CHAPTER - 1

INTRODUCTION

The idea of home automation was initially thought of to remotely turn

devices on and off and thereafter with advancement the idea included provisions
of complete access to devices while the user may be miles away from the home,
may be elderly person or with a handicap. The implementation of home
automation may utilize variety of technologies that may have come in market
recently or have been in use over a longer period of time.

The home automation is made for several reasons of ease, security and
energy efficiency. Home automation is used to control electric appliance like air
conditioner, fan, bulb, gate and door lock etc. it can be control appliance within
home or anywhere. Home automation of appliance may be wired or wireless.
For our convenient we generally use wireless automation because of increasing
smart phones and tablets in recent years. The smart phone provide easy
connectivity with other devices. Through smart phones we can easily control
appliance through Bluetooth, NFC, WLAN, mobile internet etc. if we want to
control appliance from hundreds of mile away, we use internet to control our
appliance and within home we generally use Bluetooth or NFC.

Bluetooth is a standard way to connect the devices and eliminate the wire
between them. It is low power, low cost, and easily available device. Bluetooth
is available in many device like smart phone, tablet etc. Bluetooth technology is
easy to use and understand. Hence it could be used suitably in a cost effective
manner. The embedded system is connected to appliance in home and it is ready
to receive control through blue tooth receiver.

Any blue tooth enabled device (generally we use smart phone) is

connected to that embedded system and send command for controlling home

1
appliance. Bluetooth enabled Smartphone which is connected to embedded
system and send control through application installed in phone and which is
easily available on internet.

Today’s homes require sophistication control in its different gadgets

which are basically electronic appliances. This has revolutionized the area of
home automation with respect to an increased level of affordability and
simplicity through the integration of home appliances with smart phone and
tablet connectivity. Smart phones are already feature-perfect and can be made to
communicate to any other devices in an ad hoc network with a connectivity
options like Bluetooth. With the advent of mobile phones, Mobile applications
development has seen a major outbreak. Utilizing the opportunity of automating
tasks for a smart home, mobile phone commonly found in normal household
can be joined in a temporary network inside a home with the electronic
equipments.

Android, by Google Inc. provides the platform for the development of the
mobile applications for the Android devices. Home automation system is a
mobile application developed using Android targeting its vast market which will
be beneficial for the masses. According to the International Data Corporation
(IDC) Worldwide Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, Android maintained its
leadership position in global market share. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless
communication technology that comes in handy as the solution while
communicating over an ad hoc network environment like the home environment
for connecting the home appliances with the mobile phones. Bluetooth works
over 2.4 GHz frequency range up to the range of 100 m with 1 Mbps speed,
providing a safe and efficient solution for controlling home automation.

2
 CHAPTER - 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

2.1 Multi Control Chandelier Operations Using XBee for Home

Automation

Home automation systems aim to control all home activities and functionalities.
Control can be done through a remote control that sends command signals
wirelessly by means of infrared radiation, Bluetooth connectivity, or any other
RF technology as well as via internet or GSM communication. The controlled
target devices usually include domestic appliances, security and safety systems,
HVAC systems, home theatre, lights, and many other home tasks. In this study,
we design, program, and implement a light chandelier with multiple
functionalities. The operational modalities comprise manual and remote on/off,
different working timers, daylight, romance option, light dimming, party style,
on/off luminosity turning, password keys, and motion detection. The chandelier
remote control uses XBee transceivers that fulfill secure commands and prevent
any interference between similar systems. The remote control realization is
based on PIC 16F877A microcontroller and supported by an LCD to display
notifications.

3
2.2 Android mobile based home security and device control using
GSM

A home automation technique based on ARM controller. This technique uses an

IR sensor to detect the person. If the IR sensor detects a person then the keypad
will be activated to enter the pass code. A SMS will be sent to the owner for
authentication. Depending on the owner’s replay the door will open. If the
person enters a wrong password, an intimation message will be sent to the
owner and at the mean time buzzer will be activated. Android application is
used to control the electrical appliances. The firmware for this paper is written
in embedded ‘C’ language and the machine codes for the program are stored in
the non-volatile flash memory of the embedded controller.

4
2.3 Home Automation Using Raspberry Pi through Siri Enabled
Mobile Devices

Home automation is a system that has the technology to control devices

automatically in order to convene the desires of security, comfort and
efficiency. On the other hand, voice-based digital assistant such as Apple’s Siri
provides a location independent access to the Internet and local networks. This
study focuses on implementing a home automation system through Siri’s
capability of speech recognition and through Raspberry Pi as a low cost control
system to automate home devices, namely the air cooler, door, lights, TV and
window. Siri Proxy is installed on the Raspberry Pi as a proxy server for Siri.
By developing a Siri Proxy plug-in, a set of commands for home automation
could be custom-made by the user. Mobile communication and home
automation technologies are mature and adequate devices capable and available.
The existing standards for home automation and building services define
gateways to RF and IP networks. Several systems support the integration of
specific mobile terminals and smart phone applications, which can connect to
home automation systems. The disadvantage of existing systems and
applications is that the integration of smart phones is not trivial. In most cases
special hardware, which matches the used system or application, and skilled
technicians are necessary for integration and configuration purposes.

5
2.4 Employing Cross-Platform Smart Home Control System with
IOT Technology Based

The proposed method changes the original remote controller for home
appliances become IOT (internet of things) technology-based and cross-
platform control by the smart phone remote wireless control. In our research,
smart phone will replace the traditional remote control operation. When the
controller press mobile Web App, in addition to the circuit module will emitting
infrared signals, our hardware module will also upload information to the cloud
database. Such an innovative approach would be able to provide accurate
monitoring by real-time monitoring status and real-time analysis. In the
proposed smart home embedded system, data sent back from each sensor inside
the household can be instantaneously analyzed; Furthermore, the use of
Network Address Translation (NAT) technology to control remotely via the
Internet. In terms of the construction process of the smart factory system, this
dissertation proposes an instantaneous method that carries out the monitoring of
factory area temperature, humidity and air quality using smart mobile phone. At
the same time, the system detects potential flame, analyze and monitor power
loading. These monitoring also include shock detection of operating machines
in factory premises. The study proposes integrating ZigBee and Wi-Fi protocol
smart monitoring system in the structure of the whole factory. Via ZigBee
communication Protocol, the sensors in the factory transmit messages and the
instantaneously detected data to the integrated regulating system. Lastly, this
research study will, in depth, analyse hands-on problems generated during
instantaneous integration of signal packing for various communication
protocols. As well as composing the know-how of overcoming these problems
using the innovative methods of this study while proposing efficient solution
schemes. The above become the greatest features in the building of this
integrated regulation system.

6
2.5 Microcontroller Based Home Automation System Using
Bluetooth, GSM, Wi-Fi and DTMF

Automation is a system that plays a significant role in the ubiquitous

economics. Engineers combat to consolidate automated devices with functional
instruments to make complicated systems for a fast expanding range of
applications and human activities. This paper represents a low cost, flexible and
standalone home automation system. We can control home appliances from
outdoor also from indoor locations. We have used a PIR (Passive Infrared
Sensor) in this system that detects an intruder. All Electrical loads are
automated in this system. There is also an internet module that is used to notify
the status of home appliances using Twitter. The advantage of the internet
module is that the home appliances can be controlled from anywhere in the
world. The systems also use the DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)
technology for the calling system, so the home appliances can be controlled by
calling and pressing buttons of mobile devices. Using this system, physically
weak people can control home appliances from anywhere. This system can be
implemented in houses, offices, hospitals, industries, or even in universities.
The user interface is kept simple, so users from beginner to advanced level
internet users can use the system without problem.

7
2.6 Monitoring and Controlling Power Using Zigbee
Communications

Smart grid is a modified form of electrical grid where generation, transmission,

distribution and customers are not only connected electrically but also through
strong communication network with each other as well as with market,
operation and service provider. For achieving good communication link among
them, it is very necessary to find suitable protocol. In this paper, we discuss
different hardware techniques for power monitoring, power management and
remote power controlling at home and transmission side and also discuss the
suitability of Zigbee for required communication link. Zigbee has major role in
monitoring and direct load controlling for efficient power utilization. It covers
enough area needed for communication and it works on low data rate of
20𝐾𝑏𝑝𝑠 to 250𝐾𝑏𝑝𝑠 with minimum power consumption. This paper describes
the user friendly control home appliances, power on/off through the internet,
PDA using Graphical User Interface (GUI) and through GSM cellular mobile
phone.

8
2.7 Using Bluetooth in a system for integrated control of home
digital network devices

In the paper new application of the Bluetooth wireless protocol is presented.

Bluetooth is used as an element of the system for integrated, centralized control
of the digital devices in the multimedia home platform. Main part of the system
is multimedia gateway with the HTTP Server inside. In the system there are also
Personal Communication Assistants (PCA), special kind of the remote control
with Bluetooth protocol applied to then!. PCA is used to communicate between
user and h4ultimedia Gateway. The aim of the system is centralization of
Services in the rnulti media gateway using the servlet technology.

9
 CHAPTER – 3

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

3.1 ARDUINO CONTROLLER

The Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328. It has 14

digital input/output pins (of which 6 can be used as PWM outputs), 6 analog
inputs, a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the
microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it
with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started. The Uno differs from all
preceding boards in that it does not use the FTDI USB-to-serial driver chip.
Instead, it features the Atmega8U2 programmed as a USB-to-serial converter.
FEATURES

• 8-bit serial input

• 8-bit serial or parallel output

• Storage register with 3-state outputs

• Shift register with direct clear

• 100 MHz (typ) shift out frequency

• Output capability:

– parallel outputs; bus driver

– serial output; standard

• ICC category: MSI

10
 The Arduino Uno can be powered via the USB connection or with an
external power supply. The power source is selected automatically. External
(non-USB) power can come either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or
battery. The adapter can be connected by plugging a 2.1mm center-positive plug
into the board's power jack. Leads from a battery can be inserted in the Gnd and
Vin pin headers of the POWER connector.

The board can operate on an external supply of 6 to 20 volts. If supplied

with less than 7V, however, the 5V pin may supply less than five volts and the
board may be unstable. If using more than 12V, the voltage regulator may
overheat and damage the board. The recommended range is 7 to 12 volts.

11
• VIN The input voltage to Arduino board when it's using an external power
source (as opposed to 5 volts from the USB connection or other regulated power
source). You can supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via
the power jack, access it through this pin.

• 5V The regulated power supply used to power the microcontroller and other
components on the board. This can come either from VIN via an on-board
regulator, or be supplied by USB or another regulated 5V supply.

• 3V3 A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw is 50 mA.

• GND. Ground pins.

Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial
data. These pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2
USB-to-TTL Serial chip .

• External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an

interrupt on a low value, arising or falling edge, or a change in value. See the
attachInterrupt() function for details.

• PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output with the
analogWrite() function.

• SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI

communication, which although provided by the underlying hardware, is not
currently included in the Arduino language.

• LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is
HIGH value, the LED is on, when the pin is LOW, it's off.

12
ARDUINO PIN DIAGRAM:

13
Communication:

The Arduino Uno has a number of facilities for communicating with a

computer, another Arduino, or other microcontrollers. The ATmega328
provides UART TTL (5V) serial communication, which is available on digital
pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). An ATmega16U2 on the board channels this serial
communication over USB and appears as a virtual com port to software on the
computer. The '16U2 firmware uses the standard USB COM drivers, and no
external driver is needed. However, on Windows, a .inf file is required. The
Arduino software includes a serial monitor which allows simple textual data to
be sent to and from the Arduino board.

The RX and TX LEDs on the board will flash when data is being
transmitted via the USB-to-serial chip and USB connection to the computer (but
not for serial communication on pins 0 and 1). A SoftwareSerial library allows
for serial communication on any of the Uno's digital pins. The ATmega328 also
supports I2C (TWI) and SPI communication. The Arduino software includes a
Wire library to simplify use of the I2C bus; see the documentation for details.
For SPI communication, use the SPI library.

Programming:

The Arduino Uno can be programmed with the Arduino software

(download). Select "Arduino Uno from the Tools > Board menu (according to
the microcontroller on your board). For details, see the reference and tutorials.
The ATmega328 on the Arduino Uno comes preburned with a bootloader that
allows you to upload new code to it without the use of an external hardware
programmer. It communicates using the original STK500 protocol (reference, C
header files). You can also bypass the bootloader and program the
microcontroller through the ICSP (In-Circuit Serial Programming) header; see
these instructions for details. The ATmega16U2 (or 8U2 in the rev1 and rev2

14
boards) firmware source code is available . The ATmega16U2/8U2 is loaded
with a DFU bootloader, which can be activated by:

 On Rev1 boards: connecting the solder jumper on the back of the board (near
the map of Italy) and then resetting the 8U2.

 On Rev2 or later boards: there is a resistor that pulling the 8U2/16U2 HWB
line to ground, making it easier to put into DFU mode. You can then use
Atmel's FLIP software (Windows) or the DFU programmer (Mac OS X and
Linux) to load a new firmware. Or you can use the ISP header with an external
programmer (overwriting the DFU bootloader). See this user-contributed
tutorial for more information.

3.2 RELAY:

Relay is an electrically operated switch. Current flowing through the coil

of the relay creates a magnetic field which attracts a lever and changes the
switch contacts. The coil current can be on or off so relays have two switch
positions and they are double throw (changeover) switches. Relays allow one
circuit to switch a second circuit which can be completely separate from the
first. For example a low voltage battery circuit can use a relay to switch a 230V
AC mains circuit. There is no electrical connection inside the relay between the
two circuits; the link is magnetic and mechanical.

The coil of a relay passes a relatively large current, typically 30mA for a 12V
relay, but it can be as much as 100mA for relays designed to operate from lower
voltages. Most ICs (chips) cannot provide this current and a transistor is usually
used to amplify the small IC current to the larger value required for the relay
coil.

15
 Relays are usually SPDT or DPDT but they can have many more sets of
switch contacts, for example relays with 4 sets of changeover contacts are
readily available. Most relays are designed for PCB mounting but you can
solder wires directly to the pins providing you take care to avoid melting the
plastic case of the relay. The picture shows a working relay with its coil and
switch contacts. You can see a lever on the left being attracted by magnetism
when the coil is switched on. This lever moves the switch contacts. There is one
set of contacts (SPDT) in the foreground and another behind them, making the
relay DPDT.

The relay's switch connections are usually labeled COM, NC and NO:

 COM = Common, always connect to this, it is the moving part of the

switch.
 NC = Normally Closed, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is
off.
16
  NO = Normally Open, COM is connected to this when the relay coil is
on.

Schematic diagram:

Schematic explanation:

This circuit is designed to control the load. The load may be motor or
any other load. The load is turned ON and OFF through relay. The relay ON
and OFF is controlled by the pair of switching transistors (BC 547). The relay is
connected in the Q2 transistor collector terminal. A Relay is nothing but
electromagnetic switching device which consists of three pins. They are
Common, Normally close (NC) and Normally open (NO).

 The relay common pin is connected to supply voltage. The normally

open (NO) pin connected to load. When high (5 Volt)pulse signal is given
to base of the Q1 transistors, the transistor is conducting and shorts the
collector and emitter terminal and zero (0 Volt)signals is given to base of
the Q2 transistor. So the relay is turned OFF state.

17
  When low pulse is given to base of transistor Q1 transistor,
the transistor is turned OFF. Now 12v is given to base of Q2 transistor so
the transistor is conducting and relay is turned ON. Hence the common
terminal and NO terminal of relay are shorted. Now load gets the supply
voltage through relay.

Voltage Signal from Transistor Q1 Transistor Q2 Relay

Microcontroller or PC

1 on off off

0 off on on

3.3 Power supply

Block diagram

Block diagram (Power supply)

The ac voltage, typically 220V rms, is connected to a transformer, which

steps that ac voltage down to the level of the desired dc output. A diode rectifier
then provides a full-wave rectified voltage that is initially filtered by a simple
capacitor filter to produce a dc voltage. This resulting dc voltage usually has
some ripple or ac voltage variation. A regulator circuit removes the ripples and
also remains the same dc value even if the input dc voltage varies. This voltage
regulation is usually obtained using one of the popular voltage regulator IC
units.

18
Schematic diagram

Working principle

Transformer

The potential transformer will step down the power supply voltage (0-
230V) to (0-15V and 0-9V) a level. If the secondary has less turns in the coil
then the primary, the secondary coil's voltage will decrease and the current or
AMPS will increase or decreased depend upon the wire gauge. This is called a
STEP-DOWN transformer. Then the secondary of the potential transformer
will be connected to the rectifier.

Bridge rectifier

When four diodes are connected as shown in figure, the circuit is called
as bridge rectifier. The input to the circuit is applied to the diagonally opposite
corners of the network, and the output is taken from the remaining two corners.

19
 Let us assume that the transformer is working properly and there is a
positive potential, at point A and a negative potential at point B. the positive
potential at point A will forward bias D3 and
reverse bias D4.

The negative potential at point B will

forward bias D1 and reverse D2. At this time D3
and D1 are forward biased and will allow current
flow to pass through them; D4 and D2 are
reverse biased and will block current flow. The path for current flow is from
point B through D1, up through Load, through D3, through the secondary of
the transformer back to point B.

One-half cycle later the polarity across the secondary of the transformer
reverse, forward biasing D2 and D4 and reverse biasing D1 and D3. Current
flow will now be from point A through D4, up through Load, through D2,
through the secondary of transformer, and back to point A. Across D2 and D4.
The current flow through Load is always in the same direction. In flowing
through Load this current develops a voltage corresponding to that. Since
current flows through the load during both half cycles of the applied voltage,
this bridge rectifier is a full-wave rectifier.

One advantage of a bridge rectifier over a conventional full-wave rectifier

is that with a given transformer the bridge rectifier produces a voltage output
that is nearly twice that of the conventional half-wave circuit.
This bridge rectifier always drops 1.4Volt of the input voltage because of the
diode. We are using 1N4007 PN junction diode, its cut off region is 0.7Volt.
So any two diodes are always conducting, total drop voltage is 1.4 volt.

20
Filter
If a Capacitor is
added in parallel with
the load resistor of a
Rectifier to form a
simple Filter Circuit, the
output of the Rectifier
will be transformed into
a more stable DC Voltage. At first, the capacitor is charged to the peak value of
the rectified Waveform. Beyond the peak, the capacitor is discharged through
the load until the time at which the rectified voltage exceeds the
capacitor voltage. Then the capacitor is charged again and the process repeats
itself.

IC voltage regulators

Voltage regulators comprise a class of widely used ICs. Regulator

IC units contain the circuitry for reference source, comparator amplifier, control
device, and overload protection all in a single IC. IC units provide regulation of
either a fixed positive voltage, a fixed negative voltage, or an adjustably set
voltage.

A fixed three-terminal voltage regulator has an unregulated dc input

voltage, it is applied to one input terminal, a regulated dc output voltage from a
third terminal, with the second terminal connected to ground.

The series 78 regulators provide fixed positive regulated voltages from 5

to 24 volts. Similarly, the series 79 regulators provide fixed negative regulated
voltages from 5 to 24 volts.

21
 This is a regulated power supply circuit using the 78xx IC series. These
regulators can deliver current around 1A to 1.5A at a fix voltage levels. The
common regulated voltages are 5V, 6V, 8V, 9V, 10V, 12V, 15V, 18V, and 24V.
It is important to add capacitors across the input and output of the regulator IC
to improve the regulation.

In this circuit we are using 7805 and 7812 regulator so it converts

variable dc into constant positive 5V and 12V power supply respectively.

3.4 LCD

It is a flat-panel display or other electronic visual display that uses the

light-modulating properties of liquid crystals. Liquid crystals do not emit light
directly.

LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose

computer display) or fixed images with low information content, which can be
displayed or hidden, such as preset words, digits, and 7-segment displays as in
a digital clock. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images
are made up of a large number of small pixels, while other displays have larger
elements.

LCDs are used in a wide range of applications including computer monitors,

televisions, instrument panels, aircraft cockpit displays, and signage. They are
common in consumer devices such as DVD players, gaming
devices, clocks,watches, calculators, and telephones, and have replaced cathode
ray tube (CRT) displays in nearly all applications. They are available in a wider
range of screen sizes than CRT and plasma displays, and since they do not use
phosphors, they do not suffer image burn-in. LCDs are, however, susceptible
to image persistence.

22
ILLUMINATION:

LCD panels produce no light of their own, they require external light to
produce a visible image. In a "transmissive" type of LCD, this light is provided
at the back of the glass "stack" and is called the backlight. While passive-matrix
displays are usually not backlit (e.g. calculators, wristwatches), active-matrix
displays almost always.

The common implementations of LCD backlight technology are:

18 parallel CCFLs as backlight for a 42-inch LCD TV

23
PIN DIAGRAM

CCFL: The LCD panel is lit either by two cold cathode fluorescent
lamps placed at opposite edges of the display or an array of parallel CCFLs
behind larger displays. A diffuser then spreads the light out evenly across the
whole display. For many years, this technology had been used almost
exclusively. Unlike white LEDs, most CCFLs have an even-white spectral
output resulting in better color gamut for the display. However, CCFLs are less
energy efficient than LEDs and require a somewhat costly inverter to convert
whatever DC voltage the device uses (usually 5 or 12 V) to ~1000 V needed to
light a CCFL. The thickness of the inverter transformers also limit how thin the
display can be made.

WLED array: The LCD panel is lit by a full array of white LEDs placed
behind a diffuser behind the panel. LCDs that use this implementation will
usually have the ability to dim the LEDs in the dark areas of the image being
displayed, effectively increasing the contrast ratio of the display. As of 2012,
this design gets most of its use from upscale, larger-screen LCD televisions.

RGB-LED: Similar to the WLED array, except the panel is lit by a full
array of RGB LEDs. While displays lit with white LEDs usually have a poorer
color gamut than CCFL lit displays, panels lit with RGB LEDs have very wide
color gamuts.

24
 EL-WLED: The LCD panel is lit by a row of white LEDs placed at one
or more edges of the screen. A light diffuser is then used to spread the light
evenly across the whole display. As of 2012, this design is the most popular one
in desktop computer monitors. It allows for the thinnest displays. Some LCD
monitors using this technology have a feature called "Dynamic Contrast" where
the backlight is dimmed to the brightest color that appears on the screen,
allowing the 1000:1 contrast ratio of the LCD panel to be scaled to different
light intensities, resulting in the "30000:1" contrast ratios seen in the advertising
on some of these monitors.

25
Connection to other circuit:

A pink elastomeric connector mating an LCD panel to circuit board

LCD panels typically use thinly-coated metallic conductive pathways on

a glass substrate to form the cell circuitry to operate the panel. It is usually not
possible to use soldering techniques to directly connect the panel to a separate
copper-etched circuit board.

Instead, interfacing is accomplished using either adhesive plastic ribbon

with conductive traces glued to the edges of the LCD panel, or with
an elastomeric connector, which is a strip of rubber or silicone with alternating
layers of conductive and insulating pathways, pressed between contact pads on
the LCD and mating contact pads on a circuit board.

Specifications:

Resolution versus range: Fundamentally resolution is the granularity (or

number of levels) with which a performance feature of the display is divided.
Resolution is often confused with range or the total end-to-end output of the
display. Each of the major features of a display has both a resolution and a
range that are tied to each other but very different. Frequently the range is an

26
inherent limitation of the display while the resolution is a function of the
electronics that make the display work.

Spatial performance:

LCDs come in only one size for a variety of applications and a variety of
resolutions within each of those applications. LCD spatial performance is also
sometimes described in terms of a "dot pitch". The size (or spatial range) of an
LCD is always described in terms of the diagonal distance from one corner to its
opposite. This is an historical remnant from the early days of CRT television
when CRT screens were manufactured on the bottoms of glass bottles, a direct
extension of cathode ray tubes used in oscilloscopes. The diameter of the bottle
determined the size of the screen. Later, when televisions went to a more square
format, the square screens were measured diagonally to compare with the older
round screens.

Temporal/timing performance:

Contrary to spatial performance, temporal performance is a feature

where smaller is better. Specifically, the range is the pixel response time of an
LCD, or how quickly a sub-pixel's brightness changes from one level to another.
For LCD monitors, this is measured in btb (black to black) or gtg (gray to gray).
These different types of measurements make comparison difficult.[54] Further,
this number is almost never published in sales advertising.

Advantages:

 Very compact and light.

 Low power consumption. Depending on the set display brightness and
content being displayed, the older CCFT backlit models typically use 30–

27
 50% of the power a CRT monitor of the same size viewing area would use,
and the modern LED backlit models typically use 10–25% of the power a
CRT monitor would use.
 Very little heat emitted during operation, due to low power consumption.
 No geometric distortion.
 The possible ability to have little or no flicker depending on backlight
technology.
 Usually no refresh-rate flicker, because the LCD pixels hold their state
between refreshes (which are usually done at 200 Hz or faster, regardless of
the input refresh rate).
 Is very thin compared to a CRT monitor, which allows the monitor to be
placed farther back from the user, reducing close-focusing related eye-strain.
 Razor sharp image with no bleeding/smearing when operated at native
resolution.
 Emits much less undesirable electromagnetic radiation than a CRT monitor
(in the extremely low frequency range).
 Can be made in almost any size or shape.
 No theoretical resolution limit. When multiple LCD panels are used together
to create a single canvas, each additional panel increases the total resolution
of the display, which is commonly called “stacked” resolution.
 Can be made to large sizes (more than 60 inches (150 cm)) lightly and
relatively inexpensively due to established mass production.
 Masking effect: the LCD grid can mask the effects of spatial and grayscale
quantization, creating the illusion of higher image quality.
 Unconstrained by geographical (hemispheric) location of device with respect
to Earth's magnetic field.
 As an inherently digital device, the LCD can natively display digital data
from a DVI or HDMI connection without requiring conversion to analog.

28
 Some LCD panels have native fiber optic inputs in addition to DVI and
HDMI.
 Many LCD monitors are powered by an external 12 V power supply, which
means that (with a proper cable) they can also be run directly on one of the
computer's 12 V power supply outputs, removing the overhead and
quiescent power consumption of the monitor's own power supply. This can
increase the power efficiency, especially if the computer has a high-
efficiency PFC power supply.

Disadvantages:

 Limited viewing angle in some (mostly older or cheap) monitors, causing

color, saturation, contrast and brightness to vary, even within the intended
viewing angle, by variations in posture.
 Uneven backlighting in some (mostly older) monitors, causing brightness
distortion, especially toward the edges.
 Black levels may appear unacceptably bright because individual liquid
crystals cannot completely block all light from passing through.

3.5Bluetooth Module

HC-05 module is an easy to use Bluetooth SPP (Serial Port Protocol) module,
designed for transparent wireless serial connection setup. Serial port Bluetooth
module is fully qualified Bluetooth V2.0+EDR (Enhanced Data Rate) 3Mbps
Modulation with complete 2.4GHz radio transceiver and baseband. It uses CSR
Blue core 04-External single chip Bluetooth system with CMOS technology and
with AFH (Adaptive Frequency Hopping Feature). It has the footprint as small

29
as 12.7mmx27mm. Hope it will simplify your overall design/development
cycle.

30
Specifications

Hardware features

 Typical ‐80dBm sensitivity.

 Up to +4dBm RF transmit power.

 Low Power 1.8V Operation, 3.3 to 5 V I/O.

 PIO control.

 UART interface with programmable baud rate.

 With integrated antenna.

 With edge connector

Software features

 Slave default Baud rate: 9600, Data bits:8, Stop bit:1,Parity:No parity.

 PIO9 and PIO8 can be connected to red and blue led separately. When
master and slave are paired, red and blue led blinks 1time/2s in interval,
while disconnected only blue led blinks 2times/s.

 Auto‐connect to the last device on power as default.

 Permit pairing device to connect as default.

 Auto‐pairing PINCODE:” 1234” as default.

 Auto‐reconnect in 30 min when disconnected as a result of beyond the

range of connection

31
PIN DESCRIPTION:

32
BLUETOOTH WORKING

In principle, HC-06 can work when UART_TXD, UART_RXD, VCC

and GND are connected. However, for better testing results, connecting LED
and KEY are recommended (when testing the master). Where, the 3.3V TXD of
MCU connects to HC-06’s UART_RXD, the 3.3V RXD of MCU connects to
HC-06’s UART_TXD, and 3.3V power and GND should be connected. Then
the minimum system is finished. Note that, the PIN2:UART_RXD of Bluetooth
module has no pull-up resistor. If the MCU TXD doesn’t have pull-up function,
then user should add a pull-up resistor to the UART_RXD. It may be easy to be
ignored.

If there are two MCU which connect to master and slave device
respectively, then before paired (LED will flicker) user can send AT commands
by serial port when the system is power on. Please refer to HC-04 and HC-06’s
data sheet for detailed commands. In the last chapter, the command set will be
introduced. Please pay attention to that the command of HC-04/HC-06 doesn’t
have terminator. For example, consider the call command, sending out AT is
already enough, need not add the CRLF (carriage return line feed).

If the LED is constant lighting, it indicates the pairing is finished. The

two MCUs can communicate with each other by serial port. User can think there
is a serial port line between two MCUs.

Pin description:

Application circuit (connect to the 3.3V system)

33
Application circuit (connect to 5V serial system or PC serial)

34
AT command test

This chapter introduces some common commands in use. The detail

introduction about HC-05 command is in HC-0305 AT command set.

Enter to AT mode:

Way1: Supply power to module and input high level to PIN34 at the same time,
the module will enter to AT mode with the baud rate-38400.

Way2: In the first step, supply power to module; In the second step, input high
level to PIN34. Then the module will enter to AT mode with the baud rate-
9600. Way1 is recommended.

Command structure: all command should end up with “\r\n” (Hex: 0X0D X0A)
as the terminator. If the serial helper is installed, user just need enter “ENTER”
key at the end of command.

Reset the master-slave role command:

AT+ROLE=0 ----Set the module to be salve mode. The default mode is salve.

AT+ROLE=1 ----Set the module to be master mode.

Set memory command:

AT+CMODE=1

Set the module to make pair with the other random Bluetooth module (Not
specified address). The default is this mode.

AT+CMODE=1

Set the module to make pair with the other Bluetooth module (specified
address). If set the module to make pair with random one first, then set the

35
module to make pair with the Bluetooth module has specified address. Then the
module will search the last paired module until the module is found.

Reset the password command

AT+PSWD=XXXX

Set the module pair password. The password must be 4-bits.

36
 CHAPTER – 4

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Nowadays, people have smart phones with them all the time. So it makes
sense to use these to control home appliances. Presented here is a home
automation system using a simple Android app, which you can use to control
electrical appliances with clicks or voice commands. Commands are sent via
Bluetooth to Arduino Uno. So you need not get up to switch on or switch off the
device while watching a movie or doing some work.

The home automation circuit is built around Arduino Uno board,

Bluetooth module HC-05 and a 3-channel relay board. The number of channels
depends on the number of appliances you wish to control. Arduino Uno is
powered with a 12V DC adaptor/power source. The relay module and Bluetooth
module can be, in turn, powered using a board power supply of Arduino Uno.
Author’s prototype is shown in Fig. Connection details for each appliance are
shown.

Bluetooth module used in this project is HC-05 which supports master

and slave mode serial communication (9600-115200 bps) SPP and UART
interface. Using these features it can communicate with other Bluetooth-enabled
devices like mobile phones, tablets and laptops. The module runs on 3.3V to 5V
power supply.

You are now ready to control the appliances using the app. You can either
use on/off buttons or voice commands to control the appliances. You can
control more electrical appliances by increasing the number of channels in the
relay. For instance, using an 8-channel relay, you can control up to eight
devices. For this, you need to alter the source code by adding input commands
and voice commands to control the devices.

37
 BLOCK DIAGRAM:

TRANSMITTER:

LCD

RELAY 1 LAMP 1
BLUETOOTH

RELAY 2 LAMP 3
ARDUINO

MICRO CONTROLLER
RELAY 3 LAMP 3

RECEIVER:

ANDROID

MOBILE

38
39
 CHAPTER – 5

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Today’s homes require sophistication control in its different gadgets

which are basically electronic appliances .This has revolutionized the area of
home automation with respect to an increased level of affordability and
simplicity through the integration of home appliances with smart phone and
tablet connectivity. Smart phones are already feature-perfect and can be made to
communicate to any other devices in an ad hoc network with a connectivity
options like Bluetooth With the advent of mobile phones, Mobile applications
development has seen a major outbreak. Utilizing the opportunity of automating
tasks for a smart home, mobile phone commonly found in normal household
can be joined in a temporary network inside a home with the electronic
equipments. Android, by Google Inc. provides the platform for the development
of the mobile applications for the Android devices. Home automation system is
a mobile application developed using Android targeting its vast market which
will be beneficial for the masses.

According to the International Data Corporation (IDC) Worldwide

Quarterly Mobile Phone Tracker, Android maintained its leadership position in
global market share. Bluetooth is a short-range wireless communication
technology that comes in handy as the solution while communicating over an ad
hoc network environment like the home environment for connecting the home
appliances with the mobile phones. Bluetooth works over 2.4 GHz frequency
range up to the range of 100 m with 1 Mbps speed, providing a safe and
efficient solution for controlling home automation.

The hardware model has been developed. The mobile device i s able to
communicate approximately ten feet away from the microcontroller through
concrete walls. The total time from initiation of a lock/unlock to action was
approximately one second. This could be shortened through use of lesser delays
40
in the program and the delays are left long in this developed model to ensure
that data was sent successfully. The hardware was modified to draw power from
a 120V to 12V transformer that is obtainable, Thus it could be added to any
existing structure. To keep all the electronics relatively stable, the normal
convention of the locking pin in the door was ignored. Instead, the linear
actuator was placed in the door jamb, along with the microcontroller and key
switch.

For demonstration purposes, and to avoid major construction work on the

building, a mock door approximately half the size of a standard door was
constructed. It consisted of several feet of a false wall, the door jamb, and the
door itself. The false wall housed the linear actuator, microcontroller and other
necessary circuitry. Since no door this size is available, it had to be constructed.
Building both the door and the jamb led to the issue of having them both square,
which was a major consideration throughout the construction process. The
frame was made as square as possible, but was not entirely sturdy because it
was not part of a larger structure. There was some resistance when the door was
opened or closed, but this did not seem to detract from the true purpose of the
project. This was thought to be the best solution for demonstration because it
was very easy to install and repair the electronics and was portable, so that the
project could be demonstrated anywhere with ease.

Two major problems arose in the development of this project. The

original program prototype for both the mobile device and the microcontroller
only communicated a single character to toggle a LED on the microcontroller
proto board. The mobile device user interface consisted on a single button to
transmit the character because the MAC address of the microcontroller was hard
coded in. Some problems arose when the second version of the mobile device
program was developed. The mobile device was reading and writing to its
buffers to quickly and losing data.

41
 An addition of a delay to the source code of the application fixed this
problem. This problem did not occur in the microcontroller because delays had
already been added to that code. Another problem arose in the choice of a
suitable resistor value for the transistor array. It had to be a relatively small
value, approximately 30 Ω, to supply enough current. While that value was on
hand, it would quickly burn up because it drew too much power. This problem
was overcome by the use of six 180Ω resistors that were placed in parallel.

This system provides a wireless remote control solution for controlling

the lights and fan via Bluetooth capable handheld devices such as Smartphone,
42
adding convenience and also reducing electricity wastage. While this concept is
not new, all of this only appeals to tech savvy user, due to the complexity,
feature and price, which are not important for this project target user. In this
project, appliances such as light and fan that connected to the Main Control Unit
(MCU) still can be controlled remotely from a computer screen or a smart
phone. This is performed by using a very simplistic Graphical User Interface
(Graphical User Interface, GUI), which is easily used and understandable for
the target user. This system can also be equipped with the monitoring function
by including a web camera to the MCU for a live video feed, or from wearable
electronics wore by the user which for example include heartbeat sensor.

The system that consists of the main units; the MCU which includes
micro controller and Input / Output Interface (IOI) unit. micro controller, which
has the size of a credit card, is equipped with ARM microprocessor and has all
the common ports of a normal PC or laptops, such as video and audio out,
HDMI port for high definition display, two USB host port and a RJ-45 Local
Area Network (LAN) port. The USB port is connected to a Wi-Fi dongle to add
wireless connectivity to the MCU. What differentiates the micro controller with
normal everyday computer is the availability of general purpose input-output
port (GPIO) which allows easy connectivity with external hardware that makes
home automation easier. The GPIO are then connected to the IOI unit which
contains the switching circuit and power ports for easy appliances installation.

The GUI designed and created using Python Tkinter. It act as the medium
between the user and the MCU for both control and monitoring the current
status of the home appliances connected to the IOI unit, and also for
surveillance and security monitoring using the webcam. In this prototype
system, it has two different outputs, which is the light, fan and one input, which
is the webcam. For the light, user able to turn it on or off while for the fan, user
can also control the speed either speed 1, speed 2 or speed 3 according to his

43
requirements. Moreover, the web camera is also placed in the system for
monitoring purposes and can be placed at any desired point or location.

For this home automation and security system we are targeting Android
platform since it has huge market and open source. Android is a software stack
for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key
applications. Android Applications are made in a Java-like language running on
a virtual machine called „ Dalvik ‟ created by Google. The Android SDK
provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the
Android platform.

44
Android Application program implemented on an Android based Bluetooth
enabled mobile phone, and an 8 bit microcontroller based relay driver circuit
with Serial Bluetooth Module, which is able to communicate with the Home
Appliances over Bluetooth link. The system is based on serial data transmission
using Bluetooth wireless communication in order to facilitate on wireless
communication. Android enabled mobile phone offers system connection and
control utilities.

45
46
 This section describes the technologies used for developing the
mobile phone application of the Home Automation System. The mobile phone
application development presented in this paper is based on the following
technologies: Android, Bluetooth. Android is a platform developing on mobile
devices supporting it. Bluetooth has its own benchmark as a wireless
communication technology for permanent and itinerant devices. Combining the
power of Bluetooth, the best known and used wireless tech short range
communication provide a facility to create Android based mobile applications
using the Bluetooth Wireless Technology. The Android Bluetooth specification
Android is everywhere. Present days Phones, Tablets, Android will be in cars,
in in-flight entertainment systems on planes, and even in Android was originally
created by Andy Rubin as an operating system for mobile phone twenty-first
century. In 2005, Google acquired Android Inc., and made Andy Rubin the
Director of Mobile Platforms for Google. Many think the acquisition was
largely in response to the emergence of the Apple iPhone around that time;
however, there were enough other large players, such as RIM Blackberry, Nokia
Symbian, and Microsoft Windows Mobile, that it seemed a salient business
decision for Google to purchase the talent and intellectual property necessary to
assert the company into this emerging space.

Bluetooth link

The system is based on serial data transmission using Bluetooth wireless

communication in order to facilitate the appliances control in a HAS. This
system ensures a secured exchange of data on wireless communication. It also
supports conventional ON/OFF system of appliances. A user interface (UI) on
the enabled mobile phone offers system connection and control utilities. ULN
2003 relay driver as well as Keil µvision IDE for compiling C Language Code

47
and uCflash+ for burning HEX file into microcontroller were used for the
development. An ATMEL 89C51, 8 bit was used as an embedded relay
controller.

DEVELOPMENT PLATFORM

Technologies used for developing the mobile phone application of the Home
Automation System. The mobile phone application development presented in
this paper is based on the following technologies: Android, Bluetooth. Android
is a platform developing and deploying android based applications on mobile
devices supporting it. Bluetooth has its own benchmark as a wireless
communication technology for permanent and itinerant devices. Combining the
power of Bluetooth, the best known and used wireless tech short range
communication provide a facility to create Android based mobile applications
using the Bluetooth Wireless Technology. The Android Bluetooth specification,
added in API level 5 of Android APIs. sent days Phones, Tablets, TVs and set-
top boxes powered by Google TV. flight entertainment systems on planes, and
even in robots Android was originally created by Andy Rubin as an operating
system for mobile phone first century.

Android's releases prior to 2.0 (1.0, 1.5, 16) were used exclusively on mobile
phones. Most Android phones and some Android tablets now use a 2.x release
and Android 3.0 was a tablet-oriented release but does not officially run on
mobile phones. The current Android version is 4.3. Android's releases are
nicknamed after sweets or dessert items like Cupcake (1.5), Frozen Yogurt
("Froyo") (2.2), Ginger Bread (2.3), Honeycomb (3.0), Ice Cream Sandwich
(4.0), Jelly Bean (4.1) and KitKat (4.4) being the recent one. Android
applications are written in the Java programming language. The Android SDK
provides tools for code compilation and packaging data and resource files into
an archive file with ‘.apk’ extension called as an Android package. Android

48
devices used the ‘.apk’ file to install the application. Android's application
framework allows for the creation of extremely feature rich and novel
applications by using a set of reusable components.

The amalgamation of the Android development environment with the Bluetooth

wireless technology is known by Android’s support for the Bluetooth network
stack, which permits a device to wirelessly exchange data with another
Bluetooth device. The application framework enables access to the Bluetooth
functionality using the Android Bluetooth APIs. These APIs allow wireless
applications to connect to other Bluetooth devices for point-to-point and
multipoint wireless features.

Using the Bluetooth APIs, an Android application can carry out the following
functions:

• Scrutinize for other Bluetooth devices

• Enquire about the local Bluetooth adapter for paired Bluetooth devices

• Establish the RFCOMM channels

• Connect to other devices through service discovery

• Exchange data to and from other devices

• Administer multiple connections

Android had unique support for Bluetooth in Android-powered devices

including: Classic Bluetooth for more battery-intensive operations such as
streaming and communicating and with low power requirements, Android 4.3
(API Level 18) introduces API support for Bluetooth Low Energy.

Automation System Application is developed using Android platform for

mobile having the Bluetooth connectivity option. Android devices have almost
covered a larger pie in the keeping in mind its popularity; this application can
49
prove to be a boon for those users longing to make an automated home. Home
appliances can be controlled using this interactive application within their
Application is based on expandable list view and it controls the ON/OFF using
Bluetooth connectivity. Expandable list view is used to group list data by
categories like Living room, Be Store and Porch. It has the capability of
expanding and collapsing the groups when user touches header as Screenshot of
Home Automation System Application.

Home Automation System Application has the capability of expandable

list view is used to exchange the ASCII data with HAS circuit through
Bluetooth facility of mobile phone when user touches header of the Bluetooth
network stack. This allows a device to wirelessly exc with other Bluetooth
devices. The application framework then provides access to the Bluetooth
functionality Is. These APIs make the applications to connect wirelessly to other
Bluetooth is developed using Android platform for mobile phones and tablets
with option. Android devices have almost covered a larger pie in the keeping in
mind its popularity; this application can prove to be a boon for those users
longing to make an automated home. Home appliances can be controlled using
this interactive application within their are based on expandable list view and it
controls the ON/OFF using Bluetooth connectivity. Expandable list view is used
to group list data by categories like Living room, Bed room, Kitchen, Guest
room.

50
CONCLUSION:

“Bluetooth controlled industrial devices using Android mobile” was a

project based on microcontroller, due to which hardware requirement is
reduced. Embarking of this project has helped us in developing a team spirit,
patience and time management necessary for today's technical professionals.
Hence we can conclude that the required goals and objectives of our project
have been achieved. It provides the flexibility & system reliability with low cost
as well as less maintenance. It provides remote access to the system to deliver
service at any time of the day. With this system, we can control as well as
monitor the devices at remote location.

51
REFERENCES

[1] M. Chan, D. Esteve, C. Escriba, E. Campo, “A review of smart homes—

Present state and future challenges”, Computer methods and programs in
biomedicine, Elsevier, 9I, pp. 55-81, 2008.

[2] J. Haartsen, "BLUETOOTH—The universal radio interface for ad hoc,

wireless connectivity", Ericsson Review No. 3, pp. 110-117, 1998.

[3] Why Android ?, http://www.android.com/about/, last seen on October 2013.

[4] R. Llamas, R Reith, M. Shiere, “Apple Cedes Market Share in Smartphone

Operating System Market as Android Surges and Windows Phone Gains,
According to IDC” 7th August 2013, IDC Press Release,
http://www.idc.com/getdoc.jsp?containerId=prUS24257413.

[5] N. Sriskanthan, F. Tan, A. Karande, "Bluetooth based home automation

system", Microprocessors and Microsystems, Elsevier, 26, pp. 281- 289, 2002.

[6] S. Panth, M. Jivani, “Designing Home Automation system (HAS) using Java
ME for Mobile Phone”, International Journal of Electronics and Computer
Science Engineering, Vol. 2 No. 02, pp. 798-807, July 2013

[7] S. Panth, M. Jivani, “Device Control in an Ad-hoc Network Environment by

using MoSync for Multiple Platform Mobile Application Development”,
International Journal of Computer Science & Engineering Technology, Vol. 4
No. 08, pp. 1145-1152, August 2013

[8] Darlington Transistor Array, Texas Instruments,

http://www.ti.com/lit/ds/symlink/uln2803a.pdf, last seen on April, 2013.

[9] Serial Bluetooth Module, Tiny OS Electronics,

http://www.tinyosshop.com/index.php?route=product/product&product_id=330,
2013.

52
[10] Keil µvision IDE, http://www.keil.com/uvision/, last seen April 2013.

[11] uCFlash+ Programmer, UC Micro Systems,

http://www.ucmicrosys.com/products/ic-programmers/ucflash.html, last seen on
April 2013.

[12] AT89c51 8 bit Microcontroller, ATMEL Corporations,

http://www.atmel.com/images/doc0265.pdf, last seen on October 2013.

[13] A.Göransson, D.C.Ruiz, "Android Open Accessory Programming with

Arduino", John Wiley & Sons, Inc., ISBN: 978-1-118-45476-3, 2013

[14] Operating Systems, Planet Gadget.,

http://www.planetgadgetph.com/operating-system.html, last seen october 2013.

[15] Bluetooth API Guides,

https://developer.android.com/guide/topics/connectivity/bluetooth.html, last
seen on october 2013.

53
SAMPLE CODING:

#include <SoftwareSerial.h>

SoftwareSerial BT(10, 11);

String command;

void setup()

BT.begin(9600);

Serial.begin(9600);

pinMode(2, OUTPUT);

pinMode(3, OUTPUT);

pinMode(4, OUTPUT);

void loop() {

while (BT.available()){

delay(10);

char c = BT.read();

command += c;

if (command.length() > 0) {

Serial.println(command);

if(command == "light on")

digitalWrite(2, HIGH);

54
}

else if(command == "light off")

digitalWrite(2, LOW);

else if (command == "lamp on")

digitalWrite (3, HIGH);

else if ( command == "lamp off")

digitalWrite (3, LOW);

else if (command == "fan on")

digitalWrite (4, HIGH);

else if (command == "fan of")

digitalWrite (4, LOW);

else if (command == "all on")

digitalWrite (2, HIGH);

55
 digitalWrite (3, HIGH);

digitalWrite (4, HIGH);

else if (command == "off")

digitalWrite (2, LOW);

digitalWrite (3, LOW);

digitalWrite (4, LOW);

command="";

56