Mapua Institute of Technology

Intramuros, Manila

OUTLINE PAPER FOR PAPER FOR PLATE#5

Prism Spectrometer

Submitted By:
Recalde, Khiara Ann D.
Section A23

Submitted to:
Engr. Jose P. Juan
Gadget Picture with Name

Prism Spectrometer

Description

Spectrometer or Spectroscope is a device for making very precise measurements

of wavelengths of spectral lines. The earliest spectrometers used prisms: by using
Snell’s Law (n1sinθ1 = n2sinθ2), and measuring the angle of incidence and angle of
refraction, we could determine the index of refraction n of our prism, for each colored
line. Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very
wide range of wavelengths, from gamma raysand X-rays into the far infrared.

Spectroscopes are often used in astronomy and some branches of chemistry. Early
spectroscopes were simply prisms with graduations marking wavelengths of light.
Modern spectroscopes generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some
kind ofphotodetector, all automated and controlled by a computer. The spectroscope
was invented in 1819 by Joseph von Fraunhofer.[citation needed] Gustav Robert
Kirchhoff and Robert Bunseninvented a spectroscope in 1859 that enabled the
discovery of caesium and rubidium. Kirchhoff and Bunsen also explained the origin
of Fraunhofer lines.

When a material is heated to incandescence it emits light that is characteristic of

the atomic makeup of the material. Particular light frequencies give rise to sharply
defined bands on the scale which can be thought of as fingerprints. For example, the
element sodium has a very characteristic double yellow band known as the Sodium D-
lines at 588.9950 and 589.5924 nanometers, the color of which will be familiar to
anyone who has seen a low pressure sodium vapor lamp.

In the original spectroscope design in the early 19th century, light entered a slit
and a collimating lens transformed the light into a thin beam of parallel rays. The light
then passed through a prism (in hand-held spectroscopes, usually an Amici prism) that
refracted the beam into a spectrum because different wavelengths were refracted
different amounts due to dispersion. This image was then viewed through a tube with
a scale that was transposed upon the spectral image, enabling its direct measurement.

With the development of photographic film, the more accurate spectrograph was
created. It was based on the same principle as the spectroscope, but it had a camera in
place of the viewing tube. In recent years, the electronic circuits built around the
photomultiplier tube have replaced the camera, allowing real-time spectrographic
analysis with far greater accuracy. Arrays of photosensors are also used in place of
film in spectrographic systems. Such spectral analysis, or spectroscopy, has become
an important scientific tool for analyzing the composition of unknown material and
for studying astronomical phenomena and testing astronomical theories.

In modern spectrographs in the UV, visible, and near-IR spectral ranges, the
spectrum is generally given in the form of photon number per unit wavelength (nm or
μm), wavenumber (μm−1, cm−1), frequency (THz), or energy (eV), with the units
indicated by the abscissa. In the mid- to far-IR, spectra are typically expressed in units
of Watts per unit wavelength (μm) or wavenumber (cm−1). In many cases, the
spectrum is displayed with the units left implied (such as "digital counts" per spectral
channel).

An optical instrument used to measure the wavelengths or frequencies of light

emitted by various light sources is commonly known as a spectrometer or
spectrograph. In the former case (spectrometer), the emphasis is placed on using the
instrument to measure the different wavelengths of the light while in the latter case
(spectrograph), the emphasis is placed on using the instrument to record orphotograph
the spectrum. If the instrument is simply used to visually observe the spectrum of a
light source, it often is referred to as a spectroscope. Regardless of the manner in
which this particular optical instrument is used, its construction is essentially the
same. All spectrometers depend on an important optical element, usually a prism or
grating, to separate the light into its individual colors or wavelengths. Once separated,
the different wavelengths can be recorded and measured.

A prism spectrometer is an optical device for measuring wavelengths, deviation

of refracted rays, and angles between faces of a prism, especially an instrument(prism
spectrometer) consisting of a slit through which light passes, a collimator, a prism
that deviates the light, and a telescope through which the deviated light is viewed and
examined.
Function/s

A spectrometer is any instrument used to view and analyze a range (or a

spectrum) of a given characteristic for a substance (for example, a range of mass-to-
charge values as in mass spectrometry) , or a range of wavelengths as in absorption
spectrometry like nuclear magnetic radiation spectroscopy or infrared spectroscopy).
 A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and
measuring their wavelengths and intensities.

A spectrometer is typically used to measure wavelengths of electromagnetic

radiation (light) that has interacted with a sample. Incident light can be reflected off,
absorbed by, or transmitted through a sample; the way the incident light changes
during the interaction with the sample is characteristic of the sample. A spectrometer
measures this change over a range of incident wavelengths (or at a specific
wavelength).

a. Orthographic Drawing

Front View

b.

Assembly / Exploded showing labeled parts

c. Parts details

The spectrometer has many different parts, but these are the main parts:

 Slit and Adjustment plate

It provides a narrow opening through which light can pass, to form sharp
lines, and provides an opaque surface for our optics to focus on. It is mounted on
a fixed arm, to provide a stable reference point.

 Collimator

It consists of a horizontal tube with a converging achromatic lens at

 one end of the tube and a vertical slit of adjustable width at the other end. The
slit can be moved in or out of the tube by a rack and pinion arrangement using
the focus knob and its width can be adjusted by turning the screw attached to
it. The collimator is rigidly fixed to the main part of the instrument and can be
made exactly horizontal by adjusting the leveling screw provided below it.
When properly focused, the slit lies in the focal plane of the lens. Thus the
collimator provides a parallel beam of light.

 Spectrometer Table

It is a small circular table and capable of rotation about a vertical axis.

It is provided with three leveling screws. On the surface of the prism table, a
set of parallel, equidistant lines parallel to the line joining two of the leveling
screws, is ruled. Also, a series of concentric circles with the center of the table
as their common center is ruled on the surface. A screw attached to the axis of
the prism table fixes it with the two verniers and also keep it at a desired
height. These two verniers rotate with the table over a circular scale graduated
in fraction of a degree. The angle of rotation of the prism table can be recorded
by these two verniers. A clamp and a fine adjustment screw are provided for
the rotation of the prism table. It should be noted that a fine adjustment screw
functions only after the corresponding fixing screw is tightened.

 Telescope

It is a small astronomical telescope with an achromatic doublet as the

objective and the Ramsden type eye-piece. The eye-piece is fitted with cross-
wires and slides in a tube which carries the cross-wires. The tube carrying the
cross wires in turn, slides in another tube which carries the objective. The
distance between the objective and the cross-wires can be adjusted by a rack
and pinion arrangement using the focus knob. The Telescope can be made
exactly horizontal by the leveling screws. It can be rotated about the vertical
axis of the instrument and may be fixed at a given position by means of the
clamp screw and slow motion can be imparted to the telescope by the fine
adjustment screw.

 Eyepiece

These have the lenses you look through, to observe the spectral lines.
 Includes crosshairs for more precise positioning.

 Vernier Scale

The inner black circle and/or the outer ring may be free to rotate,
independently of other parts. Once the grating is properly placed, we will lock
the inner circle in place with the stage, while allowing the telescope to rotate,
locked with the outer ring. Note the two Vernier scales for measuring angle.
The telescope and the spectrometer table are mounted on independently
rotating bases. Vernier scales provide measurements of the relative positions of
these bases to within one minute of arc. The rotation of each base is controlled
with a lock-screw and fine adjust knob. With the lock-screw released, the base
is easily rotated by hand. With the lock-screw tight, the fine adjust knob can be
used for more precise positioning.

 Circular Scale
It is graduated in degrees and coaxial with the axis of rotation of the
prism table and the telescope. The circular scale is rigidly attached to the
telescope and turned with it. A separated circular plate mounted coaxially with
the circular scale carries two verniers, V1 and V2, 180° apart. When the prism
table is clamped to the spindle of this circular plate, the prism table and the
verniers turn together. The whole instrument is supported on a base provided
with three leveling screws. One of these is situated below the collimator.

d. Section/s
e. Other support Drawings as necessary
Specifications

Spectral range: 365 - 920 nm simultaneously

•Spectral resolution ~1 nm at 436 nm
•% Reflection
•% Transmission
•Absorption (Optical Density)
•Color Coordinates (CIE)
•Fluorescence, Luminescence
•Build spectral libraries

Warnings

 Equipment Return
Should this product have to be returned to PASCO scientific, for whatever reason,
notify PASCO scientific by letter or phone BEFORE returning the product. Upon
notification, the return authorization and shipping instructions will be promptly
issued.

NOTE: NO EQUIPMENT WILL BE ACCEPTED FOR RETURN WITHOUT

AN AUTHORIZATION.

When returning equipment for repair, the units must be packed properly. Carriers will
not accept responsibility for damage caused by improper packing. To be certain the
unit will not be damaged in shipment, observe the following rules:

1. The carton must be strong enough for the item shipped.

2. Make certain there is at least two inches of packing material between any point on
the apparatus and the inside walls of the carton.
3. Make certain that the packing material can not shift in the box, or become
compressed, thus letting the instrument come in contact with the edge of the box.

 Handling
Always handle the spectrometer and its accessories with care to avoid scratching
the optical surfaces and throwing off the alignment. Also, when not in use, the
spectrometer should be stored in its hardwood case.
 Maintenance
Periodically clean the telescope aperture, the collimator aperture, and the prism
with a nonabrasive lens paper (available at any camera store). No other regular
maintenance is required.

Bill of Materials

Spectroscope costs about $30 - 50 per Unit.

Prism Spectroscope ranges from US $40 - 50 / Unit.

References

 http://www.uvm.edu/~dmatthew/chem201/?Page=chem201_lab4.html
 http://static6.depositphotos.com/1041725/676/v/950/depositphotos_6762708-
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 http://chemwiki.ucdavis.edu/Analytical_Chemistry/Instrumental_Analysis/Spectr
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1 Atkins, P and de Paula, J. Physical Chemistry for the Life Sciences. Oxford
University Press. New York, 2006. Chapter 13.
 2 Ingle, JD. Spectrochemical Analysis. Prentice Hall. London, 1988. Chapter 3.
3 Pavia, DL. Introduction to Spectroscopy , Third Edition. Thomas Learning,
Inc. Singapore, 2001. Page 390.
4 Skoog, DA. Principles of Instrumental Analysis, Fifth Edition. Harcourt Brace.
Philadelphia, 1998. Chapter 7.
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spectrometer
1 ^ L. R. P. Butler and K. Laqua (1995). "Nomenclature, symbols, units and
their usage in spectrochemical analysis-IX. Instrumentation for the spectral
dispersion and isolation of optical radiation (IUPAC Recommendations 1995)".
Pure Appl. Chem. (IUPAC) 67 (10): 1725–1744.doi:10.1351/pac199567101725.
"A spectrometer is the general term for describing a combination of spectral
apparatus with one or more detectors to measure the intensity of one or more
spectral bands."
2 ^ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements. XIII. Some
spectroscopic discoveries". Journal of Chemical Education 9 (8): 1413–1434.
Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1413W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1413. Retrieved 2011-11-21.
3 ^ "Robert Bunsen". infoplease. Pearson Education. 2007. Retrieved 2011-11-
21.
 http://physics.niser.ac.in/labmanuals/sem2/Support%20manual%20for
%20spectrometer.pdf
 http://cord.org/cm/leot/course10_Mod01/Module10-1.htm
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 https://wiki.brown.edu/confluence/download/attachments/29129/Spectrometer.pd
f?version=1
 http://www.microspectrometers.com/prism-spectrometer.html?prism-
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 http://www.alibaba.com/product-gs/281043532/Spectroscope.html ﾧ
 http://www.andor.com/Portals/0/Figure_2_opt.jpg ﾧ
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