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1.1.

About TATA Group


TATA Group
 India's largest conglomerate.
 100 operating companies in 7 business sectors.

Passionate commitment to developing the communities in which we operate

Tata Group History


 The foundation of the TATA group was laid by Jamsetji Nusserwanji Tata in 1868,
exactly 100 years before TCS was founded.
 In 1938, JRD Tata was appointed as the chairman who led the TATA Group for next
53 years. During his time, TATA Group expanded regularly into new spheres of
business. The more prominent of these ventures were Tata Chemicals, Tata Motors,
Tata Industries, Voltas, Tata Tea, Tata Consultancy Services and Titan Industries.
 In early ninety (1991), Ratan Tata took over as chairman of the TATA Group. Under
his stewardship, Tata tea acquired Tetley, Tata Motors acquired Jaguar Land Rover
and Tata Steel acquired Corus, which have turned the TATA Group from a largely
India-centric company into global business. Ratan Tata retired from all executive
responsibility in the TATA Group in December 2012 and he is succeeded by Cyrus
Mistry. The present chairman is N Chandrasekharan, and he took over the
chairmanship in February 2017.
 To learn about more about the Tata Group's 150+ years of history, please click
on Tata Group History.
1.2. About TCS
Company Overview
Tata Consultancy Services is an IT services, consulting and business solutions organization that delivers real
results to global business, ensuring a level of certainty no other firm can match.
Figure 1.3: Company Overview
Tata Consultancy Services is an IT services, consulting and business solutions organization that delivers real
results to global business, ensuring a level of certainty no other firm can match. TCS offers a consulting-led,
integrated portfolio of IT, BPO, infrastructure, engineering and assurance services. This is delivered through its
unique Global Network Delivery Model, recognized as the benchmark of excellence in software development. A
part of the Tata Group, India's largest industrial conglomerate, TCS has over 3,35,620 of the world's best trained
consultants in 55 countries. The Company generated consolidated revenues of US $ 15.45 billion for year ended
31 March, 2015 and is listed on the National Stock Exchange and Bombay Stock Exchange in India.
Experience Certainty
Tata Consultancy Services helps customer experience certainty by reliably delivering business results, providing
leadership to drive transformation and partnering for success.

For further details, click here


The TCS Advantage

Customer-centric Engagement Model


 Your dedicated team will have domain and technology capabilities resulting in specialized services /
solutions
 Our engagement models are uniquely flexible, enabling design that fits the size and scale of your
operations
 You have access to partnership gain-share and risk-share models focused on your success
 Your inputs and our expertise are merged through our Centers of Excellence (COEs) to deliver leading
solutions
Global Network Delivery Model
Our unique delivery model offers multiple levers of time zone, language, skills and local business knowledge to
deliver high quality solutions across the globe, 24x7

TCS Delivery Centers


Full Services Portfolio
 You benefit from TCS' combining traditional IT and remote infrastructure services with knowledge-
based services
 You derive single-source business value
 You realize accelerated agility and TCO reduction through our services integration model
 You gain more predictable IT spends from utility-based operating models

TCS Innovation Labs


 Comprehensive 360o interconnected research ecosystem with 19 labs worldwide
 Collaborate with a wide network of partners, institutions and venture capitalists on forward-looking
solutions
 Your business innovation is fueled by our dedicated labs on advanced and emerging technology trends
and scientific research Co-Innovation Network (COIN)TM
 (COIN)TM is a rich and diverse network that drives innovation in an open community
Providing extended capabilities in areas such as:
 Image Processing
 Biometrics
 Enterprise Security
 RFID Enabled Asset Tracking
 Analytics
 Dynamic Pricing
 Customer Interaction Optimization
 Smart Card Management
 SaaS & others

For further details, click here.
Corporate Facts
Click here to know about TCS corporate facts.
Heritage and values
 Established in 1968
 Largest IT services firm in Asia
 World's first organization to achieve an enterprise-wide Maturity Level 5 on both CMMI(R) and P-
CMM(R), using SCAMPI(SM), the most rigorous assessment methodology.
TCS Mission
 To help customers achieve their business objectives by providing innovative, best-in-class consulting,
IT solutions and services.
 To make it a joy for all stakeholders to work with us.
TCS Values
 Leading change
 Integrity
 Respect for the individual
 Excellence
 Learning and sharing.
TCS Executive Profile
 Chairman: N. Chandrasekaran
 Chief Executive Officer (CEO) and Managing Director (MD): Rajesh Gopinathan
 Chief Financial Officer (CFO): V. Ramakrishnan
 Head – Global Human Resource: Ajoyendra Mukherjee
 Chief Technology Officer (CTO): K Ananth Krishnan
TCS Process Excellence
 ISO27001 – Helps organization strengthen its information security policies and processes
 ISO14001 – Helps organization strengthen its environment policies and processes
 OHSAS18001 – Helps organization strengthen its health and safety policies and processes
 CMM Level 5 – Helps organization to manage and optimize its processes
 PCMM – Helps organization to continuously improve the management and development of its human
resources
 ISO 9000 family – Helps organization strengthen its quality management system
Services
TCS helps clients optimise business processes for maximum efficiency and galvanise their IT infrastructure to
be both resilient and robust. TCS offers the following solutions:
 Assurance Services
 BI & Performance Management
 Business Process Outsourcing
 Connected Marketing Solutions
 Consulting
 Engineering & Industrial Services
 Enterprise Solutions
 iON Small and Medium Business
 IT Infrastructure Services
 IT Services
 Mobility Solutions and Services
 Platform BPO Solutions
Software
 TCS BaNCS
 TCS Technology Products
For further details, click here.
Industries
TCS has the depth and breadth of experience and expertise that businesses need to achieve business goals and
succeed amidst fierce competition. TCS helps clients from various industries solve complex problems, mitigate
risks, and become operationally excellent. Some of the industries it serves are:
 Banking and Financial Services
 Energy,Resources and Utilities
 Government Healthcare
 High Tech
 Insurance
 Life Sciences
 Manufacturing
 Media and Information Services
 Retail and Consumer Products
 Telecom
 Travel,Transportation & Hospitality

For further details, click here.


Case Studies

Click here to know about case studies.


Awards & Recognition (2012-13):
In year 2012, TCS has bagged many awards in different sectors. Listed below some of the achievements but the
list is endless.
I. BT 500 ranks TCS as the most valuable company of 2012
TCS was ranked as the most valuable company of 2012 in the BT 500 list that was released recently. This is the
first time that our company has emerged on top of this rankings list released each year by the Business Today
magazine. The issue dated November 11, 2012 credits CEO N. Chandra for much of this success. Click here to
read CEO Chandra’s interview.
II. N. Chandra wins Best CEO of the Year award at Forbes India Leadership Awards
CEO & MD, N. Chandra won the Best CEO of the Year award at the Forbes India Leadership Awards 2012. He
was presented this award at a function held in Mumbai on 28 September 2012. Our CEO won the honour ‘for
being able to balance aggression needed to achieve stretched goals, with conservatism and for building a solid
team for next generation of managers.
III. CEO & MD, N Chandra, won CNBC’s ‘Asian Business Leader of the Year’
N. Chandra won the Asian Business Leader of the Year award on 16 November 2012. Our CEO got this
recognition during CNBC’s 11th edition of Asia Business Leaders Awards (ABLA) function held at Bangkok,
Thailand. Click here to know more.
IV. CEO & MD, N Chandra, won ‘Pathfinder CEO’ of 2012 by National HRD Network (NHRDN)
TCS CEO & MD, N. Chandra was presented with the ‘Pathfinder CEO’ award by National HRD Network
(NHRDN) during its 16th National Conference held from 29 November to 1 December 2012 at Hyderabad in
India. NHRDN recognises individuals and organisations who have made noteworthy contributions in the area of
Human Resource Development in the Corporate sector, Academic sphere and broader Business and Social
arena.
V. TCS received the Forbes Asia 'Fabulous 50' Award
TCS was presented the Forbes Asia 'Fabulous 50' Award in a award ceremony held in Macau, China on 4
December 2012. This came about after Forbes Asia, a leading pan-Asia business magazine, listed TCS in its
prestigious and influential annual 'Asia's Fab 50' list of the most compelling companies in Asia, earlier this year.
VI.TCS Ex-CFO, S Mahalingam, won ‘CFO of the Year’ award at CFO Innovation Asia Awards on 28
November 2012
TCS Finance swept the two main categories at the CFO Innovation Asia Awards on 28 November 2012 in
Singapore, with TCS CFO S Mahalingam winning the marquee 'CFO of the Year' award, and TCS Finance team
recognised as 'Finance Team of the Year'. The event was attended by over 120 Asia-based CFOs and top-tier
financial executives and featured over 15 award categories pitting the biggest names in the finance arena,
including banks (HSBC, Citi), accountancy firms (KPMG, PwC, Deloitte) and service providers (Accenture,
Infosys)

Business Skills - The Essentials

Chapter 1: The Grammar Clinic


1.1. Grammar Clinic_Part 1
Grammar Clinic

Afraid you are not perfect? That's alright. It’s never too late to start.
Let us start with your first lesson, the Parts of Speech in English..

1.2. Grammar Clinic_Part 1 - Parts of Speech


I’m sure you already know that words are divided into various parts of speech according to the
work they do in a sentence. The following are the various parts of speech:
The various parts of speech of a language are its building blocks. Most of us don’t realize this,
but it is the unconscious awareness of the parts of speech, that helps us to construct effective
and correct sentences. The Parts of speech form the foundation of a language.

Let us now move on to Basic Sentence Patterns in English


Look at the table below.

Well. What do you observe?


You are right. Every sentence has a subject and a verb.
Your sentence must always have a Subject and a Verb. The verb must always relate to the
subject it refers to. Words or phrases that come in between the subject and the verb do not
influence the verb in any manner. It is important to identify the right subject!
This now brings us to the next point of discussion – Subject-Verb Agreement. We’ve just learnt
that the verb must always relate to the subject it refers to. This means the subject and the verb
need to agree with each other in terms of number.
1.3. Grammar Clinic_Part 1 - Subject Verb Agreement
Look at the following sentences. Can you identify any errors?
 Janaki don’t look happy.
 Michael sing well.
 These shoes doesn’t fit me.
 I doesn’t drive.
 Everyone are here.
Well, what do you think? I’m sure you have identified the errors. Check the Answers below.
Answers
 Janaki don’t look happy. - Janaki doesn’t look happy.
 Michael sing well. - Michael sings well.
 These shoes doesn’t fit me. - These shoes don’t fit me.
 I doesn’t drive. - I don’t drive.
 Everyone are here. - Everyone is here.

We mentioned a little while ago that any sentence would have a subject and a verb. But these
two need to agree with each other. This is what we mean by “subject - verb agreement”. The
errors we noticed in the sentences above exist because the subject and verb do not agree with
each other. Let’s take a look at this in detail.
Subject Verb Agreement- The Rules
A singular subject takes a singular verb.
A plural subject takes a plural verb.

For example:
 The apple is green. (Third person singular)
 Apples are good for health. (Third person plural)
The verb takes an‘s’ in the third person singular
For example:
 The boy sings very well.
 Mary likes ice cream.
Indefinite pronouns such as everyone and everybody feel plural to some writers, but they are
always singular — and take a singular verb.
For example:
 Everyone associated with this project is proud to be here.
 Everybody wants to go to the beach.
Don’t be confused by phrases that come between the subject pronoun and its verb — phrases
that may contain plural words.
For example:
 One of the boxes is open.
 The price of the books is very high.
 Priya, who played the role of the teacher in the drama, is the best actor.
With fractional expressions (fractions or decimal equivalents), the verb will be determined by
what is being measured: is it COUNTABLE or not.
For example:
 Two-fifths of the grain is ruined.
 One-half of the employees were happy to know about the celebrations.
 Of all the gifts we have counted so far, fifty are wrapped.
Phrases such as together with, along with, and as well as seem to join subjects, but they do not
work the same as and. They are not conjunctions.
For example:
 A majority of the student body is in favor of asking the Dean to stay another year.
 Some of the equipment in the store, as well as some pieces of furniture was ruined
in the flood.
 The third year students, together with their teacher, are going to the science
exhibition.
When either and neither appear as the subject alone, they are singular. This is true even though
the subject seems to be two things.
For example:
 Neither of these tables appears to be suitable.
 The travel agent will lend me a train ticket or a flight ticket. Either is fine with me.
When either and neither act as correlative conjunctions, the subject that is closer to the verb
determines the number (singular or plural form) of the verb.
For example:
 Neither the professor nor the assistants are at fault.
 Either the assistants or the professor has to be responsible for the year-end
festival.
When an expletive construction (there is, there are, here is, etc.) begins a sentence, the subject
(which determines the number of the verb) comes after the verb.
For example:
 There are several reasons for the breakout of the epidemic.
 Here is the list of things you need to buy for your class project.
Certain words like trousers, stairs, premises, police, staff etc, are always considered plural and
take a plural verb.
For example:
 The police have issued a warrant for Chopra’s arrest.
 The premises are located away from the city.
Certain words like bacon and eggs, fish and chips, research and development are considered
singular as they have a close association.
For example:
 Research and development is an integral part of this organisation.
 Bread and butter is my favourite breakfast.
 Learning and sharing is one of TCS’ values.
The rules of grammar may seem easy when you read through them. However it is only through
constant practice that you can master them. Try out the quiz given below and let’s see if we have
been able to take care of that hairline fracture. Also, at the end of our trip through Grammar
Clinic, you will be given a list of websites that will help you learn more about grammar. Go
through them as well and help yourself improve on the foundation of your language!

1.4. Grammar Clinic_Part 1 - Prepositions

A preposition is a word or phrase used with a noun, pronoun or noun equivalent to show its
relation to some other word or phrase in the sentence.
It usually indicates the logical, spatial or temporal relationship of its object to the rest of the
sentence.
Prepositions are generally of three types:
 Prepositions of Time
 Prepositions of Place
 Prepositions of Movement
Prepositions of Time:
They indicate if something is at a given point in time or over a period of time.

Examples:
 He started before midnight.
 This will be finished in an hour’s time.
There are two more prepositions that you would find useful – FOR and SINCE.
FOR is used with a period of time while SINCE is used with a point of time
So.. did you learn something about For and Since? Yes… For is used with a period of time and
Since is used with a point of time!
Prepositions of Place
They indicate where indicate how one thing is situated in relation to another.

At, In and On are the most commonly used prepositions of place. We usually use:
 At for a Point of time
 In for an Enclosed space
 On for a Surface
Match the picture to the correct text with the correct prepositions.
 John is at the Café. He is sitting on the chair with a briefcase in his hand. His cup of
coffee is on the table. There is a camera next to it. Jane’s travel bag is under the table.
She is standing beside the door. Her glass of juice is on the table. There is a straw in her
glass. The sign board on the door says the café is open.
 John is at the Café. He is sitting in the chair with a briefcase inside his hand. His cup of
coffee is at the table. There is a camera besides to it. Jane’s travel bag is on the table.
She is standing at the door. Her glass of juice is in the table. There is a straw at her
glass. The sign board in the door says the café is open.
 John is at the Café. He is sitting at the chair with a briefcase in his hand. His cup of
coffee is in the table. There is a camera besides it. Jane’s travel bag is at the table. She
is standing on the door. Her glass of juice is at the top of the table. There is a straw
inside of her glass. The sign board between the door says the café is open.
Check the answer below:
John is at the Café. He is sitting on the chair with a briefcase in his hand. His cup of coffee is on
the table. There is a camera next to it. Jane’s travel bag is under the table. She is standing
beside the door. Her glass of juice is on the table. There is a straw in her glass. The sign board
on the door says the café is open.
Prepositions of Movement
They indicate how one thing is moving in relation to another. Common prepositions of movement
are:

Onto, into, across, under, through, away from, towards, over, along, past, off, around
Example:
 He ran across the road.
 The ball went through the window.
Look at the pictures below. Which prepositions would you use to describe these pictures?

1.5. Grammar Clinic_Part 1 - Articles


Tired already? Confused? Well yes it can be. I’m sure you have guessed two things by now :
One, there are many types of prepositions and Two, the same word can be used for various
things. In addition to prepositions, you also have ‘Prepositional Phrases’. Now it would be unfair if
we told you everything about prepositions and what prepositional phrases are. So here’s some
home work for you.
Read up further on prepositions and prepositional phrases. You have plenty of material online.
Or I’m sure there is a grammar book you can get hold of from somewhere.
The only way to master these little words that make such a huge impact is using them. Keep
practicing. Your final assessment will test your knowledge on other prepositions as well!
Articles

Articles are a set of function words, which contribute greatly to meaning. There are three articles
in English namely -The, a, an The is referred to as the Definite Article while A and An are called
Indefinite Articles.
The Definite Article is used :
 Before nouns which denote unique things or persons: the sun, the earth, the
equator, the universe, the stars.
 Before a Noun to Denote a Class: The tiger is a ferocious animal.
 The airplane is the fastest means of travel.
 Before the names of mountain ranges and island groups: The Himalayas, the Alps,
the West Indies, the South Sea Islands.
 Before the names of rivers, canals, straits, seas, oceans, and gulfs: the Nile, the
Suez Canal, the Gibraltar, the Arabian Sea, the Indian Ocean, the Persian Gulf.
 Before the names of newspapers, holy books, old epic poems and reference books:
the Statesman, the Bible, the Mahabharata, The Encyclopedia.
 Before government departments, banks, establishments: The Department of
Revenue, the Canara Bank.
 Before the adjectives in the Superlative Degree: Raju is the tallest boy in the class.
 Before adjectives to represent a class: The rich, the poor, the oppressed, the
downtrodden.
 Before words like ultimate, next, last, first, second: The second one from the left is
my cousin..

Note:
THE is not used:
1 : before the name of a single island, mountain, peak or hill : Sri Lanka, Mauritius, Everest
2 : before the names of countries and places : India, China, New Zealand
Exceptions : the Sudan, the Punjab, the Netherlands. (Before Proper Nouns for specific
reference) :
The India of today is not the India under the British rule.
Kalidasa is known as the Shakespeare of India.

The Definite Article is not used :


 Before Proper Nouns: Raju, Anne, Rahim. (Not The Raju, The Anne, The Rahim)
 Before names of substances, if they are used in a general sense: Gold is a
precious metal. (Not the gold)
 Bread is available here. (Not the bread)
 Before the names of meals, games, languages and festivals: Breakfast will be
ready at 8 O’clock.
 Christmas falls on 25th December

Note 1:
When the reference is to a particular kind of substance THE is used:
1 : The gold mined in India is of a good quality.
2 :The bread we produce is sweet.

Note 2:
When the metal is specified THE is used:
1 :The dinner they had hosted was well attended.
Okay. So now you know where the ‘THE’ is to be and not to be used. Let’s take a quick look at
the other two articles – The Indefinite articles A and An.
The indefinite Article A is used:

Before a word beginning with a consonantal sound: A word beginning with a consonant has
a consonantal sound.
There are some exceptions.
“Exceptions again?” Yes. You are probably wondering why there are so many of them.
Exceptions are common in English and that is what lends the language its beauty.
 A European
 A one rupee note
 A unit
 A university
 A yard
The indefinite Article An is used:
 Before words beginning with a vowel sound or a word with silent h:
 An elephant
 An army
 An hour
 An honor
 A/An may be used in the sense of one:
 There is a bird in the cage.
 I will be back in an hour.
 A/An is used in the sense of every:
 He gets Rs. 3000/- a month.
 The car is going at fifty miles an hour.
Note:
An has to be used before abbrevations pronounced with a vowel sound at the beginning:
 An MLA (/em/LA)
 An MP (em/P)
 An MA (em/A)
1.6. Grammar Clinic_Part 2
1.7. Grammar Clinic_Part 2 - Tenses – Present, Past and
Future
Time and Tense

There are 12 tenses in English. If you know how to use it and where to use it, a major step to
attaining English fluency is accomplished!

Present Tense

When do we use Simple Present Tense?


To talk about general facts / universal truths
Examples:
 She lives in Mumbai.
 I come from Kerala.
 The earth revolves round the sun.
To talk about habits / routine activities
Examples:
 I go to college at 8:30 AM every day.
 I love reading fiction.
 She goes for her dance classes on Fridays.
To narrate stories, movies, and in sports commentaries
Example:
 The story opens in Delhi during the second world war. Amir, the
main character is found injured. He tries to stand but is unable to. Roger,
his friend, helps him up.
To talk about future schedules and arrangements
Examples:
 The movie starts at 2:00 PM.
 The bus to Banglore starts at 8:00 PM.
 His exam finishes at 12:00 PM.

Okay! Xray time!


Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.
 He play cricket with his friends every day.
 Where works your wife?
 She no like idli and sambar.
 They goes to the movie every Saturday.
 You lives in Bangalore?
 Why you no go to office?
Check the Answers below
 He play cricket with his friends every day. - He plays
cricket with his friends every day.
 Where works your wife? - Where does
your wife work?
 She no like idli and sambar. - She does not
like idli and sambar.
 They goes to the movie every Saturday. - They go to
the movie every Saturday.
 You lives in Bangalore? - Do you live
in Bangalore?
 Why you no go to the office? - Why didn’t
you go to office?
Present Continuous Tense

When do we use Present Continuous Tense?


To talk about an action that is in progress at the time of speaking.
Example:
 I’m sorry I can’t come, I’m watching a movie.
To talk about a temporary action that is not necessarily in progress at the time of speaking.
Example:
 Ankit: What are you reading these days?
 Neha: I am reading 'The Fountainhead'.
To emphasize very frequent actions (‘always’ is used frequently).
Example:
 He is always playing Cricket with his friends.
To describe developing situations.
Example:
 It’s going to rain.

Exceptions – Stative verbs


Stative verbs are non action verbs and therefore not usually used in the continuous tense.
These are formed using the simple present tense.
Stative verbs can be classified into the following categories :
 Verbs of the senses – see, hear
 Verbs expressing feelings and emotions – like, love, hate
 Verbs of mental activity – remember
 Verbs of possession – own
Okay! Xray time!
Identify and correct the errors in the following sentences.

1. He is having three sisters.


2. I am understanding you.
3. She is having a headache.
4. They are living here for last 3 years.
5. I am believing in God.

Check the Answers below:


 He is having three sisters. - He has three sisters.
 I am understanding you. - I understand you.
 She is having a headache. - She has a headache.
 They are living here for last 3 years. - They have been living
here for the last 3 years.
 I am believing in God. - I believe in God.
Present PerfectTense
When do we use Present Perfect Tense?
The present perfect always has a connection with “now”. The event/action in the past has an
influence/result now.
Examples:
 'Where’s your pen?’ ‘I don’t know. I’ve misplaced it’. ( I don’t
have it now).
 He told me where it is but I’ve forgotten it . (I can’t remember it
now).
 ‘Is Meera here?’ ‘No she has gone to visit her friends’. (She is not
here now).
 ‘Have you seen my book?’ ‘I can’t find it?’ (do you know where it
is now).
When we talk about completed actions without a time reference.
Examples:
 I have completed my work.
 We have been to China.
When we talk about actions/states that began in the past and are still continuing at the time of
speaking.
Examples:
 We have lived here since 1990 (still live here).
 I have practised for two hours.
When we describe actions in the past with results in the present .
Examples:
 Oh I’m sorry! I have spilt coffee on the floor.
 Can I borrow your pen? I have lost mine.
To provide new information or to talk about a recent happening.
Examples:
 Ouch! I’ve hurt my knee!
 The road is closed. There’s been an accident.
 The police have arrested two people in connection with the recent
riots. (news item)
The rule with for or since
In a sentence we use for to denote period of time.
eg:
I have been waiting for four hours. She has been sick for three days.
In a sentence we use since to denote point of time.
eg:
I have been waiting since 4.00 pm. She has been sick since Monday.
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
When do we use Present Perfect Continuous tense?
To talk about an activity that has recently stopped or just stopped or is still going on.

Examples:
 I have been studying Hindi for two years. (he’s still studying it)
 We have been watching television. (we still are)
 I am tired because I have been driving. (I am tired now)
 It is wet outside because it has been raining .( It started raining two
hours ago and it just stopped)
Past Tense
When do we use Past Tense?
The Past tense is used for actions complete in the past at a definite time.

Examples:
 I finished my homework an hour ago.
 I ate sandwich for breakfast.
For a habitual action in the past.
Example:
 When I was in college, I played football.
When the action took place at a definite time, even though the time is not mentioned.
Example:
 She was 30 minutes late for her meeting.
For narratives – narrating stories, past events.
Example:
 Once upon a time, there was a little girl named Goldilocks. She
went for a walk in the forest. Very soon, she came upon a house. She
knocked at the door. No one answered. So Goldilocks walked right in. At
the dinner table, there were three bowls of porridge. Goldilocks was
hungry. She tasted the porridge from the first bowl.
Regular verb and Irregular verb

How a sentence is formed in the past tense, depends on whether the verb is a regular verb or
an irregular verb.

Regular verbs are those whose past tense and past participles are formed by adding an -ed to
the end of the verb.
eg: plan-planned, roll-rolled , derive – derived

Irregular verbs do not have set patterns to form past tense and past participle
eg: eat-eaten , feel-felt , sell-sold
Past Continuous Tense

When do we use Past Continuous Tense?


For actions that were going on at a particular time in the past.
Examples:
 It was raining when I went for a walk this morning.
 At eight, she was having her breakfast.
For actions that were going on when another action was going on at the same time.
Example:
 She was doing her home work while her sister was reading a book.
For interrupted past actions.
Example:
 While I was writing the email, the computer suddenly shut down .
To express intention, as with the verbs “going to”, “intending to” etc.
Example:
 She was planning to go to the circus, but she changed her mind.
Past Perfect Tense

When do we use Past Perfect Tense?


Past perfect is the past viewed from another past viewpoint.
Example:
 Meera went to the zoo last week. Parna went to the zoo too but they
didn’t see each other. Meera left by 11:00 am and Parna arrived at 11:15
am.
When Parna reached the zoo, Meera wasn’t there. She had left.
More Examples.
 When I reached the station the train had left.
 He was late to office because his car had broken down.
 He failed in the exam because he had not prepared.

Past Perfect Continuous Tense


When do we use Past Perfect Continuous Tense?
To talk about actions or situations that had been happening for a period before something else
happened.
Eg.1: Finally the bus came. I had been waiting for 30 minutes. (before the bus came)

Eg.2: The team had been playing for about an hour when it started to rain. The game was
stopped.

Future Tense

The simple future tense has two different forms of usage:


 ‘will’
 ‘be going to’. (present continuous used to indicate the future)
These two forms are often used interchangeably.
When do we use Simple Future Tense?
The verb ‘will’ is most frequently used for information and predictions.
Future facts and prediction.
Examples:
 Winter will start by November.
 It will rain tomorrow.
Making promises
Example:
 I will file your tax returns by Wednesday.
Assumptions/speculations
Example:
 That will be the milkman at the door.
Threats
Example:
 You better fill in the time sheets on time, else you’ll get into
trouble.

The present continuous tense can also be used to indicate planned actions in the future.
eg: I am going to complete my assignment tonight.
Future Continuous Tense

When do we use Future Continuous Tense?


For polite enquiries to find out about other people’s plans, but without any intention to
influence their decision
Example:
 Will you be coming to dinner tonight?
To indicate that something will be in progress at a particular moment in the future
Example:
 They will be shopping at the mall at 4pm tomorrow.
To refer to future events which are fixed or decided.
Example:
 The cricket team will be playing at the stadium tomorrow.
To predict the present moment – to say what we think might be happening now
Example:
 Jane will be having her lunch right now.

Future perfect
When do we use Future Perfect?
The future perfect tense is used to indicate that an action will have been completed by a
particular point in the future.

Future perfect continuous


When do we use Future perfect continuous?
The future perfect continuous tense is used to indicate how long an action will have been in
progress by a certain time in the future.

1.8. Grammar Clinic_Part 3 - Sentence Linkers and Indianisms


Sentence Connectors
When we begin to learn to language, we start with very basic sentences.
Example: Tokyo is a very exciting city. Tokyo is very expensive.
As we learn more words and start making complex sentences, it’s imperative for us to use
sentence connectors to make sophisticated sentences.
Example: Despite the fact that Tokyo is very expensive, it is also very exciting.
Sentence Connectors can be referred as 'glue' that make different parts of the text stick together.
They also indicate a change in the mood of the idea or the sentence. Sentence connectors
ensure logical connectivity between sentences and paragraphs.
But at the same time, overuse of discourse markers would make a text sound too heavy or
artificial.
Sentence connectors are generally used at the start of a phrase or clause. Different types of
sentence connectors are used to indicate the relationship between sentences. The following
table illustrates the usage of them in varying context.
Let us look at some examples for each of the Categories of Relationship.
Adding Something
We can’t meet her today as she is out of office. Moreover, we don’t have a prior
appointment.
Making a Contrast
Tom is a good drummer. In Contrary he fears making a speech in front of the audience.
In spite of all his failures, Ken has turned out successful.
Saying why something is the case
Veena doesn’t eat Prawns, because she is allergic to sea food.
Saying what the result of something is
My car ran out of petrol on the way. Consequently I got late to the show.
Expressing a Condition
As long as the wind mills are up and running, we will get enough power.
Making what you say stronger
As long as Beck is reckless in driving, In fact she had met with 3 accidents last year.
Indian English or Indianisms
Indianisms refer to the grammatical mistakes in English that are very common in India. They are
words, phrases or expressions which are a part of colloquially spoken English in India. It is very
important for us to understand these errors to avoid ambiguity in communication.
Let’s look at the following conversation between two colleagues at the work place to understand
it better:

John : Good Morning Perry! When is our client meeting scheduled?


Perry : Good Morning John. Oh! I just received a note from Gary that the meeting has
been preponed.
John : Oh I see! Are we going to discuss about the same agenda that was planned?
Perry : Gary told me that he would send us the updated agenda soon.
John : Let’s do one thing, why don't we get into a call with Gary
Perry : I have already left him a message. He has to revert back.
The highlighted phrases in the above conversation indicate Indianism. Here are a few more
examples of Indian English.
 Me and my friend.
 Please have little patience.
 She is here only.
 He did it itself.
 She herself did the work.
 I will return it back
 Please revert back.
 She had an operation three years back.
 Please stay online for a moment while.....
 I did not took it.
 I did not knew it.
 I am loving it.
 You are going. Is it?
 The food is bad it seems.
 This job is more easier than that.
 I have a terrific headache.
Identify the phrases/words in below sentences which are commonly used in Indian English
 You’re looking healthier these days. Have you been gymming?
 So, what’s today’s program.
 She’s really taking a lot of tension from work.
 You always see women wearing slippers in the market.
 "Do you know who am I?"
 "My brother is bigger than me":
 "He said me to do this":
 "I am having a headache":
 Please do the Needful.
Check the Answers below
Answers
 You’re looking healthier these days. Have you been gymming?
 So, what’s today’s program.
 She’s really taking a lot of tension from work.
 You always see women wearing slippers in the market.
 "Do you know who am I?"
 "My brother is bigger than me":
 "He said me to do this":
 "I am having a headache":
 Please do the Needful.
Conclusion
What we’ve discussed is little compared to the vast ocean this topic is. Ensure that whenever you
communicate, you convey the intended idea. Use sentence connectors to connect your ideas
appropriately. Get into a little research on these topics yourself and your learning will be
immense! Happy Learning!

Chapter 2: How do you say it?

2.1. How do you say it


Pronunciation- How do you say it?

Don't we get impressed by people who speak English really well? That's why we also need to
speak as well as they do. To be a good speaker, it is important that we speak the language in a
way which is understood by the native speaker as well as people like us (who use it as a second
language).
How would you feel if you are listening to someone talking and you can't make head or tail of it?
However, you can understand from which part of India that person is without even asking.
Sometimes, sounds from our mother-tongue may influence the sounds in English and sound
funny. A mispronounced word could also result in a misinterpretation.
Look at the following example:

How about this one?


People gather the meaning of what you are saying from the pronunciation of the words
employed.
Let us look at the characteristics of pronunciation in English:
English is not a phonetic language. This means that some words can have the same spelling but
different pronunciation. Practise what you hear, not what you see.
For example : Lead kindly light.
Lead is used to make pencils.
Tips: Do not confuse pronunciation of words with their spelling! For example, "science" and
"signs", although spelled differently, are pronounced the same.
Even though there are 26 letters in the language, there are 44 sounds (also called Phonemes).
The link given helps us understand what these sounds are: Link here
Now that we have gone through the basic sounds, let us look at what makes a syllable to form a
word. A syllable is a cluster of consonant and vowel phonemes. Syllables can have one or more
sounds.
E.g: Inn: inn, Doctor: doc-tor, Assimilation: A-ssim-il-a-tion
Proper pronunciation alone does not lead to effective communication. In addition to listening for
specific sounds, listen to pauses, intonation and patterns of emphasis/stress. This can be just as
important as the pronunciation of sounds.
Word Stress: In English, we do not say each syllable with the same emphasis or strength. In one
word, we accentuate ONE syllable. We say one syllable very loudly (big, strong, important) and
all the other syllables very quietly.
Eg: GENtle, COURteous, eduCAtion, SCIence, AusTRAlia
Sentence Stress: It is the accent on certain words within a sentence. In English, all the words in a
sentence need not be stressed or accentuated. Words that are stressed are generally the Nouns,
Verbs, Adjectives and Adverbs. Words that are not stressed are words such as the prepositions,
conjunctions, articles, pronouns etc.
Sentence stress is important because it affects meaning. Sometimes the meaning of a sentence
changes based on the stress placed on different words. Look at the example below:
Eg : Where are you going? (refers to the place)
Where are you going? (refers to the person)
Where are you going? (refers to the act)
Intonation:
Patterns of pitch variation constitute intonation.
In English, it serves a grammatical function and an attitudinal function. The listener can make out
whether the sentence is a statement or question, a command or a request.
With the help of intonation one can also make out the attitude or mood of the speaker – whether
the speaker is bored, annoyed, interested in the subject of conversation, sarcastic, etc.
Example : wonderful
How would you say the following words if you were excited, bored, annoyed:
 fantastic
 really
 super
 amazing
 incredible
 marvelous

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