Test/Date and

Semester/year Course/Course Code Max Marks

Time

I TEST/ 9-10 AM IV SEM Year: 2017- HYDRAULICS & PNEUMATICS

12 -02-2018 2018 20
SUBJECT CODE: 15ME41T
Name of Course coordinator : Jayadevappa E Units: 01,02 CO’s: CO1,CO2
Questio
Question MARKS CL CO PO
n no
Section I
1 Define density, specific gravity, surface tension, gauge
05 R 01 1,2,3,10
pressure and absolute pressure.
2 Distinguish between ideal fluid and real fluid.
OR Explain the working of bourdons tube pressure gauge 05 U
01 1,2,3,10
with a neat diagram.

Section II
3 Explain the Bernoulli’s equation and write the assumptions
of Bernoulli’s equation. OR Explain the principle of working 05 02 1,2,3,10
of venturimeter with a neat sketch. U

4 Water is flowing through a pipe having diameter 300 mm and

200 mm at the bottom and upper end respectively. The
intensity of pressure at the bottom end is 24.525 X 104N/m2
05 A 02 1,2,3,10
and the pressure at the upper end is 9.81 X 104
N/m2.Determine the difference in datum head if the rate of
flow through pipe is 40 lit/sec.

SCHEME OF VALUATION

1. Each definition ----------- 1 mark x 5 = 05

2. Ideal fluid ------- 2 ½ marks , real fluid --------- 2 ½ marks
Neat Sketch of bourdon tube------ 3 marks, explanation ------- 2 marks
3. Bernoulli’s statement -------- 03 marks, equation ---- 01 mark, assumptions ---- 2 marks
Neat sketch of venture meter ---- 03 marks, explanation ------ 02 marks
4. Area A1 --- ½ mark, A2 ---- ½ mark, V1 --- ½ mark, V2 --- ½ mark, Bernoulli’s equation --- 1 mark, correct
substitution --- 1 mark, answer --- 1 mark.

MODEL ANSWERS

Density or Mass Density. Density or mass density of a fluid is defined as the ratio of the mass of a fluid to
its volume. Thus mass per unit volume of a fluid is called density. It is denoted the symbol p (rho). The unit of
mass density in SI unit is kg per cubic metre, i.e., kg/m3•

Specific Gravity. Specificgravity is defined as the ratio of the weight density (or density) of a fluid to the
weight density (or density) of a standard fluid. For liquids, the standardfluid is taken water and for gases, the
standard fluid is taken air. Specific gravity is also called relative density. It is dimensionless quantity and is
denoted by the symbol s.
 Surface tension: Surface tension is defined as the tensile force acting on the surface of a liquid in
contact with a gas or on the surface between two immiscible liquids such that the contact surface
behaves like a membrane under tension. The magnitude of this force per unit length of the free
surface will have the same value as the surface energy per unit area. It is denoted by Greek Jetter
σ(called sigma). In SI units as N/m.

Absolute pressure is defined as the pressure which is measured with reference to absolute vacuum pressure.
Gauge pressure is defined as the pressure which is measured with the help of a pressure measuring
instrument, in which the atmospheric pressure is taken as datum. The atmospheric pressure on the scale is
marked as zero.

Ideal Fluid
An Ideal fluid is one, which has no property other than density. No resistance is encountered
when such a fluid flows. Ideal fluids or inviscid fluids are those fluids in which two contacting
layers experience no tangential force (shearing stress) but act on each other with normal force
(pressure) when the fluids are in motion. In other words inviscid fluids offer no internal
resistance. The pressure at every point of an ideal fluid is equal in all directions, whether the
fluid is at rest or in motion. Inviscid fluids are also known as perfect fluids or friction less fluids.
However, no such fluid exists in nature. The concept of ideal fluids facilitates simplification of
the mathematical analysis. Fluids with low viscosities such as water and air can be treated as
ideal fluids under certain conditions.
Real Fluid: Viscous fluids or real fluids are those, which have viscosity, surface tension and
compressibility in addition to the density. Viscous or real fluids are those when they are in
motion, two contacting layers of the fluids experience tangential as well as normal stresses. The
property of exerting tangential or shearing stress and normal stress in a real fluid when it is in
motion is known as viscosity of the fluid. Internal friction plays a vital role in viscous fluids during
the motion of the fluid. One of the important features of viscous fluid is that it offers internal
resistance to the motion of the fluid.
Bourdon Tube pressure gauge: Fig shows the Bourdon tube pressure gauge. It consists of a
closed-end metallic tube that is curved in to almost a circle. Sector and pinion arrangement, a
pointer and a graduated scale to measure the deflection. Application of pressure causes the tube
to ’straighten’ a small amount and the motion is converted into a rotation of the needle on a dial
by the pinion and sector arrangement. These gauges are simple and rugged. It is used to measure
both gauge and vacuum pressures.
A venturi meter is a device which is used for measuring the rate of flow of fluid through a pipe.
The basic principle on which a venturi meter works is that by reducing the cross-sectional area
of the flow passage, a pressure difference is created and the measurement of the pressure
difference enables the determination of the discharge through the pipe. As shown in Fig. a
venturi meter consists of (1) an inlet section followed by a convergent cone, (2) a cylindrical
throat, and (3) a gradually divergent cone. The inlet section of the venturi meter is of the same
diameter as that of the pipe which is followed by a convergent cone. The convergent cone is a
short pipe which tapers from the original size of the pipe to that of the throat of the venturi
meter. The throat of the venturi meter is a short parallel sided tube having its cross-sectional
area smaller than that of the pipe. The divergent cone of the venturi meter is a gradually
diverging pipe with its cross sectional area increasing from that of the throat to the original size
of the pipe. At the inlet section and the throat, i.e., sections 1 and 2 of the venturi meter,
pressure taps are provided through pressure rings as shown in Fig.
The discharge through the venture meter is given by