Summary

The objective of this experiment were to to analysis a sample of hard soap, to observe the
level of foam produced by soap, to determine the effect of added calcium chloride, and lastly
to determine the effect of added trisodium phosphate. The purpose of the soap is used as the
cleaning agent for skin care, washing and so on. The production of soap is involving the reaction
between the treating vegetable oil or animal fat with the strong base which is sodium hydroxide
or potassium hydroxide in an aqueous solution. This experiment begin by prepare chemical that
used in this experiment which were sodium hydroxide, calcium chloride, trisodium phosphate,
ethanol and fat or oil . The result for first obsevation it show foam had been produce after being
shake and the foam level was 4ml. The second obsevation it show that the foam was decreased
and the solution become clear and contain floc. This happen after 8 drops of 4% calcium
chloride solution had been added and being shake it for 15 second,for the last obsevation, it
show that the solution become viscous. This is called double replacement reaction or double
displacement reaction.In conclusion for observation 1 ,2 and 3 which determine the condition
of the solution all abjective were achived as at last the solution become viscous.
Objective

 To analysis a sample of hard soap.

 To determine the effect of added calcium chloride.
 To determine the effect of added trisodium phosphate.

Introduction

This experiment is all about to analysis a sample of hard soap, to observe the level of
foam produced by soap, to determine the effect of added calcium chloride, and lastly to
determine the effect of added trisodium phosphate. In this experiment, it has two part of
procedure which is preparation of soap and analysis of soap produced.
This experiment begins by dissolved 0.25g of sodium hydroxide in a mixture of 1.0 ml
of distilled water and 1.0 ml of ethanol. Then, about 0.25 g of fat is placed into 50 ml conical
flask and added the prepared sodium hydroxide solution into the flask. To give constant heat of
the mixture, about 100℃ of water bath heat the mixture and cover the mouth of the flask with
the aluminium foil to reduce the evaporation of water and alcohol during heating process. While
heating process the, using the tong to swirl the flask every a few minutes. After 20 minutes, the
precipitate of soap will foam from the mixture. If some alcohol and water is evaporating from
the flask, add 0.4 ml of a 50% water and 50% alcohol mixture which is 0.2 ml ethanol and 0.2
ml distilled water to replace the solvent. After 25 minutes, stop the heating process and added
4ml of sodium chloride into the beaker then transfer the saponified mixture into the beaker.
While cooling down the mixture, stir the mixture in an ice water bath. By using filter paper
collect the prepared soap and let the soap to dry for a few minutes.
For the analysis of soap that produced, about 0.1g of dry soap are placed into 10ml of
graduated cylinder and added 3ml of distilled water into the cylinder and shake it the mixture
of 15 second. Observed the level of the foam produce and recorded. Then, added 5 to 10 drops
of 4% calcium chloride to the mixture for the 15 second and allowed it to chill for 30 second.
Observed any changer to the mixture and recorded the result. For the last analysis, added 0.5g
of trisodium phosphate and shake it for 15 second. Let the mixture chill for 30 second and
observed the changer of the mixture and recorded the result.
Theory

Soap have been produced about a thousand years ago. The purpose of the soap is used
as the cleaning agent for skin care, washing and so on. In chemistry studies, soap is the known
as fatty acid salt. The production of soap is involving the reaction between the treating vegetable
oil or animal fat with the strong base which is sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in an
aqueous solution. Basically, oil and fat that come form animal or vegetable are esters of
carboxylic acids (1) and contain triglycerides which is contain three molecules of fatty acid and
attach to the single molecule of glycerol. The reaction between triglycerides and lye solution
which is sodium hydroxides aqueous solution can be called as saponification process. In the
saponification process which is the reaction between triglycerides and aqueous sodium
hydroxide, they are produced soap and glycerol as show in fiqure1 below (2).

Figure 1. saponification process

Basically, soap have contained two parts which is polar group is the alkaline group (-
COO-Na+) and a non-polar group is the hydrocarbon group (R-hydrocarbon part) as show in
figure 2 below. The polar group is called the head of the molecule which is hydrophilic.
Hydrophilic is the water loving due to it nature which is alkaline can dissolve in water. The
non-polar group is called the tail which is hydrophobic. Hydrophobic is the water repelling in
nature due hydrocarbon properties insoluble in water (2).

Figure 2. molecules of soap

Result

 3ml of distilled water had been added

into graduated cylinder that contain
0.01g of soap and being shake
vigorously for 15 second

Figure 2.1

 Foam level after being shake and 30

second standing.

Figure 2.2

 The second observation had been

observed after adding 8 drops of 4%
calcium chloride solution and shake it
for 15 second.
 It show that the foam was decrease
and the solution become clear and
contain floc

Figure 2.3
  Third observation had been observed
and it show that the solution become
viscous.

Figure 2.4
Discussion

In chemistry studies, soap is the known as fatty acid salt and the purpose of the soap is
used as the cleaning agent for skin care, washing and so on. Soap contained two parts which is
polar group which is alkaline group (-COO-Na+) and a non-polar group which is hydrocarbon
group (R-hydrocarbon part). The polar group is called the head of the molecule which is
hydrophilic. Hydrophilic is the water loving due to it nature which is alkaline can dissolve in
water. The non-polar group is called the tail which is hydrophobic. Hydrophobic is the water
repelling in nature due hydrocarbon properties insoluble in water.
An experiment had been done which is This experiment begins by dissolved 0.25g of
sodium hydroxide in a mixture of 1.0 ml of distilled water and 1.0 ml of ethanol. Then, about
0.25 g of fat is placed into 50 ml conical flask and added the prepared sodium hydroxide
solution into the flask.. For the first observation, 3ml of distilled water had been added into
graduated cylinder that contain 0.01g of soap and being shake vigorously for 15 second. Based
on the result that had been shown in Figure 2.2, it show that the foam had been produce after
being shake and the foam level was 4ml. The formation of foam is because of the trapping
pockets of gas in solution. This foam had been formed in some conditions which is the
surfactants or active components that reduce the surface tension and this will cause the
formation of foam (Eastoe, 2000).
The second observation show that the foam was decreased and the solution become
clear and contain floc. This happen after 8 drops of 4% calcium chloride solution had been
added and being shake it for 15 second. The foam was decreased because of the chemical
reaction between soap and calcium chloride. The calcium chloride will affect or interfere the
cleansing property of soap (David,2000). This reaction will form chlorites with water and it
will gain the hardness of water and the foam level will be reduces. Since hard water has positive
charge, it will interact with soap solution which is negative charge and become no charge.
Lastly, 0.5g of trisodium phosphate had been added and being shake for 15 second.
According to Figure 2.4, it show that the solution become viscous. This is called double
replacement reaction or double displacement reaction. A double replacement reaction occur
when both positive ions compound or cation switch place with negative ions and formed two
new compounds. This is the reason why when trisodium phosphate reacted with calcium
chloride will become white precipitate and viscous.
Conclusion

In this experiment two objective has been set to achieve, the first objective is to
synthesize a sample of hard soap. For this objective the production of hard soap was done by
dissolve sodium hydroxide with distilled water and ethanol. Which then the mixture was been
dissolve under constant temperature around 100℃ of water bath heat the mixture and cover the
mouth of the flask with the aluminium foil to reduce the evaporation of water and alcohol during
heating process. By the end of the heating process, a precipitation was produced and a filter
paper was used to separate the precipitate with the solute. The precipitate obtain was the hard
soap sample. For the second objective which was to test the soap produced. For this objective
3 analysis has been conducted. As shown in the result of this study, all 3 analysis conducted
has proven that the precipitate produces was hard soap by observing the bubble produce in the
first analysis and The second analysis show that the foam was decreased and the solution
become clear and contain floc. Lastly the third analysis was about adding, 0.5g of trisodium
phosphate had been added and being shake for 15 second. According to Figure 2.4, it show that
the solution become viscous. All the objective of this experiment is achieved.
To further improve the study in the future it is recommended that during weighing the
amount of Sodium Hydroxide is been conducted correctly. Next is to make sure that the eye is
perpendicular with the solution level during pipetting the alcohol.
Reference

1. http://facweb.northseattle.edu/jpatterson/pdf/chem252p/252Preparation%20of%20%2
0Soap10.pdf
2. http://amrita.olabs.edu.in/?sub=73&brch=3&sim=119&cnt=1
3. J. Eastoe, J.S. Dalton, Dynamic surface tension and adsorption
mechanisms of surfactants at the air/water interface, Advances in Colloid
and Interface Science, 85, 2000, 103-144