No.

Temp Volume Volume Ethanol at Water at Ethanol at Water at Fraction Fraction

(0C) Heating Condensed Heating Heating Condensed Condensed of Ethanol of
Chamber (mL) Chamber Chamber (mL) (mL) in Liquid Ethanol
(mL) (mL) (mL) (x) in Gas (y)
1 80 1995 5 7 1990 0 1.8 0.00351 0
2 81 1921 79 13 1842 0 69.1 0.00677 0
3 82 1675 325 19 1350 3.2 306.9 0.01134 0.00985
4 83 1503 497 31 1006 9.9 455.4 0.02063 0.01992
5 84 1430 570 40 860 18.1 499.4 0.02797 0.03175
6 85 1346 654 53 692 41.6 521.9 0.03938 0.06361
7 86 1278 722 69 556 70.6 491.9 0.0531 0.09779
8 87 1247 753 90 494 132.1 438.9 0.07217 0.17543
9 88 1203 797 106 406 230.1 797 0.08811 0.28871
10 89 1137 863 129 274 314.1 863 0.11346 0.36397

T-x-y Diagram
90

89

88

87

86
Temperature (C)

85

84 Liquid

83 Gas

82

81

80

79
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
Fraction of Ethanol
ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION OF RESULTS

Binary distillation is possible if the components of a certain mixture hold a difference in density.
Also, the components of the mixture are distributed contrarily because of difference in volatility. This
separation process generates two products namely the condensate and the bottoms. The concentration
of the more volatile component is always higher (compared to the less volatile) in the vapor phase and
the same with the less volatile component in the liquid phase.

For this experiment, the whole process included steam distillation and rotary evaporation. In
place of the former, the ethanol-water mixture was heated by utilizing the heating mantle incorporated
in the setup; alongside, the water valve was opened to let the water flow into the condenser that will
aid the process of cooling and condensing the vapor once the required temperature was achieved.
Moreover, the temperature will be monitored by the digital thermometer connected into the heating
mantle.

The mixture was observed to start boiling at 78°C which sets this temperature as the bubble
point. At this point, the atmospheric pressure was exceeded by sum of the vapor pressures of the
components. After further heating, the first drop of the distillate was obtained at the temperature of
80°C making this the dew point of the process. Heating was sustained to further observe and obtain
distillate up to the last temperature for this process - 89°C. The component that is expected to be
dominant in the vapor phase is the ethanol since it has a lower boiling point (78.5°C) and water (100°C)
at the higher concentration in the liquid phase. For the range of 78-89°C, the process produced
condensate and bottoms. As per the evaluation of the products, the condensate was further processed
by the use of rotary evaporation and the bottoms back into the steam distillation setup. Through this
process, the distillate will be purified to ethanol and the bottoms to water alone.

For the rotary evaporation of the condensate from the prior process,

Based on the generated data, ethanol and water are distributed in vapor and liquid phases at
different temperatures. As the heating continues, the volume of the mixture in the heating chamber
gradually decreases because of vaporization. Also, a continuous increase in the mole fraction of ethanol
in the vapor and liquid phases was observed as temperature increases. This phenomenon is due to the
effectivity of the boiling point range of the ethanol - water mixture.

The effect of temperature to the fraction of ethanol in the said phases can be illustrated by a T-
x-y diagram. This graph is generated by plotting the fraction of ethanol, both in the liquid (x) and gas (y)
phase, versus temperature.

According to the T-x-y diagram, the fraction of ethanol in the gas phase is greater than that in
the liquid phase. This is another supporting detail of having the ethanol as the more volatile component.
Further, at 80 until 81°C there is already a value of x which is 0.00351 and 0.00677, respectively; but no
vapor. However, at 82°C, the first bubble of vapor was produced having a fraction of 0.00985 while y is
equal to 0.01134. And, at continuous vaporization of liquid which implies the increase in temperature,
the fractions (x and y) increase as well.