Yun (avy alee = wit of Corchen 78 READINGS IN EARLY ANTHROPOLOGY PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY Paul of Tarsus ‘Paul Of Tarsus (d, «a, 67) accepted the Old ‘Testament version of the creation Of the universe? and man* by a god. Also, every species of inanimate and animate thing was created materially different. God . . . giveth to every seed his own body. All fesh is not the same flesh but there is one kind of Resh of men, another flesh of beasts, another of fishes, and another of birds. ‘Thete are also celestial bodies, and bodies tersestial* + ifyou belong to Christ, then you are true? descendants of Abraham and his heics under the promise. «+ + physical cravings are against the Spicit, and® the cravings of the Spirit are against ‘the physical; the two ate in opposition, so that you cannot do anything you please. However, he insisted upon the equality of man in the Christian church. ‘Thete is no distinction between Jew and Greck, for they all have the same Lord, and he is generous to all who eall upon him.? ‘There is neither Jew nor Greek, there is neither bond aot fre, there is neither male sor female: for ye are all one in Christ Jesus.* Later New Testament Writers ‘The authors of Lake-Acts (ca. 90), Hebrews (ce. 95), the Gospel of John (ca. 110), and I Peter (ca, 190)! believed in the ereation of the universe as given by Genesis, and of course the narrative on the creation of man was also accepted by the later New Testament writers. -. from the beginning of the creation God made them male snd female.* For Adam was fist formed, then Eve!® Jade states in his Epistle (ce. 125) that subbuman animals have only instinc- tive knowledge, while man learns as well. But these spesk evil of things which they kaow not: but what they know naturally, as brute beasts, in those things they corzupr themselves. ‘The author of Lnke-Acts asserts that all mankind is derived from a common ancestor. (God) hath made of one blood all nations of men for to dwell on all the face of the ‘arth, and hath determined the times before appointed, and the bounds of their habita- tions Augustine Aurelius Augustinus (350-430) followed the Old Testament account of man’s origin. God created only one single man... And woman. . . wae of manait ++ = whoever is anywhere born a man, thet is, a , mortal animal, no matter | ‘what unusval appearance he presents in color, movement, sound, nor how peculiar he created... out2f the creation and animate flesh: but there other of birds. and his heirs re against you please, aurch, sme Lord, and 3 neither male of Joka (ca 13 given by Iso accepted aale® valy instine- w macurlly, 2 commoa » face of the cheit habits. # of man's ‘TO THE END OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 3 ‘= some power, pat, or quality of his nature, no Chistian can doubt that he eprings ‘Som Chat one protoplast. . - if they are humsn, they are descended from Adam. + reckoning by the sicred writings, we find that not 6000 years have yet passed cases man was created). Augustine also viewed man in relation to other beings. man (3)... nature vas to be a mean between the angelic and bestia. Ged... . made man a rational animal consisting of soul and body . . . [and] has E755 0 the good and to the evil, being in commoa with stones, vegetable life in come Ses ith trees, sensvous life in common with brutes, intellectal life in common with ‘aaa: alone. sidoms of Seville ‘0 Tsidorus of Seville (4. 636), racial differences are the result of geographic 3 accordance with diversity of climate, the appessance of men and their color and ‘arciiy size vary and diversities of mind appear. Thence we sce that the Romans are Biqied, the Grecks uastable, the Afticans crafty, the Gauls fetce by nature and some- ‘ie: headlong in their disposition which the character of the climates bring about. Eshiopia isso called from the color of its people, who are scorched by the neatness of ‘Se scx. The color of the people bettays the sun’s intensity, for there is never-ending Fbomas Aquinas ‘Thomas Aquinas (1225-1274) concurred in the creation story as given in —— Nothing except God can be etetnal.# Go is the Crestor of the wodd: hence ., . the world began. «every being in any way existing is from God. His 2:0 accepted the Old Testament account of the creation and history of man, 1st formation of the human body... . was immediately from God.2* the body of man is ssid to have been formed from the slime of the earth.* fn man there is some likeness to God, copied from God as from an exemplar; 95 Ss Hkeness is ot one of equality, for such an exemplar infinitely excels its copy. ses necessary for woman to be made, a the Scripture say a8 «Jfper to man... «in ‘Be work of genecation™ lone could produce . . a woman from the sib of man% nade man outside of paradise and afterwards placed him thete to live thece ‘whole of his aaimel life; and, having attained to the spizitaal life, to be trans- ‘eoce to heaven.™ ‘FE: fitting that it [i.e the Garden of Fea) should be in the eat; for itis to be ‘hat ie was situated in che most excellent per ofthe eacth.?+ READINGS IN EARLY ANTHROPOLOGY In this way we find the lowest in of the lowest of [Let us} consider the distin. é Spirtual creature which in Holy Scripture ic cowporeal; tied, the composite erect, Ce, is very imperfecta tved in them . . Senerally speaking, mote perfect than binds ant Shes, not beccuse the fi onder et son at eeause theis limbs are more distin ot their generat Hs bees and ants, are more ineligent fa certain. Paving in them something of « voul, wit land § Suhail fom the higher perfection of thei lie, ate, a8 it were, living souls with bodies subject to them, Bue the life of man. is] the most perfect grade” EWE must observe that the noblera form i, the ‘more it ties above coxporeal matter, phe let itis merged in matter, and the mote necee smatte by its power and ts operation; besce we find tha the foom ofa mised only har {taother operation not eaused by its eet Fee uiltes. And the higher we advance in da nobility of forms, the more we Sind. that the power of the form excels the Slementary mater; asthe vegetative soul exec ne form of the metal sad the sensitive soul ences ae vegetat ene emaPeitting a mechanical theory of anlenal behavior ional animals. The degree of “ nobility » ‘The Philosopheer fie, Aristo ut the appt, te icamotin, andthe ntclone id ei ive geners of powers of the soul, as above faumbered. OF these, three are called souls, and four ate called modes $ilving. The reason ofthis diversity lee the various souls being distinguished {rcording es the operation of the soul tnasccare : ie oreal nature in various ways; for the whole comporeal nature is j OF the soc) 20 as its matter and instrument, There exists, there- fore, an operation of the soul which eo te acne the corporeal nature that it is not even Pemommed by any corporeal organ; and suck eae ‘penition of the rational soul, Below Shi there isanother operation ofthe oul, whicg ? deed performed through a corporeal SrBase bet not theough a coxporeal gully, aad she the operation of the sensitiv sou! «+ » The lowest of the operations is thit which performed by a comporca orbin, by vieue of comporel quality.» Such nae Operation of the segesatve cont‘LOGY ‘FO THE END OF THE FOURTEENTH CENTURY 5 on of things, For we alway poser of the mutstive soul are prior by way of generation to the powess the lower genus thus som Seats far which, theefore they prepare the body. The same isto be sid ns, chan ote wh : power with regard to the intlletusl® o the earth ike plas : ate peel e oe Seerss an analysis of man from the viewpoint of comparative anatomy. ke of ng ng Sa te fommnion of te ober ena, mes psn seme: Gi, ce ely SS her animal; nd fo tis reason man must have dhe most equabletem- “oad, the exatan whol SSE Gl Luna, Moreover man excels all other aniwals inthe ioterior sensitive | which is man. pa tnat from whut we have eaid above (in Same i. 78.4]. Bot by a kind of iving creatures can be dis Sts shor of the other animals in some ofthe extecior senses; thos of all of taem, a Bail sys, The Tica the leat sense of unell For man ofall animals aceds the largest brain as ver, «--onlyin gener “STE boar; both for his greater freedom of action in the inteior powers those that ive on nel ane, MMI Gee cae inrllccual opezatioas . and in omier thatthe low temperature of cause the fish is devoid of SS SEAR che her ofthe heart, which has to be considerable in man for ita seis generation ofa higher saad up cnet, So thatthe sizeof the brain, by season of is huni, is ‘ore inteligen in cevsin MMe cemes=nent eo che smell, which requires dryness. ing ofa soul, whilst land Pee a cvs, which axe the weapons of some animals, and toughness of hide Tiving souls with bodice MMMM cegccomoes ef hac or featrs, which ae the clothing of animals, are gas ofan abun ¢ guade.™ SE ee eich dow oot agece wih the equality sod softness of esabove ; Srament. Therefore such things do not sit the nacore of man, Instead oveitaed fy tera: Sera at nite anety. Wherefore the haod is called by Arintode funn eee ; Sh db ong of organs. Moreover this wae more becoming to the rational suc | TEA pubic of conceiving an infinite number of things, s0 as to make foe oul. Now, the human soul se number of instruments. corcal matter in its power Mme ‘epeght starure wae becoming to man for four reasons, Fisst, because the ‘oreal matter hes no share 4 secon sxe jven to man, not only forthe purpose of procuring the necessaries of life, for gaa Ses 220 bestowed on other animals, but also for the purpose of knowledge. Hence, sons tae other animals take delight in the objects of the senses only as ordered to food oF7 of snitmal behaviog; | feet nex. samalone takes pleasure in the beauty of sensible objects for its own sake. There = ee ae situated chiefly in the face, other animals have the face turned to 2 powers of its soul. 4 yer for the pupose of seeking food and prong 2 lnehoods cee “gucszss ran hus his face etect, in order that by the senses, and chiefy by sight, which is see eerie, - fe and penetrates fucther into the differences of things, he may freely survey 1c objeets around him, both heavealy and earthly, £0 a8 co gather intelligible uuabered. OF these, three Mey ‘ll things. Secondly, for the greater freedom of the acts ofthe interior powers; 2 ofthis diversity ies in MMMM” n= saa. wherein these actions aze, in « way, performed, not being low dow, but ited 1 of the soul transcends ~ other pasts of the body. Thisdly, because if man’s stature were prone to the hole corporeal nature is ‘would need to use his hands as fore-feet; and thus their utility for other pur rent. There exists, there- 2 ‘cease. Fourthly, because if man’s stature were prone on the ground, and nature that itis not even Gel es hands as fore-ect, he would be obliged to take hold of his food with his the ratienel sul. Below | Sz Thus he would have a protruding mouth, with thick and hard lips, and also a sed through 2 corporeal ‘, $048 to keep it from being hurt by exterior things; as we seein other animals, sation of the see son! Such an attitade would quite hinder speech, which is tesson's proper operation. med by 2 eoxporea) | va of the negefarve sonst P -siam of Conches “Fae existence of different races raised the question of monogenesis versus is the latter, as a heretical opinion, was touched upon only gingerly sm of Conches (1080-2. 1150). 410 man oa secount of his |e proper operation| 1 6 READINGS IN EARLY ANTHROPOLOGY ++ « and this is what the divine page says: That God made women out of Adam's side (Gen, 2:21), However, we do not wish to take literally, that God made the ist man from rib, But some might eay, that for the same reason many men and women could have been created at that time, and now also, We say that tha is teue if that is the diviio will* ARCHEOLOGY Saxo Grammaticus ‘The archeology of the period is exemplified by the following excerpt from Sexo Grammaticus (1150-1206) on the megalithic remains in Deamari ‘That the country of Denmark was once cultivated and worked by giants, is attested by the enormous stones attached to the barrows and caves of the ancicats. Should any § ‘man question that this is accomplished by superhuman force, let him look up at the tops of certain mountains and say, ifhe knows how, what san kath casried such immense boulders up to their crests. For anyone considering this marvel wil mark thet itis incon- ceivable how 2 mass, hardly at all or but with difficulty movable upon a level, could have been raised to so mighty a peak of so lofty a mountain by mere human effort, of by the ordinary exertion of human strength. HISTORY AND ETHNOGRAPHY In western Europe itself pethaps the earliest social history was the Chroniche Fiorentine© of Giovanni Villani (d. 1348) ] ‘The eatliest information on other cultures that was gathered by travelers was that of pilgrims who visited Palestine and then wrote descriptions of the Holy Land. However, they were religious people primarily interested in what related to the Christian church, and there is usually little mention of the customs of non- Christians ; indeed, one went so far a5 10 writ Now I have spoken of the abbeys and monasteries of Jerussler, those without and within Jerusalem, and the Latin streets; but I have aot named the monasteries sad churches of the Syrians, nor of the Greeks, jacobins, Boamine, Nestorians, nor Ar. ‘menins, not of the other people who render no obeisance to Rome, of whom were | ‘many abbeys and chueches in the eity. For | did not wish to say anything of those people Thave named who do nat sender obsisance to Rome. j ‘The earliest account of interest is the Peregrinatio Actheriae (ca. 385),"* which, though it has very little on non-Christians, contains a good description of the rituals of the Christian charch at Jerusalem, Others of importance are Antoninus (sixth century), Itinerarivm (ca. 565), which has some information on the Jews; ‘an anonymous account of ca. 119938 Burchardus de Monte Sion (thirteenth century), Desriptio terrat sanciae (1280); Wilhelm von Boldensele (0. 1336), 3 Hopoeporicon ad terram sactam (1336); and Ludolfas de Suchem (fourteenth century), who writes in his De itnere terrae sanctae (1350): Ihave . . . long desived to write an account of the position of chose countries, their condition, their villages, strong places, cities, eastles, men, manners, places of prayer and wonders Few easly traders wrote accounts of their travels; the best is that of Cosmas |