Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Burgers vector b
b//ζ b
Dislocation
line ζ b⊥ζ
Mixed/partial dislocations: The
exact structure of dislocations in
real crystals is usually more
complicated than the ones shown.
Edge and screw dislocations are
just extreme forms of the possible
dislocation structures. Most
dislocations have mixed edge/screw
character. To add to the complexity
of real defect structures, dislocation
are often split in "partial“
dislocations that have their cores
spread out over a larger area.
Interfacial Defects
External Surfaces :
The environment of an atom at a surface differs from that of an atom
in the bulk, in that the number of neighbors (coordination) decreases.
This introduces unbalanced forces which result in relaxation (the
lattice spacing is decreased) or reconstruction (the crystal structure
changes).
Surface atoms have unsatisfied atomic bonds, and higher energies
than the bulk atoms ⇒ Surface energy, γ (J/m2)
• Surface areas tend to minimize (e.g. liquid drop)
• Solid surfaces can “reconstruct” to satisfy atomic bonds at
surfaces.
External
External Surface
Surface
Interfaces between
crystals are grain
boundaries, as
discussed earlier.
Microscopy
Examined by the
optical properties
of the surface: need etching
n −1
With
N =2
100x
N = no. of grains/in2
46 grains + 22 on circumference
= 46 + 22/2 =57 grains
N=57 / π (3.5/2)2 = 6 grains/in2
6=2n-1, n=3.6 n N
3.5”
2000x
Scanning Electron Microscope
Electron gun
High depth of
Condenser
lens
field !!!
Scan generator
Scan coils
Display
Display&& 10~50,000x
Objective storage
storage
lens
Specimen Detector
Condenser
lens
Objective
lens
Up to
Specimen
1,000,000x
Magnifying
lenses