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REVIEW OF

RELATED
LITERATURE
SUBMITTED BY:
ALYANNA MARIE R. LUMANGLAS
VIII-MENDEL
SUBMITTED TO:
MS. MURIEL GRACE VIERNEZA
In the Philippines, tomato is considered a one of the most important vegetables.
It is normally grown in the lowlands, including the regions Ilocos, Benguet province,
Central Luzon, and Southern Tagalog, towards the end of the rainy season during the
cool months of the year (October to January). The normal temperature during the
growing months (October to January) IS 28 C. Because of unfavorable weather
conditions like rains, high temperatures and high humidity, most farmers grow their
tomatoes during the cool months of the year, which is October to January. (Villareal
1985) mentioned the poor performance of tomatoes in various places in the country
during the wet season is caused by high night temperature and humidity which is inhibit
fruit-setting and promote diseases which reduce plant growth, yielding ability and fruit
quality.

Tomatoes are considered as a nutritious vegetable. When ripe, it is eaten raw for
it is put into salad or used for seasoning food (meat and fish). When green, it is used in
native pickles (achara). They are rich in Vitamins A, B, and C. They also contain
solanine and fixed oil. The fresh fruit contains water, nitrogenous substances,
carbohydrates, and calcium phosphate. Asis (1971) analyzed that the seed contains
globulin, Vitamins A, B, C and solanine.

(Quisumbing, 1951) stated that therefore, tomatoes are: a.) richest in vitamins;
b.) they are the most wonderful and effective blood cleanser of all foods known to man;
c.) they are the richest of all vegetables in the natural health acids which keep our
stomach and intestines in condition; d.) they are the most extraordinary corrective for
kidneys, bring a gentle, natural stimulant which helps to wash away the poisons which
cause disease and contaminate our system.

Many believed that cotton was found before the 5 th century B.C. India introduced
Cotton to Europe and from that day, it spread throughout the world.

In about 150-200 days, cotton plants stands from 2 to 6 feet tall. We all know that we
can gain cotton fibers. Aside from that, we can get oil, livestock feeds, and fuel from
cotton seed, and stuffing materials, absorbent cotton, cellulose, paper making and base
for explosives from cotton linters.

Historical records show that Filipinos are already growing cotton long before the
Spaniards arrived. Various experiments were made to farm and fertilizer cotton on a
large scale basis. Many private companies and government tried their best to get their
hands on the commercial development in regards of a cotton plantation, but failed due
to lack of technical and the improper selection of cottonseed variety.
Recent victorious investigations were started by CLSU and combined efforts of
other government agencies such as BPI, PTRI, and UPLB. Surprisingly, the results are
encouraging and prompted the organization of Philippine Cotton Corporation. AN
assertive campaign for self-sufficiency on cotton was initiated in 1976 by PhilCotton.

Zambales, which has an area of 3,100 hectares available got cotton growing, is
selected for the project. This area is identified by the Bureau of Souls has highly
favorable for cotton culture:

Cotton can fully grow under Type 1 climate provinces by PAGASA, such as Ilocos
Region, western part of Mountain Province, western part of Nueva Ecija, Central Luzon,
Metro Manila, Cavite, Laguna, Batangas, Tarlac, Pampanga, Bulacan, Bataan,
Zambales, Occidental Mindoro, southern parts of Antique and Iloilo, northwestern part
of Palawan, and the southern parts of Negros Oriental and Negros Occidental).

Cotton can successfully grow:

 Type 1 climate provinces


 Well-drained soil (sandy loam type)

Proper practices in culturing cotton have been developed by CLSU in package to


provide for those who are interested in growing cotton. They recommend Deltapine 16
cotton variety because of its:

 Adjusting in various conditions to local climate


 Resistance to local pest and diseases;
 High yielding variety;
 Its fibers suits the quality needed by our local textile mills.

Cotton will be emerged to mango which it will grow mango and cotton crops
simultaneously (as in alternate rows) on the same plot. Because of this process, it
allows intercropping their nitrogen content of the soil and developing the growth of both
mango and cotton and increases its yield. In cultivating cotton, it takes a full 6 months
from the land preparation to harvesting stage. The main expense of the whole project is
centered on field labor and production input such as seeds, fertilizers and chemicals.
Total cost of production inputs amount to 268,026 broken down accordingly, seeds –
26, 430; fertilizers -222, 395 and chemicals – 227, 200.

To avoid the spreading of pests and diseases, a new pog-board method was
launched. It happened to be a efficient way and monitoring method that suitably fits on
commercial scale cotton plantation. Two types of spray will be used in applying the
recommended chemicals, they are ultra low volume spray and the highpower boom
spray. Farm machineries, equipment and tools worth Php 60, 300 will be bought. This
includes a one farmer delivery truck of Php 40, 000. A warehouse with an area of 200
sq. m. will be constructed to serve as a storage area for the cotton harvest and the farm
implements.

Cotton is defined by the Websters Dictionary as a soft, white, fibrous substance


composed of the hairs clothing the needs of various plants, especially of the genus
gossypium. Because of its corparative low cost of production and low cost of production
and low price as a finished product. It is also used as a base for men fibers.

Cotton needs about 150-200 days of continuously warm weather with adequate
weather and sunlight to be able to nature. The grounds must be thoroughly plowed and
the soil pulverized. Like many crops, it requires systematic application of fertilizers too.

When it is ready, the cotton plant will stand about three to six foot tall. Its wide green
leaves partially conceal some of the cotton balls until they burst and show the white
fiber, which indicates that cotton is ready for harvest. However, not all cotton balls open
at the same time, but only open balls are ready for harvesting. Accordingly, a cotton
field must be gone over several times in a single season. Because of this, it is the most
expensive part in cotton growing. When it is done harvesting, it contains seed, leaf
fragments and dirt that must be removed before being baled. Cotton seeds are
approximately two-thirds of the weight of picked cotton.

When the boils end, the fibers are harvested by machines or hand-picked. The
called, the fiber or lint is separated by a cotton gin, a machine used. The lint is made up
of bales weighing from 400 to 500 pounds. The seeds are sent to acids for the next
planting season. The rest are sent oil mills for processing. The bales then, pass through
commercial channels and will reach cotton mills where they are open and the lint or
fiber is blended, cleaned, carded and spun into yarns for many uses. According to a oil
mill processing industry, the cotton seed is separated into fuzz (fiber that are still
sticking around the seed), hulls, oil and protein cake.

I. INTRODUCTION

Tomato is now considers as one of the most important vegetable crops throughout
the world. It is normally grown in almost every community in the country.. It is one of the
most popular salad vegetables. It is made into conserves, pickles, catsup, and sauces.
It is served raw, stewed, fried, and as sauce for other foods.

In the Philippines data in regards to the extent of cultivation of tomato show that
about 21, 030 hectares are planted to tomato. The estimated annual production is about
153, 162, 300 kilograms of fruit valued at about Php 313, 032, 200.00.
II. TOMATO MARKETING

According to the consumption for fruit vegetables in the Philippines in 1970-1976,


tomatoes are ranked second in importance in the lowest and the middle income groups
and first in the highest income group in terms of quantity used.

III. PROBLEMS AN POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS

Two major problems in tomato marketing and possible solutions include:

A. Highly Seasonal Production

Most farmers plant as much area as possible to tomatoes at about the same time
of the year. In return, results in harvesting tomatoes at the same time and
thereby depressing prices. Hence, some organizations (as a Marketing Board)
needs to determine the area each farmer should plant tomatoes at different times
or farmers should be encouraged to distribute their more even and continuous
supply of tomatoes in the market and thus reduce price.

B. Reverse and Intra-Agency Flows


There were instances where wholesalers sold to other wholesalers, assemble-
wholesalers to other assemble-wholesalers, and wholesaler-retailer to other
wholesaler- retailer. Also, a wholesaler-retailer sold to wholesalers. This
technique adds additional marketing costs and thus makes flow of tomatoes
inefficient. A system of market intelligence should enable dealers to more
efficiently allocate tomatoes to different outlets and enhance the flow to
consumers.

Like any other plants, tomatoes have been experimented to various sources of
radiation. (Irvine, 1960) The tomato seeds subjected to x-ray caused distortion of
leaves, disturbed phyllotaxis and stunted growth as a whole. This connects the
modification, brought in the rays in the plant tissue of the plant. According to McArthur
(1974),exposing seeds of tomato plant to x-ray produced mutants characterized by
variant plants.

Jalabayan and Rao (1987) and Silvy (1974) made a different study wherein
having a lower percentage of the seedlings makes a higher radiation dose. (SIlvy, 1974)
Irradiation with higher doses on the flowering stage, retards flowering but there is no
proof of diminished fertility among surviving flowers.
REFERENCES:

Cabanacan (1990). Morpho-anatomical Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Vegetative


Growth of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentim Miller). Taft Avenue, Manila City: N.D.

Cruz, A. C. (1991). Vegetable Growth of Tomatoes (Lycopersicon Esculentum). Miller.


Variety Appolo Using Different Kinds of Mulch. Manila City:N.D.

Ilagan, E. M., Custodio E. O., Roxas, R. S. (1978). Off-Season Tomato Farming in the
Green House. N.D.

Luardo, E. T. (1977). Feasibility Study of Developing a 50 Hectare Land for Cotton


Plantation in San Marcelino, Zambales. N.D.

Luardo, E. T. (1977). Feasibility Study of Developing a 50 Hectare Land for Cotton


Plantation in San Marcelino, Zambales. N.D.

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