULINA Velenovsky
Betulina Velenovsky, Novitates Mycologicae Novissimae 138 (1947)
Proposed for fungi resembling Hyaloscypha but with stalked recep­
tacles, y
Betulina fuscostipitata Graddon in Trans. British mycological Society
63:477 (1974)
Apothecia scattered, superficial, stipitate, receptacle up to 200 n across,
light grey minutely hairy, margin lobed; stalk up to 80 X 40 n, dark
brown. Asci clavate, subsessile, 30 x 5 /*, 8-spored, apex conical, pore
minute but blued by iodine; ascospores biseriate, rod-shaped, 5-7 x
 1 /t, hyaline, biguttulate. Paraphyses filiform. Hairs delicate, thin-
walled, pointed, hyaline, up to 36 x 3 n, some with a basal septum and
light incrustation. Fig. 34 A.

On fallen leaves of Betula & c., in autumn.

P. 179. Add:
ECHINULA Graddon
Echinula 0i;aa,d5n in Trans. British mycological Society 69: 255 (1977)
Apothecia minute, superficial, sessile, with a cup-shaped pseudo-
paranchymatous receptacle bearing near the margin a few, long, slen­
der, white, pointed processes, formed of parallel agglutinated hyphae.
Asci 8-spored, pore blued by iodine; ascospores nonseptate, biguttulate,
hyaline. Paraphyses slender, dichotomously branched.
The spreading pointed processes give a resemblance to perithecia of
Actiniopsis, Neohenningsia and Pseudorhynchia and are more con­
spicuous than the isolated hyphal hairs of Urceolella. The type species

v Echinula asteriadiformis Graddon, op. cit. 255 (1977).

Apothecia colourless when moist, drying orange-buff, 200 n diameter,
flat above, receptacle smooth apart from the 4 to 8 long, spreading,
marginal processes, reminiscent of the arms of a starfish. Asci up to 65
x 13 /*; ascospores elliptical, 10-11 x 4 \k. Hyphae of the processes 2.5-
3 it wide, walls not encrusted. Fig. 33 M.

On dead leaves of Rubus "fruticosus" agg., in spring. Not uncommon.

P. 208. In place of Mollisia cornea read:

Micropeziza cornea (Berkeley & Broome) Nannfeldt in Botaniska
Notiser 129: 335 (1976) and transfer the entry to Micropeziza on p. 212.

P. 210. Add: /
v
Pyrenopeziza arenivaga (Desmazieres) Boudier, Hist. Classif. Disco-
mycetes d'Europe 133 (1907)
Apothecia scattered on both surfaces of the host leaf, erumpent, sub-
sessile, shallow, cup-shaped, smooth, black, up to 1 mm across, with
flat pallid to brown disc. Asci cylindric-clavate, subsessile, 60-75 X 13-
15 n, rounded above with pore outlined blue in iodine, 8-spored; asco­
spores biseriate, elliptic-cylindric, 12-15 X 5.5-6 n, hyaline. Paraphyses
cylindrical, colourless, obtuse, about 2 n thick. Fig. 33 K.
On dead leaves of Ammophila arenaria, April to September, common
wherever the host is found. ,
Pyrenopeziza compressula Rehm in Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-Flora
Ed.2,l(3): 618 (1892)
Apothecia scattered, erumpent, sessile, cupulate, dark brown with a flat
grey hymenium, 100-350 /i diameter. Asci clavate, 46-60 x 5-6 n, the
pore blued by iodine, usually 4-spored but sometimes 8-spored; asco­
spores cylindric-clavate, straight, 8-12 x 1.5-3 x , hyaline, containing
two small oil drops but nonseptate. Paraphyses cylindrical, colourless,
up to 2 n wide. Fig. 33 E.
On dead stems of Leguminosae, on Lotus, Ononis and Trifolium in
Britain.
Ononis is the type host and P. distinguenda Starback in Botaniska No-
tiser 1898, 206, on Trifolium is usually regarded as a synonym.
Pyrenopeziza fuscescens (Rehm) Defago in Sydowia 21: 64 (1967)
Apothecia erumpent, less than 1/2 mm diameter, brown, closed at first,
then cup-shaped with a prominent fibrous margin, composed of elon­
gated hyphae, free at the tips, standing above the level of the hymenium.
Asci cylindric-clavate, 55-80 x 9-12 n, 8-spored, pore blued by iodine;
ascospores biseriate, narrowly elliptic-cylindric, 15-18 x 3-3,5 n, hya­
line, nonseptate, with small polar guttules. Paraphyses cylindrical, ob­
tuse, 2 n wide, longer than the asci. Fig. 33 J, showing section of Carex
bigelowii leaf with apothecia.
On Carex species, especially in highland areas, British material is on C.
bigelowii.

P. 211. Add: /
Hysteropezizella diminuens (Karsten) Nannfeldt in Nova Acta reg. Soc.
sci. Upsal. Ser. 4,8(2), 114(1932)
Apothecia gregarious, immersed singly in dead leaves and stems, erum­
pent with the hymenium exposed by throwing off a small round lid of
covering host epidermis, up to 1/3 mm diameter, dark brown, with a
well-defined margin formed of parallel hyphal tips and a basal tissue of
short or almost isodiametric brown-walled cells. Asci cylindric, 50-90 x
8-12/1, with conical tip and pore blued by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores
elliptic-cylindric to subclavate, biseriate, 11-22 x 3-5 ft, irregularly
guttulate, hyaline, nonseptate. Paraphyses markedly lanceolate above,
pointed, 6-9 n wide, longer than the asci. Fig. 33 G.
On Carex atrata, C. panicea, C. pauciflora & C. pilulifera in Britain,
on many other species and on Eriophorum, Juncus, Luzula and sundry
grasses according to Defago.
This is the type species of Hysteropezizella, easily recognised by the
striking "flame-shaped" paraphyses, and the commonest species of the
genus in the Scottish highlands and in arctic-alpine regions generally.
Hysteropezizella olivacea (Mouton) Nannfeldt, op. cit. 120 (1932)
Apothecia scattered, immersed, becoming partially erumpent, up to
1/4 mm diameter, brown, structurally similar to H. diminuens. Asci
cylindric-clavate, rounded at the tip and not blued by iodine, 55-65 x
15 n, 4 or 8-spored; ascospores elliptic-cylindric to subfusiform, 18-26
X 5-6 n, with from 2 to several guttules, at first hyaline and nonseptate
but eventually tinged brown with from 1 to 5 septa. Paraphyses cylindri­
cal and hyaline below, with a clavate brown apical cell up to 6 /t wide.
Fig. 33 H.
On Carex species, especially C. bigelowii, in the Highlands.

P. 212. In place of Actinoscypha insert:

MICROPEZIZA Fuckel
Micropeziza Fuckel in Jahrb. Nass. Vereins f. Naturkunde 23/24: 291
(1870)
Apothecia superficial, developed beneath a plate of dark radiating
hyphae, simulating a thyriothecium; excipulum flanking the hymenium
composed of agglutinated hyphae with hyaline walls. Asci 8-spored,
pore blued by iodine; ascospores hyaline, 1-3-septate. Paraphyses fili­
form. Actinoscypha Karsten 1888 and Niesslella von Hohnel are syno­
nyms. The species are all on monocotyledons.
For Actinoscypha graminis Karsten read:
s/
Micropeziza karstenii Nannfeldt, Botaniska Notiser 129: 336 (1976)
after the description add:
Actinoscypha graminis Karsten is a synonym which cannot be trans­
ferred to Micropeziza as there is already a different M. graminis Rehm.
Transfer here from p. 208:
Micropeziza cornea (Berkeley & Broome) Nannfeldt, op. cit. 335 (1976)
after the description add:
On Carex acutiformis, C. paniculata, Eriophorum vaginatum, Juncus
effusus & Scirpus silvaticus. Mollisia cornea and Actinoscypha scirpi-
cola Muller are synonyms.
 SCUTOMOLLISIA Nannfeldt
Scutomollisia Nannfeldt, Botaniska Notiser 129: 337 (1976)
Apothecia developed similarly to those of Micropeziza but with the
flanking excipulum composed of isodiametric cells with dark brown
walls. y
Scutomollisia operculata Nannfeldt, op. cit. 337 (1976)
Apothecia developed beneath a black shield up to 250 p diameter, of
radiating hyphae, which is split by the maturing hymenium and pushed
to one side like an upturned lid but leaves a fringe of radiating dark
hyphae on the host surface round the base of the shallow black recep­
tacle. Asci clavate, 35-60 x 5 /t, apical pore small, blued by iodine,
8-spored; ascospores subclavate, 8-11 x 2 n, hyaline. Paraphyses up to
2.5 /iwide above, hyaline.
The type was on Carex binervis in Norway; British material is on Eleo-
charis multicaulis. Fig. 33 F. The common discomycete on C. binervis in
Britain is Niptera phaea Rehm which has much larger 1-septate asco­
spores.
Scutomollisia punctum (Rehm) Nannfeldt op. cit. 338 (1976) has larger
asci with ascospores 15-20 X 3.5-4.4 typically on leaves of Nardus
stricta but also on Calamagrostis and Poa according to Nannfeldt. Sev­
eral other dark small Dermateaceae occur on Nardus.
Scutomollisia fimbriomarginata Graddon and S. integromarginata
Graddon were described on Brachypodium pinna turn in Trans. British
mycological Society 74: 267 (1980).

P. 213. Add: y
Drepanopeziza salicis (Tulasne) von HOhnel in Hedwigia 62: 54 (1920)
Apothecia erumpent from both surfaces of dead, fallen, overwintered
leaves, with a broad base sunk in the mesophyll and an expanded cupu-
late almost black receptacle, composed of nearly isodiametric brown-
walled cells; disc flat, 150-200 /* diameter, grey. Asci clavate, 65-100 x
15-17 n, pore broad and stained blue by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores bi-
seriate, ellipsoid, 11-15 x 6-1 hyaline, nonseptate but with clusters of
granules within towards poles. Paraphyses cylindrical, enlarged up to
6 n wide at the obtuse tip. Fig. 33 L.
On Salix alba and S. fragilis in April and May.
The conidial state on living leaves of the host is Monostichella salicis
(Westendorp) von Arx with conidia closely resembling the ascospores in
shape, 14-17 x 7.5-8.5 /t. The species was well figured and the life his­
tory described by Klebahn, Haupt- und Nebenfruchtformen der Asko-
myzetenl918.
D. sphaeroides (Fries) Nannfeldt in Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 25: 20
(1931) is a similar species on leaves of Salixcaprea with Marssonina sali-
cicola (Bresadola) Magnus as conidial state.
D. populorum (Desmazieres) von Hdhnel occurs on fallen leaves of
Populus species in autumn.

P. 218. Add:
Cryptodiscus foveolaris (Rehm) Rehm in Rabenhorst, Kryptogamen-
Flora Ed. 2,1(3): 158 (1888) differs only in its smaller 1-septate asco­
spores, 6-9 x 2.5-3 n and has a similar iodine reaction. Stictis fagicola
Phillips, British Discomycetes 385 (1887) is a synonym.
Cryptodiscus rhopaloides Saccardo in Michelia 2: 379 (1881)
Apothecia up to 1/2 mm diameter in a white discoid stroma immersed
in woody host tissue, disc flat, cream coloured, pruinose, exposed by
splitting of a covering layer into a number of triangular teeth. Asci cy­
lindrical, subsessile, thin-walled, 80-100 X 10-15 /*, not blued by iodine;
ascospores irregularly biseriate, markedly clavate, broadly rounded
above, tapered and sometimes slightly curved below, 7-9-septate, 29-43
X 4-5 n, hyaline. Paraphyses numerous, cylindrical, obtuse, 2 n wide,
colourless but covered at the tip by a layer of rods of mineral matter.
Fig. 34N.
In bark of many woody plants including conifers. The fungus long
known as "Melittosporium" pteridinum is obviously very similar or
perhaps even the same species on a diverse host.
This is not a good Cryptodiscus but has affinities rather with Melitto-
sporiella and may eventually be transferred to Karstenia Fries (Acta
Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 2(6): 166 (1885)) once the oldest specific
name applicable to it is decided.

P. 218. In place of Propolis (Fries) Fries insert:

PROPOLOMYCES Sherwood
Propolomyces Sherwood in Mycotaxon 5: 321 (1977)
Apothecia deeply immersed in woody tissue, without conspicuous mar­
ginal tissue, disc light coloured pruinose. Asci thin-walled, iodine nega­
tive, 8-spored; ascospores allantoid, hyaline, nonseptate. Paraphyses
filiform, branched.
As explained under Propolis (Fries) Corda p. 20 this new name has to
be adopted in place ^ f t h e long accepted Propolis (Fries) Fries.
Propolomyces versicolor (Fries) Dennis in Kew Bulletin 36(4) (1982)
Propolis farinosus (Persoon) Sherwood, op. cit. 321 (1977) is a syno­
nym.

P. 219. Add:
MELITTOSPORIELLA von Hohnel
in Annales Mycologici 16:211 (1918)
Melittosporiella von Hohnel in Annales Mycologici 16:211 (1918)
Apothecia deeply immersed in woody tissue, opening by splitting the
substrate into irregular teeth, disc orbicular to irregular with a margin
formed of vertical hyphae and a fringe of hyphal tips. Asci cylindrical,
unitunicate, though rather thick-walled with an obscure apical cap;
ascospores hyaline, thin-walled, transversely septate. Paraphyses
numerous, embedded in mucilage not stained blue by iodine, filiform.
The systematic position is uncertain, the apex of the ascus recalls the
ostropales while the ascospores closely resemble those of Cryptodiscus.
The type species is: ^
Melittosporiella pulchella von Hohnel, op. cit. 211(1918)
Apothecia 1-2 mm diameter, disc dark green to nearly black, with pale
brown margin which shrinks away from the hymenium when dry owing
to the presence of a facing layer of periphysoidal hyphae. Asci 75-80 x
12 \k, not blued by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, elliptic-cylin-
dric to reniform, 15-18 X 4.5-5 /*, hyaline, 3-septate, not constricted at
the septa. Paraphyses filiform 1 thick but enlarged to 2 y. at the apex
which is embedded in an olivaceous matrix. Fig. 34Q.
In bleached areas of old decorticated wood, apparently rare but liable
to be overlooked. Cryptodiscus Corda differs in iodine reaction and in
lacking periphysoidal hyphae.

P. 222. In place of Naevia Fries insert:

NAEVALA Hein
Naevala Hein, Willdenowia Beiheft 9: 83 (1976)
This is a legitimate name for Naevia sensu Rehm and Nannfeldt non
Fries.
In place of Naevia minutissima read:
Naevala perexigua (Roberge) Holm & Holm in Botaniska Notiser 131:
114(1978)
This is the correct name for the minute discomycete long known as
Naevia minutissima (Auerswald) Rehm.
Replace Laetinaevia Nannfeldt by:
NAEVIOPSIS Hein
Naeviopsis Hein, op. cit. 60 (1976)
Apothecia slow to erupt from the host tissue, bowl-shaped, with rem­
nants of the covering layer usually retained as a well developed margin.
Cells of the receptacle thick-walled, subhyaline, becoming elongated
and arranged in rows towards the margin. Asci rather large, clavate with
an apical apparatus which appears T-shaped inoptical section. Asco­
spores broadly elliptical to oval, nonseptate, hyaline. Laetinaevia Nann­
feldt differs in having cells of the receptacle elongated and thin-walled
and ascospores becoming septate.
Naeviopsis tithymalina (Kunze) Hein, op. cit. 64 (1976)

P. 223. Replace Laetinaevia tripolii by:

Ploettnera solidaginis (de Notaris) Hein, op. cit. 96 (1976)
and transfer description to foot of page 219, adding:
On numerous Compositae, Laetinaevia tripolii (Berkeley & Broome)
Dennis is a synonym.
Replace Duebenia purpurascens by the older name:
Duebenia compta (Saccardo) Hein, op. cit. 105 (1976)

P. 228. Add: y
Lophodermium pinastri (Schrader ex Fries) Chevallier, op. cit. 436
(1826)
Apothecia scattered, elliptical to oblong, mostly 1 mm or a little more
in length, developed within the epidermal layer of a needle or cone scale.
The central portion arises just beneath the cuticle and becomes erum­
pent, the marginal zone dips into the host tissue to underly the epi­
dermal cells. Hence, when dry the central portion of the clypeus appears
black and shining, with a longitudinal slit flanked by red or yellow lips
but the marginal portion appears grey with a narrow black outer line. A
transverse median section shows a group of 5 or more epidermal cells
beneath the floor of the ascocarp. Asci cylindrical, 110-155 x 9-11
8-spored; ascospores fascicled, straight or sometimes coiled in the upper
part, 70-110 x 2 n, nonseptate, with a thin gelatinous sheath. Para­
physes filiform, straight. An infected needle is divided into segments by
thin black transverse lines and there may also be associated pycnidia
with rod-like conidia 4.5-6.25 n long. Fig. 34F with diagrammatic sec­
tion of needle showing structure.
On Pinus species, especially P. sylvestris, mainly on detached fallen
needles in forest litter but also on cones.
This is one of the commonest British species, hitherto omitted because
of difficulty in separating it from other allied species on the same sub­
strata. These have now been effectly distinguished by Minter, Staley &
Millar in Trans. Brit. myc. Soc. 71: 295-301 (1978) who distinguished
four species thus:
1. Pine needle crossed by thin black lines :2
1. Only a few brown transverse lines or none on the infected needle 3
2. Black lines numerous, apothecia over 800 n, lips usually red L. pinastri
2. Black lines few, apothecia less than 800 n, lips grey L. pini-excelsae
3. Apothecia partly subepidermal, hence a few epidermal cells occur beneath
, L. conigenum
3. Apothecium totally subepidermal, hence with no epidermal cells beneath
./ L. seditiosum

L. pini-excelsae Ahmad in Sydowia 8: 172 (1954) is typically on 5-nee-

dled pines such as P. excelsa but also occurs on P. sylvestris. L. coni­
genum Hilitzer in Ved. Spesy Csl. Akad. Zemed. 3: 76 (1929) is usually
on cone scales and on needles still attached to dead branches. L. sedi­
tiosum Minter et al. op. cit. 300 (1978), grey all over when dry, with
whitish to blue-green lips, occurs on needles still attached to living or
dead branches and on cone scales.

P. 229. Add:
LOPHOMERUM Ouellette & Magasi
Lophomerum Ouellette & Magasi in Mycologia 58:275 (1966)
Differs from Lophodermium in having septate ascospores.
The type species is Lophodermium autumnale Darker, on Abies in
North America. y
Lophomerum ponticum Minter in Trans. British mycological Society
74: 202(1980)
Apothecia immersed beneath the cuticle, in swarms on both surfaces of
dead leaves, broadly elliptical, up to 600 n long, with a shiny black
clypeus opening by a longitudinal slit, exposing grey lips and a grey
hymenium. There is also a black basal stroma. Asci clavate, apex coni­
cal or even beaked, not blued by iodine, 65-105 X 9-15 /t, subsessile,
8-spored; ascospores fascicled, filiform, often slightly curled in the
ascus, 45-80 x 2-3 n, hyaline, 0-3-septate, with an evanescent gelatinous
sheath 1-2 wide. Paraphyses flexuous and filiform. Fig. 34G.
On Rhododendron ponticum. Not uncommon.
Lophomerum rhododendri (Cesati) Minter, op. cit. 202 (1980) on Rho­
dodendron ferrugineum in Europe, differs in its more slender stipitate
asci, 105-160 x 8-10 /i, containing slender ascospores 65-90 X 1-2 n,
with from 5 to 7 septa.

P. 230. Under Coccomyces add:

For a detailed monograph of Coccomyces see Sherwood, Occasional
Papers of the Farlow Herbarium of cryptogamic botany No. 15,1980.
Replace Coccomyces coronatus b y ^ /
Coccomyces tumidus Notaris in Giorn. Bot. Ital. 2(7/8): 14
(1847) which, according to Sherwood, is the valid name for C. corona­
tus var. trigonus, with C. striatus (Phillips & Plowright) Massee and
Henriquesia quercina Grove as synonyms.

P. 231. Add:
Coccomyces boydii A.L. Smith in Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc. 3: 39 (1907)
occurs on bark of Myrica gale.

P. 235. Add:
PROPOLIS (Fries) Corda
Propolis (Fries) Corda, Icones fungorum hucusque cognitorum 2: 38
(1838)
Apothecia erumpent, discoid, opening by splitting the covering epi­
dermis into teeth instead of by a slit as in Naemacyclus. Asci not blued
by iodine; ascospores elongate, fascicled, usually becoming sparsely
septate, hyaline. Paraphyses filiform, usually forked at the tip and
encrusted with light coloured crystalline matter.
For some 130 years authors have been content to adopt the name Pro­
polis in the sense intended by its founder Fries in 1849, namely for the
genus typified by the ubiquitous species commonly called Propolis versi­
color or by the devalidated name P. faginea. Unfortunately, as Sher­
wood pointed out in Mycotaxon 5: 321 (1977) Fries' subgenus Propolis
1822 had earlier been raised to generic rank by Corda in 1838, with a
different species in mind and, unless Fries' genus of 1849 is formally
conserved by an International Botanical Congress Corda's prior in­
dication of a different circumscription must be adopted. The genus is
small and the species of no economic importance so there seems no
justification for such a drastic rejection of the rule of priority in this
case in spite of the confusion which must inevitably result from chang­
ing the concept of such an old and widely recognised generic name. The
type species is therefore'now:
Propolis phacidioides (Fries) Corda, op. cit. 38 (1838).
Apothecia about 1/2 mm diameter, immersed in the host leaf, disc yel­
low, pruinose, exposed by the opening of 3-5 teeth. Asci cylindrical,
short-stalked, conical above, pore not blued by iodine, 75-100 x 5-6 fi,
8-spored; ascospores narrowly cylindric-clavate, 60-75 x 1.5-2 /i, be­
coming 3-septate, hyaline. Paraphyses filiform, 1 p wide, usually forked
at the tip. Fig. 34R.
On lower surface of dead leaves of Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, also on Me-
trosideros, Myrica, Vaccinium and other coriaceous leaves. Naema-
cyclus arctostaphyli (Ferdinandsen & Winge) Rehm is a synonym.
Propolis panizzei (de Notaris) Sherwood occurs on leaves of Olea in
Europe.

P. 237. Add:
ASCODICHAENA Butin
Ascodichaena Butin, Trans. British mycological Society 69:249 (1977)
Ascomata gregarious in swarms, forming black patches on smooth
bark, erumpent, blackish-brown, stromatic; asci thick-walled, unituni-
cate, ventricose, without an apical ring, up to 8-spored; ascospores uni­
cellular, hyaline, finally brown; paraphyses abundant, simple, obtuse.
The presence of asci with hyaline elliptical ascospores in "Dichaena
rugosa FT." was reported as long ago as 1874 and they were quite well
figured by Cooke with his Fungi Exsiccati Ed. 2, 464, from Darenth,
Kent, about 1876 but subsequent authors either failed to find them or
gave discrepant descriptions of the ascospores. Hence, Bisby, In Trans.
Brit. myc. Soc. 25: 135 (1941) concluded all reports of asci in the fungus
were erroneous and that it was a coelomycete, with pycnidia. Butin has
now vindicated Cooke's observation and provided a tenable generic
name for the ascus state. The taxonomic position of the fungus is per­
haps still debatable. The hymenium appears to develop within a stroma
with the thick-walled subsessile asci pushing up between a dense mass of
apparently true paraphyses, with free rounded tips.
Ascodichaena rugosa Butin, op. cit. 249 (1977)
Ascomata forming black patches on bark of Fagus and Quercus, indi­
vidually 1/2 mm across with thick black rim and flat dark brown disc.
Asci usually more or less ventricpse, thick-walled with flat apex not
blued by iodine and without a defined pore, up to 8-spored; subsessile,
85-115 X 25-35 n; ascospores irregularly biseriate, broadly elliptical, 18-
24 x 13-16 n, without guttules, long remaining hyaline but old asco­
spores are brown, apparently some still within effete asci. Paraphyses
cylindrical, simple, septate, 2 wide, hyaline, apex obtuse.
Associated hysterioid pycnidia (Polymorphum rugosum (Fries) Hawks-
worth & Punithalingam) yield conidia very similar to the ascospores, 22-
30 x 12-16 IJL and there is also a microconidial state with pycnidia as­
sociated with the ascomata and similar to them in shape, but smaller,
with spermatia 3.5-4 x2-3 {x.
Figured on Fagus from Merionethshire. This is one of the commonest
British fungi, hitherto omitted because of uncertainty regarding its
taxonomic status and nomenclature. Fig. 33 B.

P. 238. Add: y
Pseudophacidium piceae Muller in Phytopath. Zeitschrift 48: 212 (1963)
Apothecia gregarious, erumpent from bark, sessile, cupulate, with a
torn, finely toothed margin, receptacle smooth, black; disc pallid. Asci
clavate, rather thick-walled, 120 x 12 JX, not blued by iodine, 8-spored;
ascospores biseriate, elliptical, 12-14 x 6.5-7 /x, hyaline, nonseptate.
Fig. 33 C.

On dead branches of Picea excelsa and P. sitchensis.

P. 239. Add:
SARCOTROCHILA von Hohnel
Sarcotrochila von Hohnel, Sitzber. K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math.-nat.
Kl. 1,126:310(1917)
Apothecia erumpent from needles of conifers, minute, light coloured,
without a distinct stromatic covering layer; asci with pore blued by
iodine, ascospores h/aline, non-septate, paraphyses obtuse.
Sarcotrochila alpina (Fuckel) von Hohnel, op. cit. 310 (1917)
Apothecia scattered, elliptical, up to 800 fx long, light brown and almost
concolorous with the dead needle when dry, with a narrow dark brown
margin and whitish disc when soaked up, erumpent by raising a thin
papery-white lid of host epidermis, which remains attached along one
side. Asci numerous, sessile, clavate with conical apex and small iodine-
positive pore, 45-55 x 9-10 n, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, narrowly
elliptical, 10-12 x 3-4 n, hyaline and nonseptate but according to Korf
they may ultimately develop from 1 to 3 septa and become brownish.
Paraphyses cylindrical, obtuse, 4-5 n wide. Fig. 34 J.
In dead fallen needles of Larix in summer and autumn.
This is the type species of Sarcotrochila and hence also of the tribe Sar-
cotrochileae in Korf's family Hemiphacidiaceae (Mycologia 54,
1962), separated from the Phacidiaceae by lacking a stromatic covering
layer to the apothecia.

P. 240. Replace Sphaeropezia by: ARWIDSSONIA B. Eriksson

Arwidssonia B^Erlksson in Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift 68:199 (1974)
Arwidssonia empetri (Rehm) B. Eriksson, op. cit. 200 (1974)
Add. Arwidssonia loiseleuriae B. Eriksson is a similar fungus on dead
leaves of Loiseleuria procumbens in Scandinavia.

P. 241. Add:
Family Leptopeltidaceae
Ascocarps mostly formed beneath the host cuticle with a covering layer
1 cell thick, formed of radially arranged, more or less isodiametric,
angular cells. Asci sessile, with thick-walled apex, not blued by iodine.
Ascospores delicate, hyaline, 0-3-septate. There is no associated super­
ficial mycelium but underlying cells of the host are often packed with
short-celled brown hyphae.
The family has been monographed by Holm & Holm in Botaniska
Notiser 130: 215-229. (1977), who consider the asci to be unitunicate in
spite of the thick-walled apex and recognise three genera:
1. Ascospores muriform Dothiopeltis
1. Ascospores with transverse septa or n o n e . . . . 2
2. Hyphal threads present among the asci . Leptopeltis
2. Hyphal threads absent from between the asci . Ronnigeria

Of these only Leptopeltis is known in Britain.

LEPTOPELTIS von Hohnel
Leptopeltis von Hohnel in Ber. Deutsch. Bot. Ges. 35: 418 (1917)
Ascocarps varying from more or less circular to long-elliptic or becom­
ing confluent to form crusts, shield splitting longitudinally or irregular­
ly to expose the asci. Ascospores 0-3-septate, hyaline.
The majority of the species occur on ferns and the ascocarps persist
long after the delicate asci and ascospores have disappeared, hence most
collections prove to be empty and worthless though many of the species
are exceedingly abundant.
Leptopeltinella P< is a synonym.
Leptopeltis filiciria (Libert) von Hohnel, op. cit. 422 (1917)
Ascocarps in swarms but normally not becoming confluent, dark
brown, developed beneath the host cuticle with a hypostroma filling the
underlying cells, minute, ellipsoid. Asci oblong-clavate, 25-30 X 10
8-spored; ascospores fascicled, markedly fusiform and tapered at the
ends, 17-20 x 3-4 n, hyaline, ultimately 3-septate according to Holm &
Holm. The collection drawn is slightly immature with the ascospores
still nonseptate. Fig. 35 E.
On petioles and main veins of dead Dryopteris filix mas and Dryopteris
species, very common, asci maturing about May-June.
Even more abundant are L. pteridis (Mouton) von Hohnel and L. liti-
giosa (Desmazieres) Holm & Holm on Pteridium. The latter seems in­
variably to be present on dead petioles of bracken yet I have yet to find
it with asci.

P. 247. Delete KARSCHIA and replace by:

DACTYLOSPORA Koerber
DactylosporaKoerber, Systema Lichenum Germaniae 271 (1855)
Apothecia scattered, superficial, black or nearly so, sessile, with smooth
pseudoparenchymatous receptacle. Asci clavate, unitunicate but with a
thick apical wall covered by a gelatinised stratum which stains blue with
iodine. Ascospores brown, one or more septate. Paraphyses usually
with a coloured apical cell and embedded in hymenial gelatine blued by
iodine.
As revived and redefined by Hafellner in Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 62
(1979) this genus includes most of the species traditionally referred to
Karschia Koerber, Parerga lichenologica 459 (1865). Pseudokarschia
Velenovsky 1934 and Kymatodiscus Kohlmeyer & Kohlmeyer 1971 are
synonyms. As restricted by Hafellner Karschia is a genus of only two
species, with bitunicate asci and hymenium exposed by crumbling away
of the outer surface of a stroma. The type species is K. talcophila
(Acharius ex Flotow) Koerber, a parasite of the lichen genus Diplo-
schistes, of which no British material is available.
 y
Dactylospora bloxamii (Berkeley) Hafellner, op. cit. 103 (1979)
Probably more common in Britain is D. stygia (Berkeley & Curtis)
Hafellner, op. cit. 137 (1979) which differs in its more slender asco­
spores 14-19 x 4-6 ii.
D. parasitica (Floerke ex Sprengel) Zopf in Hedwigia 35: 341 (1896),
parasitic on thalli of Ochrolechia and Pertusaria species, has 3-septate
ascospores 9-15 x 3.5-5 n and has therefore usually been referred to
Leciographa.
For the common species traditionally known as Karschia lignyota see
Rhizodiscina p. 36. According to Hafellner the lichen parasites com­
monly known as Karschia advenula (Leighton) Zopf and K. pulveru-
lenta (Anzi) Koerber should be transferred to Rhizocarpon and Buellia
respectively.

P. 251. Add:
v
Stictis arundinacea Persoon, Mycologia Europaea 1: 336 (1822)
Apothecia scattered, immersed, up to 1 mm diameter, with a margin
formed of dark brown hyphae but covered by a white pruina; disc deep
sunk below the margin, appearing black. Asci cylindrical, up to 200 X
6 ix, with the apical wall 2.5 ix thick, 8-spored; ascospores cylindrical,
straight, 150 /tor more x 1.5-2 /t, multiseptate with cells 5-6 fx long.
Paraphyses slender, simple, straight, 1 /x thick, matrix not blued by
iodine. Fig. 34 V.
On dead culms and leaves of grasses but also on Carex species and Lu-
zula species.
Stictis luzulae Libert 1832 is a synonym according to Sherwood.
Stictis elevata (Karsten) Karsten in Acta Soc. Fauna Flora Fennica 2(6):
166 (1885)
Apothecia scattered, immersed, and opening by a pore, up to 1/2 mm
diameter, with grey margin and deep-sunk brown disc. Asci cylindrical,
150 fi or more X 7-9 ix with apical wall 5 n thick, 8-spored; ascospores
cylindrical, about 150 x 2 ix, almost straight, multiseptate with cells
3-4 ix long. Paraphyses slender, 1 n thick, slightly enlarged at the tip,
matrix not blued by iodine. Fig. 34U.
In bark.
Stictis atro-alba (Phillips & Plowright) Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 8:
684 (1889) described from Clematis is a synonym according to Sher­
wood.
Stictis friabilis (Phillips & Plowright) Saccardo & Traverso, Sylloge
Fungorum20: 898(1911)
Apothecia scattered, erumpent and eventually becoming superficial,
about 1/2 mm diameter, with broad pruinose cream to light yellow
margin and sunken reddish disc. Asci cylindrical, 100-120 x 7-9 \i,
apical wall 3 n thick, 8-spored; ascospores cylindrical, obtuse, 55-70 x
2.5-3.5 n, multiseptate with cells, 3-5 n long. Paraphyses thread-like,
1 n, thick, branched once or twice near the apex but not thickened.
Matrix not blued by iodine. Easily recognised by the peculiar habit.
Fig. 34T. N
On dead wood, bark and bracket fungi, not uncommon but seldom in
much quantity.
Stictis sulphurea Rehm 1888 is a synonym.
Stictis pusilla Spegazzini in Bol. Acad. nac. Ciencias de Cordoba 11:
277(1887)
Apothecia less than 1/2 mm diameter, immersed, with entire, pruinose,
white margin and deeply sunk light yellow disc. Asci subcylindric, 80-95
x 5-6 n, apical wall only 1.5 n thick, 8-spored; ascospores coiled within
the ascus, cylindrical, 80-100 x 1-1.5 p. Paraphyses filiform but ex­
panded to a small knob at the apex. Fig. 34S.
On grasses and sedges, British material determined by Dr. Sherwood on
Carex pendula.
The genus has been thoroughly monographed, with critical notes on
allied genera, by Sherwood in Mycotaxon 5:1-277 (1977).

P. 263. Add:
ARACHNOCREA Moravec
Arachnocrea Moravec, Bulletin de la Societe mycologique de France 73:
161 (1956)
Perithecia sunk in a light-coloured arachnoid subiculum; ascospores
fusiform, hyaline, l^septate, breaking apart at the septum.
Arachnocrea stipata (Libert) Moravec, op. cit. 162 (1956)
Subiculum whitish, dense and compact but forming a thin arachnoid
stratum easily separable from the substrate, hyphae thin-walled,
hyaline, septate; perithecia pear-shaped, with the ostiolar papilla emerg­
ing above the subiculum, gregarious, yellowish-brown, up to 175
wide and somewhat taller, soft-fleshed. Asci narrowly cylindric, long-
stalked, 70-95 X 2.5-3 n, 8-spored at first, with a slightly thickened
apex; ascospores fusiform, sharply pointed at each end, uniseriate or
overlapping, slightly constricted at the median septum and breaking
apart there to give 16 part-spores, smooth, hyaline, 9-11 x 2.5-3 \K.
Fig. 35 Q.
On dead fallen twigs of various trees and on leaf litter, British material
on Fagus, also on Quercus, Tilia and conifers in Europe. In autumn
and winter.
Arachnocrea papyracea (Ellis & Holway) Muller, Beitr. Krypt. Flora
Schweiz 11(2): 801 (1962) is a synonym.

P. 264. Add:
Family Pyxidiophoraceae
Perithecia light coloured, membranous, with a long ostiolar beak, soli­
tary or in small clusters on a basal stroma. Asci unitunicate, with or
without a rudimentary apical ring; ascospores fusiform, one or more
septate, hyaline, often with a basal appendage and occasionally with a
pigmented area on the upper cell wall; paraphyses absent.
On dung, decaying vegetation and other fungi.
PYXIDIOPHORA Brefeld & von Tavel
Pyxidiophora Brefeld & von Tavel, Untersuchungen aus dem Gesammt-
gebiet der Mykologie 9: 188 (1891)
Characters those of the family. The genus has been monographed by
Lundqvist in Botaniska Notiser 138: 121-144 (1980) with figures of the
known species.
Mycorhynchus Saccardo, Sylloge fungorum 18:418 (1906) is a synonym.
The type species is: y

Pyxidiophora asterophora (Tulasne) Lindau in Engler & Prantl, Die na-

turlichen Pflanzenfamilien 1(1): 351 (1897)
Perithecia gregarious, flask-shaped, yellowish, up to 100 /i diameter,
venter sunk more or less in the substrate, with a conical, straight or
curved, ostiolar beak. Asci fusiform-clavate, up to 55 x 12 /an, thin-
walled and soon diffluent but said to have a rudimentary apical ring.
Ascospores elliptic-fusiform, 22-30 X 5-6 with a median septum and
a short, pointed, basal appendage, hyaline but often with a brown api­
cal spot on the spore wall. Fig. 35 H.
Hyperparasitic on carpophores of Asterophora lycoperdoides, a com­
mon parasite of Russula nigricans.
A British collection was figured in colour by Plowright in Grevillea 10,
Plate 147 (1881) but the material on which his drawings were based has
not survived.

P.291.Add U S c o e L ^eo.u^ciW
Melanospora'caulincola (Fuckel) von Arx & Miiller, Beitrage zur Kryp-
togamenflora der Schweiz 11(1): 146 (1954)
Perithecia scattered, superficial, with a brown subglobose venter up to
200 n diameter surmounted by a long, slender, ostiolar beak up to 2 mm
long and about 50 /* wide, its apex fringed by short hyaline bristles. Asci
clavate, 15-20 x 8-12 /t, 8-spored but evanescent; ascospores unicel­
lular, brick-shaped, with the broad side almost square, 5-8 n, and the
narrow side elliptic-oblong, 3-5 \L wide, with a furrow on opposite sides.
Fig. 35 U.
On rotten herbaceous stems, wood & c , typically on Tanacetum vul-
gare.

P. 295. Add:
MICROASCUS Zukal
Microascus Zukal in Verhandlungen der Kaiserlich-koniglichen Zoolo-
gisch-botanischen Gesellschaft in Wien 35: 339 (1885)
Perithecia with an ostiolar beak, hairy; asci globose, evanesccent; asco­
spores brown.
The genus differs from Melanospora in the globose asci, carried lateral­
ly on hyphae according to Zukal, and from Ceratocystis in the coloured
ascospores but appears^iiore closely related to the latter.
Microascus longirostris Zukal, op. cit. 339 (1885)
Ascocarps scattered, superficial, or with the base sunk in the substrate,
venter globose, 400 \L diameter, black, surmounted by a cylindrical beak
up to 200 x 24 n, beset with sparse pointed hairs. Asci spherical, 30-35 n
diameter, 8-spored, evanescent; ascospores crescent-shaped, smooth,
brown, 4-5 X 2-3 n, with a gelatinous sheath. Fig. 35 T.

On dung and rotten wood.

P. 303. Add:
TRIPTEROSPORA Cain
Tripterospora Cain in Canadian Journal of Botany 34: 700 (1956)
Distinguished from Podospora by the absence of an ostiole to the peri-
thecium and by the asci becoming diffluent to liberate the ascospores
within the venter. Ascospores with a hyaline primary appendage but
lacking gelatinous secondary appendages.
Tripterospora erdstrata (Griffith) Cain, op. cit. 702 (1956).
Ascocarps scattered, superficial, globose, black, up to 250 n diameter,
clothed with long, flexuous, thick-walled, septate, dark-brown hairs,
4-5 ii wide. Asci clavate, 50-70 x 16-20 8-spored, evanescent; asco­
spores biseriate, with a dark brown, ellipsoid, upper cell, 10-13 x 6.5-
8 n, having an apical germ pore, and a basal, cylindrical, hyaline,
primary appendage, 6-8 x 3 Griffith thought he saw short, slender,
secondary appendages but Cain could not confirm these. Fig. 34H.
On dung of rabbit and other herbivorous animals. British material on
mouse droppings.

P. 311. To hosts of Synaptospora tartaricola add: and Pertusaria.

P. 313. Add:
Anthostomella fuegiana Spegazzini in Bol. Acad. nac. Cienc. Cordoba
11(2): 194(1888)
Perithecia up to 300 n across, scattered singly beneath a small black
clypeus pierced by a conical ostiolar papilla, sometimes with a similar
clypeus in the epidermis on the opposite leaf surface. Asci cylindrical or
tapered to the apex, 100-140 x 8-10 n, apical ring 3 n deep, 8-spored;
ascospores overlapping and subbiseriate, fusiform, often flattened on
one side, coloured cell brown, 16-25 x 5-7 n, acutely pointed at the up­
per end, dwarf cell hyaline, rounded, 2-3 x 2 ix. Fig. 35 N.
Common in dead leaves of Luzula sylvatica but the type was on Rost-
kovia in Tierra del Fuego and collections on Cladium and Eriophorum
have also been referred here.
A. tumulosa (Roberge) Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 1: 282 (1882) on
Juncus articulates^ Carex and grasses, differs in its less pointed asco­
spores without a basal dwarf cell.
Anthostomella lugubris (Roberge) Saccardo, op. cit. 278 (1882)
Perithecia gregarious but produced singly beneath a dark to black el­
liptical clypeus perforated by the ostiole, up to 400 n across. Asci cylin­
drical, up to 160 x 14 n, with apical ring 5-6 n deep, 8-spored; asco­
spores uniseriate, typically unicellular, 18-22 x 8-11 n, ellipsoid, dark
brown, with a straight longitudinal germ slit and a thin gelatinous
sheath. Collections are occasionally found with a minute basal hyaline
dwarf cell less than 2 /t long on each ascospore. Fig. 35 L.
On bleached leaves of Ammophila arenaria but apparently less com­
mon than A. phaeosticta on that host.
A. chionostoma (Durieu & Montagne) Saccardo, op. cit. 285 (1882),
found on other grasses such as Agropyron and Elymus, is very similar
but the germ slit of the ascospore is conspicuously curved. Spore figured
for comparison in Fig. 35/L.
Anthostomella rubicola (Spegazzini) Saccardo & Trotter, Sylloge Fun-
gorum 22:100(1913)
Perithecia gregarious, sometimes crowded with clypei becoming con­
fluent, about 350 \x across, with a small apical ostiolar papilla. Asci
cylindrical 90-150 x 7-11 p , with apical ring 3-4 /x deep, 8-spored; asco­
spores uniseriate but often overlapping, main cell 18-24 x 5-6 p , sharply
pointed above, with an equally sharp-pointed dwarf cell 5-6 x 3-4 p .
The spores seldom become coloured until after their ejection from the
ascus. Fig. 35 K.
Common on dead canes of Rubus "fruticosus" agg.
A. appendiculosa (Berkeley & Broome) Saccardo in Michelia 1: 244
(1878), on the same substrate, is obviously closely allied but differs in
having broader ascospores with main cell, 24-30 x 8-10 n, coloured
dark brown while still wi/hin the ascus.
Anthostomella alchemillae (Smith & Ramsbottom) Francis in Kew
Bulletin 35:358(1980)
Perithecia scattered, immersed in the mesophyll, with a black, papil­
late, erumpent ostiole but without a clypeus. Asci cylindric-clavate
with apical ring about 4 p deep, 8-spored; ascospores subbiseriate,
broadly elliptic-fusiform, dark brown, 15-19 x 7-9 n, without a dwarf
cell. Fig. 35 M.

In dead leaves of A Ichemilla alpina, uncommon.

P. 328. Add:
CAINIELLA Miiller
Cainiella Mttller in Sydowia 10: 120 (1957)
Perithecia beaked, smooth, asci unitunicate, with a massive apical ring
not blued by iodine, 8-spored; ascospores reniform, 1-septate, hyaline
to brownish and theri with apical germ pores. The type species is:
Cainiella johansomi (Rehm) Miiller, op. cit. 121 (1957)
Perithecia scattered, immersed, almost black with venter about 200 ft
diameter, commonly concealed by the dense hairy covering of the host
except for the protruding, brown, smooth ostiolar beak. Asci oblong,
subsessile, 130-160 x 30-35 ft, 8-spored, with a conspicuous refractive
apical ring; ascospores irregularly biseriate, 25-40 x 15-25 ft, reniform
with a median septum but not constricted, hyaline but eventually tinted
brown according to Muller. Fig. 35 F.
In dead leaves of Dryas octopetala in the Alps and throughout the arctic
but apparently much less common than Chaetapiospora islandica on
that host in Britain.

P. 328. Add: /
Chaetapiospora islandica (Johanson) Petrak in Sydowia 1: 87 (1947)
Perithecia scattered, immersed, up to 200 ft diameter, with an erumpent
ostiolar papilla which usually bears a few long dark brown setae, up to
200 x 10 ft. Asci cylindric 60-100 x 20-35 ft, with apical ring blued by
iodine, 8-spored; ascospores biseriate, ellipsoidal, 18-25 x 8-12 ft, with
a single septum near the base, hyaline or nearly so. Fig. 35 W.
Common on both surface of dead leaves of Dryas octopetala, in sum­
mer.
Pseudomassaria islandica (Johanson) Barr in Mycologia 56: 854 (1964)
is a synonym.

P. 332. After Clypeosphaeria notarisii add:

Perithecia on Fraxinus with apparently identical ascospores but iodine
negative asci and no clypeus belong to Cryptosphaerina fraxini Lam-
botte & Fautrey ex Saccardo.

P. 339. Add:
Cryptosphaerina Lambotte & Fautrey ex Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum
16: 521 (1902)
Differs only in its larger brown ascospores which become 3-septate. An
earlier attempt at publishing the name in Revue mycologique 20: 58
(1898) was invalid as it is there stated to be a subgenus without indica­
tion of the genus of which it formed a part.
Cryptosphaerina fraxinS Labotte & Fautrey ex Saccardo occurs on fallen
twigs of Fraxinus, with ascospores, 20-25 x 5 p. It is not necessary to
figure the species as the perithecia are externally indistinguishable from
those of Cryptosvhaeda~£unpmia on the same host and the ascospores
resemble those of Clypeosphaeria mamillana. The asci are readily dis­
tinguished from those of the latter by the absence of a blue apical ring
with iodine and there is no trace of a clypeus.

P. 358. Add:
/
Phomatospora gelatinospora Barr in Mycologia 62: 385 (1970) occurs
in spring in swarms in dead leaves of Rhododendron still attached to the
bush.

P. 363. Add: J
Plagiostoma tormentillae (Lind) Bolay in Ber. Schweiz. Bot. Ges. 81:
436 (1972) is common in spring in dead stems of Potentilla erecta.
P. 428. Insert:
Family Herpotrichiellaceae
Pseudothecia minute, typically bearing more or less inconspicuous
hairs, especially round the ostiole, asci bitunicate, small; ascospores
rather small, septate, distinctively olive-grey in colour. Saprophytes on
very rotten wood and decaying fungi. Genera are delimited, perhaps
rather artificially, by ascospore septation:
Ascospores 1-septate Didymotrichiella
Ascospores with several transverse septa Herpotrichiella
Ascospores with transverse and longitudinal septa: Asci 8-spored Dictyotrichiella
Ascospores with transverse and longitudinal septa: Asci 16-spored Capronia

These fungi appear to be common but their fructifications are incon­

spicuous and commonly occur singly so that adequate collections are
difficult to obtain. The type species of Didymotrichiella is D. incon-
spicua Munk, not yet recorded in Britain.
HERPOTRICHIELLA Petrak
Herpotrichiella Petrak in Annales Mycologici 12: 472 (1914)
The type species is H. moravica Petrak, with ascospores 3-septate,
10-14 x 3-4 p, in pseudothecia up to 150 n across with setae 20-35 x
3-4 p. /
Herpotrichiella pilosella (Karsten) Munk in Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 17:
438(1957)
Pseudothecia erumpent from rotten wood, up to 200 n diameter, sub-
spherical, dark brown, with minute apical ostiole surrounded by short,
inconspicuous, dark brown setae 10-25 x 3-5 /*, so compact as to form
 fa
a cone above the pore. Asci cylindric-fusoid, subsessile, 50-55 x 11 n,
8-spored; ascospores irregularly biseriate, elliptic-fusiform, 14-17 x
4.5-5 n, grey-brown, 3-septate. Fig. 35 V.
DICTYOTRICHIELLA Munk
Dictyotrichiella Munk in Dansk Botanisk Arkiv 15(2): 132 (1953)
The following is the type species:
Dictyotrichiella pulcherrima Munk, op. cit. (132 (1953)
Pseudothecia erumpent from rotten wood, subglobose, 150 diameter,
black, beset with dark brown, septate, pointed setae 20-45 X 4.5 p wide
at the base. Asci subcylindric, sessile, 45-55 x 7.5-9 LI, 8-spored; asco­
spores irregularly biseriate, elliptic-fusiform, 11-14 x 4-4.5 n, grey
brown, with 3-5 transverse septa and 1 longitudinal septum in the
broadest segment. Fig. 35 S.
The type species of Capronia Saccardo, Sylloge Fungorum 2: 288 (1883)
is C. sexdecemspora (Cooke) Saccardo with minute setose pseudothecia
and muriform ascospores, 18-20 x 5 / i .

P. 459. After Delitschia add:

CLATHROSPORA Rabenhorst
Clathrospora Rabenhorst in Hedwigia 1: 115 (1857)
Pseudothecia small, immersed in dead host tissue, with papillate ostiole
devoid of setae. Asci bitunicate, broadly clavate, 8-spored. Ascospores
strongly flattened in one plane, hence more or less discoid in face view
and subcylindric in edge view, with several transverse septa and one or
more longitudinal septa visible in face view only, some shade of brown,
wall smooth or finely punctate.
Clathrospora pentamera (Karsten) Berlese, Icones Fungorum 2 (Fasc.
2/3):31 (1896)
Pseudothecia up to 300 fi diameter, dark brown, apt to collapse in a
pezizoid fashion when dry. Asci clavate, 70-115 x 15-25 8-spored;
ascospores more or less biseriate, usually so packed as to expose both
faces in any view of the ascus, ellipsoid in face view, with 4 transverse
walls and a single longitudinal wall in each of the 3 central segments,
elliptic-cylindric with no longitudinal wall in edge view, 20-30 x 8.5-
15 X 6-10 n, yellow-brown to dark brown, smooth. Fig. 35 G.
On herbaceous plants, largely but not exclusively monocotyledons, in
arctic-alpine regions.
With two closely allied species this has been transferred by Wehmeyer,
Monograph of the genus Pleospora 261 (1961) to his genus Platyspora,
distinguished from Clathrospora by the smooth spore wall and by
having only 1 longitudinal wall instead of 2 or more. It is one of the
commonest fungi in arctic and alpine regions and would thus be ex­
pected at high altitudes in Scotland. So far, however, the sole British
record is from Yorkshire which remains dubious as voucher material
has not been seen. It is figured from a Greenland collection.

P. 460. Add: J
Pleospora vagans Niessl, Verhandl. naturf. Ver. in Briinn 14: 174 (1876)
Pseudothecia minute, black, smooth, immersed in dead host tissue of
monotyledons. Asci clavate, short-stalked, 70-95 x 13-17 n, 8-spored;
ascospores fusiform, or more tapered below, often slightly, inequilater­
al, straight or slightly curved, 18-28 x 6-9 n, yellowish brown, with
from 4 to 6, usually 5, transverse septa and usually one longitudinal
septum in the broadest segment. The latter is sometimes absent and the
fungus then becomes a Leptosphaeria in the old collective sense of the
name. Fig. 35 C.
This is one of the commonest fungi in dead leaves and culms of grasses
such as Agropyron, Agrostis, Aira, Ammophila, Arrhenatherum, Bro-
mus, Cynosurus, Dactylis, Deschampsia, Festuca, Koeleria, Nardus,
Phalaris, Phragmites and Poa and also in other monocotyledons such as
Carex, Eleocharis and Iris. Figured from Arrhenatherum.
Phaeosphaeria vagans (Niessl) Eriksson in Arkiv f. Botanik Ser. 2(6):
430 (1967) is a synonym and a more appropriate name.

P. 463. Add:
GEMMAMYCES Casagrande
Gemmamyces Casagrande in Phytopath. Zeitschrift 66: 119 (1969)
Similar to Cucurbitaria but with pseudothecia superficial on a subi-
culum or basal plectenchymatous stroma on buds of conifers. The type
species is:
Gemmamyces piceae (Borthwick) Casagrande, op. cit. 119 (1969)
Pseudothecia minute, globose with an apical papilla, gregarious on a
thin stromatic„base, smooth, purplish-brown to black. Asci cylindric-
clavate, very thick-walled, about 175-28 p, 4 to 8-spored; ascospores
uniseriate or overlapping, fusiform, with about 7-9 transverse septa and
1-3 longitudinal septa, 36-50 x 12-18 \i, light brown, Fig. 35 B.
On dead buds of Picea excelsa.
Petrak considered Gemmamyces insufficiently differentiated from
Cucurbidothis and made the combination C. piceae (Borthwick) Petrak
in Sydowia23:270(1970).
Cucurbitariopsis gemmicola (Naumov) Vassilkov in J. Bot. U.S.S.R.
45: 1369 (1960) is a synonym and the generic name Cucurbitariopsis
Vassilkov has to be rejected as a later homonym of Cucurbitariopsis
Massalongo 1889.
CUCURBIDOTHIS Petrak
Cucurbidothis Petrak in Annales Mycologici 19:201 (1921)
Pseudothecia gregarious on a black stromatic crust beneath bark of
conifers, ascospores brown with several transverse septa and 0-1 longi-
tudinal septa. The type/species is:
Cucurbidothis pithyophila (Fries) Petrak, op. cit. 201 (1921)
Stroma forming an extensive, black, pseudoparenchymatous crust, up
to 1.5 mm thick, beneath bark, becoming erumpent and bearing numer­
ous though often scattered black subglobose pseudothecia, about
1/2 mm diameter, with thick^stromatic walls and apical nonpapillate
ostioles. Asci cylindric-clavatib,^l 10-140 x 9-12 /t, 8-spored; ascospores
uniseriate, elliptic-fusiform, 3-5-septate, 15-23 x 6-8 n, typically with
one longitudinal septum in the central cells but showing great variability
in septation. Fig. 35 A.
On Pinus sylvestris twigs in Britain but also on species of Abies and
Picea elsewhere.
Collections in which the ascospores entirely lack a longitudinal septum
are referred to var. cembrae (Rehm) Holm in Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift
61: 449-456 (1967), with Leptosphaeria parmeliarum (Phillips & Plow-
right) Saccardo as a synonym.

P. 471. Delete Family Perisporiaceae and replace PeriosporiumFries by:

PREUSSIA Fuckel
Preussia FuckeJ', Fungi rhenani, suppl. fascicle 3, No. 1750 (1866)
Preussia funiculata (Preuss) Fuckel, loc. cit. 1866
Perisporium Fries, traditionally applied to these fungi, is better regarded
as a genus of Fungi imperfecti. For full illustrated descriptions and keys
to the known species see Cain in Canadian Journal of Botany 39: 1633-
1666(1961).
 RHIZODISCINA Hafellner
Rhizodiscina Hafellner, Beihefte zur Nova Hedwigia 62:195 (1979)
Ascocarps superficial on wood, at first closed but with a hymenium
later exposed by splitting of the covering layer, sessile on a small base
surrounded by anchoring hyphae, receptacle smooth, black, pseudo-
parenchymatous. Asci bitunicate, clavate, 8-spored, not blued by
iodine. Ascospores 1-septate, brown. Pseudoparaphyses slender,
branched, not forming a dark epithecium, embedded in hymenial gela­
tine blued by iodine.
There is at present only one species:
Rhizodiscina lignyota (Fries) Hafellner, op. cit. 195 (1979).
The species has traditionally been referred to Karschia Koerber which,
according to Hafellner, differs in the crumbling away of the tissue
covering the hymenium and in parasitising lichen thalli.
POETSCHIA Koerber
Poetschia Koerber, Parerga lichenologica 280 (1865)
Ascocarps superficial, sessile on wood or bark, small, dark brown to
black, receptacle smooth, pseudoparenchymatous, with a rather thin
ectal excipulum lacking anchoring hyphae, hymenium discoid, fully
exposed at maturity. Asci clearly bitunicate, sessile, 8-spored, not stain­
ed by iodine. Ascospores 1-septate, brown. Pseudoparaphyses slender,
branched and anastomosing.
The type specie's is P. buellioides Koerber, with ascospores 18-24 x 8-
12 p, on bark of arfgiosperms in Europe.
Poetschia cratincola (Rehm) Hafellner, op. cit. 190 (1979)
Ascecarps up to 1/3 mm diameter. Asci broadly cylindrical to saccate,
sessile, 65-85 X 22-20 n, with thickened broadly rounded apex; asco­
spores often somewhat inequilateral, tapered to the ends, upper cell
usually broader than the lower, 29-40 x 10-14 /t, hyaline, then deep
brown, smooth; tips of the pseudoparaphyses slightly clavate, brownish
and embedded in a brown gelatinous matrix not blued by iodine.
Fig. 34C.
On decorticated wood.
 MELITTOSPORIUM Corda
Melittosporium Corda, Icones fungorum 2:23 (1838)
Apothecia immersed in decorticated wood with a dark coloured disc ex­
posed by splitting apart the overlying host tissue. Asci thick-walled
above, said to be bitunicate, 1-8-spored; ascospores muriform, be­
coming brown, interascal hyphae slender pseudoparaphyses much
branched above in the type species, M. versicolor Corda. The following
species was the type of Pleiostictis Rehm, Ascomycetes Lojkani lecti in
Hungaria & c , 24 (1883), which Rehm later reduced to synonymy under
Melittosporium, though he had not seen M. versicolor. Sherwood
(1977) accepts this, in spite of an apparent difference in the nature of the
paraphyses, and refers the genus to Hysteriales.

Melittosporium propolidoides (Rehm) Rehm in Rabenhorst, Krypto-

gamen-Flora, Ed. II, Band 1, Abt. 3:172 (1888)
Apothecia discoid to ellipsoid, disc almost black, up to 1 mm wide,
slightly convex, exposed by splitting the woody matrix and surrounded
by a narrow, dark, upturned margin. Asci clavate, short-stalked, 30-50
X 8-10 n, with a delicate wall but a thick hyaline pad at the rounded
apex, not blued by iodine, monosporous. Ascospore elliptic-cylindric,
slightly constricted at the transverse septa, 25-37 x 8-10 /*, with 7-16
transverse septa and 1 or 2 longitudinal septa in most segments, brown
at maturity. Paraphyses cylindrical, enlarged up to 5 /i wide at the
brown apex which is obtusely rounded. Fig. 34D.
In decorticated wood, especially of conifers, apparently rare.
The fungus called Melittosporium pteridinum (Phillips & Bucknall) Sac­
cardo on dead petioles of Pteridium differs in little but the host from
the older Cryptodiscus rhopaloides Saccardo, found on many woody
substrata and like it should probably eventually be transferred to
Karstenia Fries when the synonymy is thoroughly worked out and the
oldest available specific epithet discovered.

P. 481. Replace the existing text of Microthyrium by the following:

MICROTHYRIUM Desmazieres
Microthyrium Desmazieres in Ann. Sci. nat. Bot. Ser. 2,15: 137 (1841)
Thyriothecia superficial, more or less circular with a central pore in the
upper shield, which is composed of distinctly radiating septate hyphae,
with free hyphal tips at the margin or remaining adherent to give an
even margin, without a coloured basal layer to the ascocarp. Sparse
superficial mycelium devoid of hyphopodia usually present on the sub­
strate. Asci bitunicate, ventricose, with a greatly thick-walled apex,
ascospores hyaline, usually 1-septate, often with several delicate cilia
attached terminally or laterally, usually containing 2 or more guttules.
Pseudoparaphyses usually evanescent. The type species is M. microsco-
picum Desmazieres, on dead leaves of Castanea, Fagus and Quercus.
For a fully illustrated account of the British species see: J.P. Ellis in
Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc. 76: 361-394 (1976).
Microthyrium cytisi Fuckel var. ulicis Ellis, op. cit. 393 (1976)
Thyriothecia scattered, easily flaked fromthe substrate, about 250 diam­
eter, covering layer composed of hyphae radiating from a small central
circular ostiole, 6-8 n diameter, and passing through 3 zones distinguish­
ed by the degree of pigmentation. The first zone, around the ostiole,
about 30 ii wide, is composed of black, thick-walled quadrangular cells;
this is followed by a central zone of brown rectangular cells 5-8 X 4-6 n,
which passes into a marginal zone of narrower, more flexuous, paler
hyphae, with cells 8-12 X 1-2 At the fimbriate margin some of these
give rise to a sparse superficial mycelium of light brown hyphae. Asci
numerous, narrowly pyriform, with subcylindric thick-walled apex,
35-40. x 8-10 n, 8-spored; ascospores irregularly arranged, elliptic-
cylindric, 12-14 x 3-4 n, 1-septate, hyaline, with 4 guttules. Numerous
slender pseudoparaphyses present. On dead twigs and spines of Ulex
europaeus, very common. Fig. 35 J.
The typical variety cytisi, on Genista tinctoria, has narrower asco­
spores 11-13 x 2-3 p. J
Microthyrium gramineum Bommer, Roussel & Saccardo, Sylloge
Fungorum 9: 1059 (1891) common on Ammophila arenaria is an ex­
ample of species with concolorous shield, without a fringed margin and
with ciliate ascospores^
Microthyrium ilicinum de Notaris occurs mingled with M. granineum
on Ammophila and with M. microscopicum on leaves of Castanea and
Quercus. For this and seven other common British species see Ellis
(1976).
TRICHOTHYRINA (Petrak) Petrak
Trichothyrina (Petrak) Petrak in Sydowia 4: 167 (1950)
Differs from Microthyrium in having a coloured, radially constructed,
basal layer to the thyriothecium, similar to the covering layer or scutel-
lum. Some species have short setae around the ostiole. The type species
is T. alpestris (Saccardo) Petrak, on grasses and Carex species, of which
Microthyrium culmigenum Sydow is a synonym. For this and other
British species see J.P. Ellis in Trans. Brit, mycol. Soc. 68: 145-155
(1977). Actinopeltis von Hohnel only differs in having more spreading
setae round the ostiole. /
Trichothyrina nigroannulata (Webster) Ellis, op. cit. 149 (1977)

P. 483. Add:
MORENOINA Theissen
Morenoina Theissen, Annales Mycologici 11:434 (1913)
Thyriothecia elongate, seated on a superficial mycelium but without a
coloured basal layer; covering layer dark brown, composed of more or
less rectangular cells arranged in radial rows, splitting longitudinally to
expose the colourless bitunicate asci. Ascospores 1-septate, hyaline to
pale brown.
Aulographum Libert differs in having a hypostroma beneath the host
cuticle and the covering layer composed of irregular interlocking cells.
For descriptions and key to 11 British species of Morenoina see J.P.
Ellis in Trans. Bry(. mycol. Soc. 74:297-307 (1980).
Morenoina clarkii Ellis, op. cit. 300 (1980)
Thyriothecia gregarious on a thin cobweb-like superficial mycelium
with dark brown hyphae 2-4 p wide, elongated, usually curved or flexu-
ous and often branched, up to 11/2 mm long and 120 p wide, black,
opaque, with longitudinal slit. Asci clavate, 25-35 x 12-17 p , 8-spored;
ascospores clavate, 14-19 x 4-6.5 p , 1-septate, 3-4-guttulate.

On dead canes of Rubus "fruticosus" agg. Fig. 35 D.

P. 484. Add:
Family Micropeltidaceae

STOMIOPELTIS Theissen
Stomiopeltis Theissen, Broteria 12: 73-96 (1914). Not seen.
Thyriothecia superficial, with associated brown mycelium, scutellum
dark brown, opaque, pseudoparenchymatous, hyphae not radially ar­
ranged, ostiole central, well developed. Asci marginal, bitunicate, ob-
clavate, 8-spored; ascospores hyaline, 1-septate.
Stomiopeltis betulae J.P. Ellis, Trans. British mycological Society 68:
157(1977)
Thyriothecia gregarious on a network of brown hyphae, round, black
opaque, up to 250 it, diameter with ostiole up to 20 p wide. Asci obclavate,
very thick-walled above, 45-55 X 8-10 n, surrounded by evanescent,
branched, filiform pseudoparaphyses; ascospores irregularly arranged,
fusiform-clavate, 16-20 x 3-4 /t, multiguttulate, constricted at the median
septum, occasionally with secondary septa in one or both cells. Fig. 35 R.
On bark of dead branches of Betula and Sorbus, common.
S. cupressicola J.P. Ellis, op. cit. 158, much smaller in all its parts,
occurs on deati leaves of Cupressus andSeguoia.
S. dryadis (Rehm) Holm, Botaniska Notiser 132: 88 (1979) is common
on Dryas octopetala. Calothyrium pinastri (Fuckel) Theissen is better
regarded as a Stomiopeltis according to von Arx.
There appear to be numerous other British species of Stomiopeltis still
undescribed. For exotic species see a monograph by Luttrell in Myco-
logia38: 565-586(1946).

P. 485. Replace Microthyriella by SCHIZOTHYRIUM Desmazierers

Schizothyrium Desmazieres, Annales des Sciences naturelles Ser. 3,
Botanique 11:360(1849)
The genus was founded with two unrelated species, S. acerinum Desm.
and S. ptarmicae Desm. Von Hohnel (1917) selected the former species
as lectotype and erected for the second species a new genus Schizothy-
rioma, which see p. 111. According to Muller and von Arx S. acerinum
is the same as the older Labrella pomi Montagne, in which Desmazieres
was unable to find ascospores, and they therefore adopted for it the
name Schizothyrium pomi (Mont.) v. Arx. This is a fly-speck fungus
abundant on the cuticle of fleshy fruit, such as apple, leaves and herba­
ceous stems, with 1-septate, hyaline ascospores 10-14 x 3-5 p in bituni­
cate asci, 20-34 X 11-18 p. Microthyriella von Hohnel is regarded as a
synonym of Schizothyrium and M. osmundae Booth as a synonym of S.
perexiguum (Roberge) von Hohnel. Common on the cuticles of many
herbaceous plants. Holm & Holm in Botaniska Notiser 131: 113 (1978)
showed the latter name to be inapplicable to the Schizothyrium which
they have renamed S. speireum (Fries ex Fries) Holm & Holm, with a
proviso that the form on Osmunda may eventually prove after all to be
distinct. /
Schizothyrium speireum (Fries ex Fries) Holm & Holm in Botaniska
Notiser 131:113(1978).
Fig. 32. A . Gyromitra gigas. B. Scutellinia pseudoumbrarum. C. Ascobolus crenulatus.
D . Ascobolus stictoideus. E. Pachyella barlaeana. F. Peziza apiculata. G. Tufier aesf/-
vum. H. Cheilymenia raripila. J. Tricharinapraecox. K. Spore of Trichophaea gregaria.
L. Marcelleina rickii.
f
j!

Fig. 33. A . Perrotiaphragmiticola. B. Ascodichaena rugosa. C. Pseudophacidiumplceae.

D . Rutstroemia rubi. E. Pyrenopeziza compressula. F. Scutomollisia operculata. G.
Hysteropezizella diminuens. H. / / . olivacea. J. Pyrenopeziza fuscescens. K. P. arenivaga.
L. Drepanopeziza salicis. M. Echinula asteriadiformis. N . Pycnopeziza pachyderma. P.
Zoellneria rosarum.
Fig. 34. A . Betulina fuscostipitata. B. Dasyscyphus rehmii. C. Poetschia cratincola. D .
Melittosporium propolidoides. E. Chaenotheciopsis caespitosa. F. Lophodermium pi-
nastri. G. Lophomerum ponticum. H . Tripterospora erostrata. J. Sarcotrochila alpina.
K. Grahamiella dryadis. L. Patinellaria sanguinea. M. Godronia cassandrae. C. = coni-
dium. N. Cryptodiscus rhopaloides. P. Gorgoniceps micrometra. Q. Melittosporiella pul-
chella. R. Propolisphacidioides. S. Stictispusilla. T. S.friabilis. U. S. elevata. V. S. ara/i-
rfwacea.
Fig. 35. A . Cucurbidothis pithyopila P = conidium. B. Gemmamyces piceae. C. Pleo­
spora vagans. D . Morenoina clarkii. E. Leptopeltis filicina. F. Cainiella johansonii. G.
Clathrospora pentamera. H. Pyxidiophora asterophora. J. Microthyrium cystisi var.
ulicis. K. Anthostomella rubicola. L. A. lugubris, with a spore of A. chionostoma. M.A.
alchemillae. N . A. fuegiana. Q. Arachnocrea stipata. R. Stomiopeltis betulae. S. Dictyo-
trichiellapulcherrima. T. Microascus longirostris. U. Melanospora caulincola. V. Herpo­
trichiella pilosella. W'. Chaetapiospora islandica.