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Y Y
Positive
Measurement
O
X X
O
Negative
Measurement
θ
Radian Measure and Arc length : There is a useful relation- A
C r
ship between the length of an arc AB on a circle of radius
r and the radian measure θ is the angle that the arc sub-
tends at the circle’s centre C.
s
Here = θ, or s = r θ
r
Illustration 3: Consider a circle of radius 8 units. (a) find the central angle subtended by an arc
3π
of length 2 π on the circle. (b) find the length of an arc subtending a central angle of .
4
s 2π π 3π
Solution: (a) θ = = = (b) s = r θ = 8 = 6π
r 8 4 4
The six Basic trigonometric functions : We define the trigonometric functions in terms of the
co-ordinates of the point P(x, y), where the angle’s terminal ray intersects the circle.
Y
Hypotenuse P(x,y)
r y
θ Opposite
X
O x
Adjacent
y r
sin e : sin θ = cos ecant : cos ecθ =
r y
x r
cos ine : cosθ = sec ant : sec θ =
→ r x
y x
Tangent : tan θ =
cot angent : cot θ =
x y
Here, tanθ and secθ are not defined if x = 0, This means they are not defined if θ is
π 3π
± , ± ,....... and similarily cotθ and cos ecθ are not defined for values of θ for which y= 0,
2 2
i.e. θ = 0, ± π , ± 2π , . . . . ..
The co-ordinate of any point P(x,y) in the plane can be expressed in terms of the point’s
distance from the origin and the angle that ray OP makes with the positive x-axis
Y
P(x,y)=(rcosθ, rsinθ)
r θ
X x y
O sin ce = cosθ and = sin θ
r r
we have x = r cosθ , y = r sin θ
2π
Find the sine and cosine of radians.
3
Y
Solution : Draw the angle in standard posi- ( Cos 2π3 , Sin 2π3 (
Graphs : When we plot the graph trigonometric functions in the coordinate plane, we usually
denote the independent veriable by x instead of θ , the variations in the values of the
trignometric ratios may be graphically represented in the following manner.
y
y=tanx
y y
y=sinx y=cosx
x x
–π – π π π 3π –π 0 π π 3 π 2π –π – π 0 π π
0 x –π –3 π 3π
2 2 2 2π 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
y y
y
y=secx y=cosecx y=cotx
1 1–
1–
x x π x
–π – π 0 π π –π π π 3π –π –π 0– π 3π 2π
–3 π 2 2
3π
–π
0
– 2 2
2π
2 2 2
2 – 2 2
π + 3 π ,...
– 2 ,– 2
Domain : x = + Domain : x = 0, + – 2 π,...
– π, + Domain : x = 0, + – 2 π,...
– π, +
B
P1
P2
M2 M1
A’ A
M3 M4
O
P3 P4
B’
Let the revolving line OP be of constant length a. When it coincides with OA, the length
OM1 is equal to a; and, when it coincides with OB, the point M1 coincides with O and OM1
vanishes.
while the revolving line is the second quadrant and is revolving from OB to OA’, the dis-
tance OM2 is negative and increases numerically from 0 to a [i.e., it decreases algebra-
ically from 0 to –a].
In the third quadrant, the distance OM3 increases algebraically from –a to 0; and, in the
fourth quadrant, the distance OM4 increases from 0 to a.
In the first quadrant, the length M1 P1 increases from 0 to a; in the second quadrant, M2P2
decreases from a to 0; in the third quadrant, M3P3 decreases algebraically from 0 to –a;
whilst in the fourth
Therefore it is clear that
B
S i n e d e c r e a s e f r o m 1 to 0 S i n e i n c r e a s e f r o m 0 to 1
cosine decrease from 0 to –1 cosine decrease from 1 to 0
tangent increase from – to 0 tangent increase from 0 to
cotangent decreases from 0 to – cotangent decreases from to 0
secant increases from – to –1 secant increases from 1 to
cosecant increases from 1 to cosecant decreases from to 1
A’ O A
S i n e d e c r e a s e f r o m 0 to –1 S i n e i n c r e a s e f r o m –1 to 0
cosine increase from –1 to 0 c o s i n e i n c r e a s e f r o m 0 to 1
tangent increase from 0 to tangent increase from – to 0
cotangent decreases from to 0 cotangent decreases from 0 to –
secant decreases from –1 to – secant decreases from to 1
cosecant increases from – to –1 cosecant decreases from –1 to –
B’
PERIOD : The positive value of “a” such that f(x + a) = f(x) then “a” is called period of f(x)
3tanA–tan 3 A
• tan3A = = tan ( 60° – A ) tan A tan ( 60° + A )
1–3tan 2 A
0
1
Illustration 6 : Find the values of (i) sin 22 (ii) sin18°
2
0
1
Solution : (i) Let 22 = A ⇒ 2 A = 450
2
cos 2 A = 1 − 2sin 2 A
1 − cos 2 A 1
0
1 − 1/ 2
⇒ sin A = ⇒ sin 22 =
2 2 2
2 −1
0
2− 2
0
1 1
⇒ sin 22 = ⇒ sin 22 =
2 2 2 2 2
(ii) Let θ = 18° then 2 θ = 36° = 90° –54° = 90 –3 θ
⇒ 2 θ = 90° –3 θ ⇒ sin2 θ = sin (90° –3 θ )
⇒ 2sin θ cos θ = cos 3 θ
⇒ 2sin θ cos θ = 4cos3 θ – 3cos θ
⇒ 2sin θ cos θ = cos θ (4cos2 θ –3) = cos θ (1–4sin2 θ )
Hence, 2sin θ = 1 –4sin2 θ (as cos θ ≠ 0)
⇒ 4sin2 θ + 2sin θ – 1 = 0
−2 ± 4 + 16 −1 ± 5
⇒ sin θ = =
2.4 4
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MATHEMATICS TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES
5 −1 5 −1
But as sin θ > 0 we have sin θ = i.e., sin18° = .
4 4
PRODUCT OF SINES/COSINES IN TERM OF SUMS
g 2sinAcosB = sin(A +B) + sin(A –B)
• 2cosAsinB = sin ( A +B ) – sin(A–B)
• 2cosAcosB = cos ( A +B ) + cos(A–B)
• 2sinAsinB = cos ( A –B ) – cos(A+B)
SUM OF SINES/ COSINES IN TERM OF PRODUCT
C+D C–D
• sinC + sinD = 2sin cos
2 2
C+D C–D
• sinC – sinD = 2cos sin
2 2
C+D C–D
• cosC + cosD = 2cos cos
2 2
C+D C–D
• cosC – cosD = –2sin sin
2 2
sin ( A+B ) sin ( A–B )
• tanA + tanB = , tan A – tan B =
cosAcosB cosAcosB
MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES OF ƒ( θ ) = a cos θ + bsin θ , θ ∈ R
Let a = rsin α , b = rcos α so that r = a2+b2, r∈R
also, acos θ +bsin θ = r(cos θ sin α + sin θ cos α ) = rsin( θ + α )
Now the maximum and minimum values of sin ( θ + α ) are 1 & –1 respectively..
Hence – r ≤ rsin ( θ + α ) ≤ r
⇒ – a 2 + b 2 ≤ a cos θ + bsin θ ≤ a 2 +b 2
Hence the maximum value = a 2 +b 2 and minimum value is – a 2 + b 2
π
Illustration 7: Find a and b such that for all x, a ≤ 3cosx + 5sin x − ≤ b
6
π π π
Solution: 3cosx +5 sin x − = 3 cosx + 5sinx cos – 5cosx sin
6 6 6
5 3 1 5 3
= 3– cos x +5 sin x = cos x + sin x
2 2 2 2
1 75
⇒ a=– + = − 19 and b = 19
4 4
Illustration 8:
In a ?ABC, ∠C = 90°, then find the maximum value of SinA sinB.
1
Solution : sinA sinB = × 2 sinAsinB
2
1 1
=
2
[cos(A–B) − cos(A+B)] =
2
[cos(A–B) − cos90°)
1 1 1
= cos(A–B) ≤ ⇒ Maximum value of sinA sinB =
2 2 2
IDENTITIES
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true for all values of the angle or angles
involved. A given identity may be established by (i) reducing either side to the other one, or
(ii) reducing each side to the same expression, or (iii) any convenient modification of the
methods given in (i) & (ii).
CONDITIONAL IDENTITIES
When the angles A, B and C satisfy a given relation, many interesting identities can be
estabilished connecting the trigonometric functions of these angles. In providing these
identities, we require the properties of complementary and supplementary angles. For
example, if A + B + C = π , then
• sin(B+C) = sinA, cosB = –cos(C + A)
• cos(A+B) = –cosC, sinC = sin(A + B)
• tan(C+A) = –tanB, cotA = –cot(B + C)
A+B C C A+B
• cos = sin ,cos = sin
2 2 2 2
C+A B A B+C
• sin = cos ,sin = cos
2 2 2 2
B+C A B C+A
• tan = cot ,tan = cot
2 2 2 2
Some important identities:
If A, B, C are angles of a triangle (or A + B + C = π ):
• tan A + tanB + tanC = tan A tanBtanC
• cotA cotB + cotB cotC +cot C cot A=1
A B B C B C
• tan tan + tan tan + tan tan = 1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B C A B C
• cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
• sin2A + sin2B + sin2C = 4sinA sinB sinC
• cos2A + cos2B + cos2C = –1– 4 cosA cosB cosC
A B C
• sinA + sinB +sinC = 4cos cos cos
2 2 2
A B C
• cosA + cosB +cosC = 1+ 4 sin sin sin
2 2 2
Illustration 9 :
If A + B + C = 180°, prove tanA + tanB + tanC ≥ 3 3 , where A, B, C are acute angles.
Solution:
tanA + tanB
tan (A + B) = tan (180° –C) or, = tan C
1–tanA.tanB
or, tanA + tanB + tanC = tanA. tanB. tanC ..... (1)
tanA + tanB + tanC 3
≥ tanA.tanB.tanC [since A.M ≥ GM.]
3
2α + ( n − 1) β nβ
sin sin
2 2
• sinα+ sin(α+ β) + sin ( α + 2β ) + ... + sin {α + ( n – 1) β} =
β
sin
2
2α + ( n − 1) β nβ
cos sin
• cosα+ cos(α+ β) + cos ( α + 2β ) + ... + cos {α + ( n – 1) β} = 2 2
β
sin
2
2π 4π 6π 1
Illustration 10 : Prove that cos + cos + cos =−
7 7 7 2
π 2π π 4π π 6π
2 sin cos + 2 sin cos + 2 sin cos
2π 4π 6π 7 7 7 7 7 7
cos + cos + cos =
Solution : 7 7 7 π
2 sin
7
3π π 5π 3π 5π π
sin 7 − sin 7 + sin 7 − sin 7 + sin π − sin 7 sin
7 =−1
= π =– π 2
2 sin 2 sin
7 7
Illustration 11 : Simplify cosA cos2A cos22A ... cos2n–1A.
Solution : cosA cos2A cos2A ... cos2n–1A
1
= . ( sin2A.cos2A ) .cos2 A..cos2n-1A
2 sin A
1 1
= ( sin2A.cos2A ) ...cos2n-1A = 2 ( sin4A.cos4A ) ...cos2n-1A
2 sin A 2 sin A
sin2n A
= continuing like finally we get .
2n sinA
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TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS & IDENTITIES MATHEMATICS
KEY POINTS
π
1. Radian measure = × Degree measure
180
180
2. Degree measure = × Radian measure
π
3. If in a circle of radius r, an arc of length l subtends and angle of θ radians, then l = r θ .
4. cos(2nπ + x ) = cos x
5. sin(2n π + x ) = sin x
π
8. cos(–x) = cosx → If none of the angles x, y and (x ± y) is an odd multiple of , then
2
tan x + tan y
9. tan( x + y ) =
1 − tan x tan y
tan x − tan y
10. tan( x − y ) =
1 + tan x. tan y