THE EMERGING

TECHNOLOGY
IN WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

Sub
mitt ed
By

S.BALAKRISHNA
(09931D3812)

ABSTRACT:- telecommunications.Think about

how you access the Internet
today. There are basically three
The surge of internet explosion different options
has lead to devlopment in
various fields of science and • Broadband access.
technology escpecially in the • WiFi access
fields of
 • Dial-up access three to 10 kilometers. WiMAX
is a certification mark, or 'stamp
The main problems with of approval' given to equipment
broadband access are that it is that meets certain conformity
pretty expensive and it doesn't and interoperability tests for the
reach all areas. The main IEEE 802.16 family of standards.
problem with WiFi access is that
hot spots are very small, so
coverage is sparse. The new
technology should provide high
speed of Broad band service,
wireless access, less expensive
and should provide wider
coverage like cell phone network
instead of all WiFi hotspots. In
this paper we’ll find out how Wimax is the real wireless
WiMAX works,how it can architecture by which wireless
improvised over other competing range can be extended to 49.6
technologies and its practical kms compared with Wi-Fi 91 mts
implementations . and bluetooth’s 9 mts. Service
providers will deploy a network
of towers that will enable access
over many miles. Internet access
is instantly available anywhere
within coverage areas. It also
boasts 70 Mbps of the data
INTRODUCTION rates that support thousands of
users.
WiMAX is defined as
Worldwide Interoperability for
Microwave Access by the
WiMAX Forum, formed in June
2001 to promote conformance
and interoperability of the IEEE
802.16 standard, officially
known as WirelessMAN. It is a
standards-based technology
enabling the delivery of last mile
wireless broadband access as an
alternative to cable and DSL.
WiMAX will provide fixed,
nomadic, portable and mobile
wireless broadband connectivity
without the need for direct line- About Wimax forum:-
of-sight with a base station. In a Wimax forum is an industry led non-
typical cell radius deployment of
profit organization which was formed
in the year 2001 with founding specifications for this protocol
members as Intel®, Fujitsu etc and at are sub optimum for outdoor
present having more than 500 members citywide wireless networks or
which include equipment metropolitan area networks
manufacturers, ,service providers. Any (MAN).
Recent updates and
products of Wimax must be certified by
new standards such as 802.11g
this forum since it conducts series of and 802.11a have improved these
tests which ensures interoperability of elements. However, once again
devices manufactured by any one. The these technologies are configured
logo given below should be on each for best performance in small
Wimax device. venues and at short range. To
compensate vendors developed
proprietary MAC and PHY layers
based on the root LAN standard
of 802.11. Many of these systems
are in use today
and possess significant
improvements
in modulation scheme, polling
technology and data transport
that enable effective and
modestly affordably citywide or
rural wireless networks.
However, none of these
proprietary iterations of the
technology are exactly the same.
No two company’s products will
work with each other. This means
that broadband wireless carriers
Why is WiMAX needed? must use base stations and
customer premise equipment
It is important to from the same vendor in any
understand the current state of given city---which may not be
technical fragmentation of the the best solution in some
broadband wireless industry. geographic and radio frequency
Early broadband wireless (RF) environments.
systems began as extensions of
indoor local area network (LAN)
technology known as Wifi or the
Requirements to Implement this
802.11b protocol. This standard technology :-
has evolved into a ubiquitous and Wimax Tower
widely available standard used in
short range hotspots all over the
globe. However, the media
access controller (MAC) and
physical layer (PHY)

This Wimax tower has coverage area
of nearly 3000 Sq miles..These towers
are generally situated on top of the
buildings.. The above given Wimax tower
is manufactured by Proxim Wireless®.
Wimax Subscriber Device
These subscriber devices or receivers could
be a small box, PCMCIA cards built in
laptops or even Wimax wireless modems.
All these devices should be Wimax forum®
certified.
Fundamental technologies
in Wimax:-
OFDM (Orthogonal
Frequency Division
Multiplexing):-
It is fundamental technology in
digital TV .It transmits multiple
signals simultaneously across the
wireless transmission with in
separate frequency to avoid
interference .It is also supported
in WLAN standard .OFDM will
almost certainly become the
dominant technology in all
wireless technologies .
Multiple Input Multiple Output
Smart Antenna Technology
1) MIMO uses multiple antennas at both
ends of the wireless connection (base
station and subscriber device) to enable
data to travel along multiple independent
paths.
2) For example, a 1x2 configuration refers
to a device with 1 Tx (transmit) and 2 Rx
(receive) antennas; similarly, 3x3 refers to
3 Tx and 3 Rx antennas.
ADAPTIVE
MODULATION:-
Many systems in the past
decade have involved in the
fixed modulation offering a trade
off between higher order
modulations for higher data
rates, but requiring more optimal
links or more robust lower order
that will operate only at lower
data rates .But 802.16 supports
adaptive delta modulation
balancing different data rates
and link quality, making most
efficient use of band width.
FDD AND TDD:-
The standard also supports
both frequency and time division
multiplexing to enable
interoperability with cellular and
other wireless systems .FDD has
widely deployed in cellular
telephony .It requires two
channel pairs. One for
transmission and other for
reception with some frequency
separation between them to
migrate self-interference .TDD
uses a single channel for both
upstreams and downstream
transmissions, dynamically
allocating bandwidth requirement
depending on the traffic
requirements also connect to another WiMAX
tower using a line-of-sight,
How WiMAX works? microwave link. This connection
to a second tower (often referred
A WiMAX system to as a backhaul), along with the
consists of two parts: ability of a single tower to cover
I. A WiMAX tower, similar in up to 3,000 square miles, is what
concept to a cell-phone allows WiMAX to provide
tower - A single WiMAX coverage to remote rural areas.
tower can provide coverage
to a very large area -- as What this points out is
big as 3,000 square miles that WiMAX actually can provide
(~8,000 square km). two forms of wireless service:
II. A WiMAX receiver - The I. There is the non-line-of-
receiver and antenna could sight, WiFi sort of service,
be a small box or PCMCIA where a small antenna on
card, or they could be built your computer connects to
into a laptop the way WiFi the tower. In this mode,
access is today. WiMAX uses a lower
A WiMAX tower station can frequency range -- 2 GHz
connect directly to the Internet to 11 GHz (similar to
using a high-bandwidth, wired WiFi). Lower-wavelength
connection. It can transmissions are not as
easily disrupted by
physical obstructions --
they are better able to
diffract, or bend, around
obstacles.
II. There is line-of-sight
service, where a fixed dish
antenna points straight at
 the WiMAX tower from a
rooftop or pole. The line-
of-sight connection is
stronger and more stable,
so it's able to send a lot of
data with fewer errors.
Line-of-sight transmissions
use higher frequencies,
with ranges reaching a
possible 66 GHz. At higher
frequencies, there is less
interference and lots more
bandwidth.
WiFi-style access will be limited
to a 4-to-6 mile radius (perhaps
25 square miles or 65 square km
of coverage, which is similar in
range to a cell-phone zone).
Through the stronger line-of-
sight antennas, the WiMAX
transmitting station would send
data to WiMAX-enabled
computers or routers set up
within the transmitter's 30-mile
radius (2,800 square miles or
9,300 square km of coverage).
This is what allows WiMAX to
achieve its maximum range.
What WiMAX can do?
WiMAX operates on the same
general principles as WiFi -- it
sends data from one computer to
another via radio signals. A
computer equipped with WiMAX
would receive data from the
WiMAX transmitting station,
probably using encrypted data
keys to prevent unauthorized
users from stealing access.
The fastest WiFi connection can
transmit up to 54 megabits per
second under optimal conditions.
WiMAX should be able to handle
up to 70 megabits per second.
Even once that 70 megabits is
split up between several dozen
businesses or a few hundred
home users, it will provide at
least the equivalent of cable-
modem transfer rates to each
user.
The biggest difference isn't
speed; it's distance. WiMAX
outdistances WiFi by miles.
WiFi's range is about 100 feet
(30 m). WiMAX will blanket a
radius of 30 miles (50 km) with
wireless access. The increased
range is due to the frequencies
used and the power of the
transmitter. Of course, at that
distance, terrain, weather and
large buildings will act to reduce
the maximum range in some
circumstances, but the potential
is there to cover huge tracts of
land.
Features:-
Advanced Security
Security features of Wimax in
clued the following
 Extensible Authentication
Protocol (EAP)
  Advanced Encryption followed on from IEEE Std
Standard (AES) 802.16-2004, which replaced
 Cipher-based Message IEEE Standards 802.16-2001,
Authentication Code 802.16c-2002, and 802.16a-2003.
(CMAC)
 Hashed Message IEEE Std 802.16-2004 (802.16d)
Authentication Code addresses only fixed systems.
(HMAC) 802.16e adds mobility
Licensed Spectrum components to the standard
Spectrum is either licensed or
unlicensed. Unlicensed spectrum
is open to any users, which
raises the possibility of FEATURES OF 802.16a:-
interference from other devices.
Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed 802.16a is a version of wimax
spectrum. WIMAX service and offers excellent capabilities.
providers use licensed spectrum, The typical cell radius of
which allows exclusive rights to 802.16a systems is expected to
its use for more predictability be four to six miles. This new
and stability. standard will help the industry
provide solutions across multiple
broadband segments. The
features are as follows.
Broadband on-demand –
IEEE 802.16a wireless technology
enables a service provider to
802.16 Specifications provide service with speed
• Range - 30-mile (50-km) comparable to a wired solution in
radius from base station a matter of days, and at
• Speed - 70 megabits per significantly reduced cost. It
second also enables instantly
• Line-of-sight not needed configurable 'on demand' high-
between user and base speed connectivity for temporary
station events such as trade shows.
• Frequency bands - 2 to 11 C e l l u l a r b a c k h a u l :-
GHz and 10 to 66 GHz
The robust bandwidth of 802.16
(licensed and unlicensed
technologies makes it an
bands)
excellent choice to carry
backhaul traffic for cellular base
stations in a point-to-point
configuration.
IEEE Standards:- R e s i d e n t i a l br o a d b a n d : -
Filling the gaps in cable and
The current 802.16 standard is DSL coverage - Practical
IEEE Std 802.16e-2005 limitations prevent cable and
approved in December 2005. It
DSL technologies from reaching and suffers from
many potential broadband interference as in
customers. This will change with metropolitan areas where
the launch of standards-based there are many users.
systems based on 802.16a.  It provides connectivity
Underserved areas:- between network endpoints
Wireless internet technology without the need for direct
based on IEEE 802.16 is also a line of sight in favourable
natural choice for underserved circumstances. The non-
rural and outlying areas with low line-of-sight propagation
population density. (NLOS) performance
requires the .16d or .16e
Best-connected wireless
revisions, since the lower
Service: - The IEEE 802.16e frequencies are needed. It
extension to 802.16a introduces relies upon multi-path
nomadic capabilities which will signals, somewhat in the
allow users to connect while manner of 802.11n.
roaming outside their home
areas.

IEEE 802.16e WiMAX Systems:-

IEEE 802.16e formally named,
but still best known as, 802.16e This figure shows that wimax
or Mobile WiMAX provides an systems may be used to provide
improvement on the modulation point to point and point to multi
schemes stipulated in the point communication service can
original WiMAX standard. It provide different types of
allows for fixed wireless and communication service from a
mobile Non Line of Sight common digital system this
applications primarily by diagram shows that wimax can be
enhancing the OFDMA. used to provide dedicated high
speed data links to hundreds of
Advantages over Wi-Fi user in relatively large
geographical area.
In practical terms, WiMAX
would operate similar to WiFi
but at higher speeds, over greater
distances and for a greater
number of users.
 The WiMAX specification
provides symmetrical
bandwidth over many
kilometers and range with
stronger encryption and
typically less interference.
 Wi-Fi is short range has
WEP or WPA encryption
WiMAX Radio:- from the radio's performance and
durability. In addition, having
At the core of WiMAX is the the antenna outdoors optimizes
WiMAX radio. A radio contains the link budget (performance of
both a transmitter (sends) and a the wireless connection) between
receiver (receives). It generates transmitter and receiver
electrical oscillations at a especially in line of sight
frequency known as the carrier scenarios. The antenna is
frequency (in WiMAX that is connected to WiMAX radio via a
usually between 2 and 11 GHz). cable known as a "pigtail". One
A radio might be thought of as a simple rule for wireless
networking device similar to a installations: keep the pigtail as
router or a bridge in that it is
managed by software and is
composed of circuit boards
containing very complex chip
sets.
WiMAX architecture, very
simply put, is built upon two
components: radios and antennas.
Most WiMAX products offer a
base station radio separate from
the antenna. Conversely, many
CPE devices are also two piece
solutions with an antenna on the
outside of the building and short as possible. Why? The
subscriber station indoors as longer the pigtail the more signal
illustrated in the figure below. is lost between the antenna and
the radio.

APPLICATIONS:-

Figure 9: Most WiMAX solutions

use radios separate from
antennas
The chief advantage of this is
that the radio is protected from
extremes of heat cold and
humidity all of which detract
There may be many usage switching centers as shown
scenarios below
That can be addressed by wimax. B a n k i n g n et w o r k s : -
Following are some mobility
usages of Large banks can
WiMAX . connect their branches and

Cellular backhaul:-

ATM sites to their regional

offices through a private
WiMAX carrying voice, data
and video traffic as shown
below. These spread over a
wide area and need high
The market for cellular services security and band width to
is becoming more and more handle the traffic.
competitive .To stay in the
business, the cellular
operators are constantly looking
for ways to reduce the operating
costs.
Backhaul costs for cellular
operators will represent a
significant position of their
recurring costs .WiMAX can
provide point –to –point links
up to 30 miles with data rates
capable of supporting multiple
E1/T1s cellular can therefore use
WiMAX equipment to backhaul
base station traffic to their
Network operations and
 devices connected between
Campus connectivity:- 802.11 hotspots. An 802.16e
amendment will add mobility to
802.16. As early as 2008, 802.16
could be incorporated into end-
user devices on the move.

F u t u r e w i t h W i m a x: -

• Engaging in an epic,
multiplayer 3-D battle on a train
• Video conferencing from the
park
• Looking up the nearest local
bookstore or getting directions to
a restaurant while on the move
Government agencies, large • Downloading movies while at
enterprises industrial campuses, the soccer field
t r a n s p o r t a t i o n hubs, u n i v e r s i t y ’ s , • Staying productive on the road
and colleges can use without searching for hotspots

WiMAX to connect multiple This is our future—and

locations, sites and offices with
WiMAX will deliver it.
in their campus as shown
below .campus systems require
high data capacity low latency, a
large coverage foot print and
high security

CONCLUSION:-

WiMAX could potentially

erase the suburban and rural
blackout areas that currently
have no broadband Internet
access because phone and cable
companies have not yet run the
necessary wires to those remote
locations.

WiMAX can also solve the

problem of how to keep wireless
notebooks and other mobile