SPE

SPE 17620

Numerical Simulation of Gravity-Stable Hydrocarbon Solvent

Flood, Wizard Lake D-3A Pool, Alberta, Canada
by H.H. Hsu, Texaco U.S.A.
SPE Member

Cop@ght 19SS society of Petroleum Englnears

%1s paper was prepared for prewntatlon at the ePE International Meeting on Pe!roleum Engineering, held in Tlanjin, China, November 1-4, 1988.

This paper wea eelaotad for preaentatlon by an SPE Program Commlttw following review of Information contained In an abstract aubmltted by the
eulhor(s). Contenta of the paper, ae presented, have not bean reviewed by the Soofety of Petroleum Engineers end are subject to oormctlon by the
author(s). The material, as precmted, dose not nwweerily reflaof any position of the Sooiety of Petroleum Engineers, Its officers, or members. Papare
presented at SPE meetlnga are subjeot to publication review by Editorial Commltteas of the Swlety of Petroleum Englneere. Permission to copy is
raetrlcted to an abstract of not more then 300 words. Illuatratlone may not be copied. The ebetraet should contefn ooneplcuous acknowledgment of
where md by v,hom ttm paper la presented, Write PubUcations Manager, SPE, P.O. Sox 83333S, Richardson, TX 75083.3S3S. Telex, 730989 ePEDAL.

portionof the oarlxsnateplatformupon whioh the

reefal growth was Initiated. Underlying the
This paperpresentsa historymatohand prediction reservoiris an aotiveCookinSLakeaquifer.
for the~ltizard
LakeD-3APOOLreservoirin Alberta,
Canada. The reservoir
is a dolcutitized
blohermreef Oil productionetartedin 1951 under the primary
withan initialoil pay zone of 648 feet (197.5m) productionmode. Thisproduction lasteduntil1969
and it is underlainby the CookingLake aquifer. when a secondaryhydrocarbon misoibleflood was
A fieldwide 3-D (11x14x53),4-oomPonent (6aS. implemented. During the primsw and seoondary
solvent,oil, water)simulationmodel IS used to production, the %veragaoil-weter oontaotrose by
history matah the reservoir pressure, the about 74 feet (22.6 m). In 19S3, a tertiary
oil,gas, and water produotiona, the &as/solvent, hydrocarbonmisoibleflood was initiatedwhereby
solventloil,and oi?.fwater
contaotlocations.This the oil-wateroontaotwas pusheddownward.At the
paper will addresseeversLfeaturesof the model presenttime, this oil-wateroontackoontinuesto
whioh were developadspeoifiaally for this study. move downward. More detail of the reservoir
These inoludetreatatentof op3nholecompletionand desoriptionand thePSrformanaereviewwas preaanted
handling of solvent and water ooningwith the elaawhere.
1-3
coarsegridmodel. It will also disouaedifferent
methodsof calculating the fluidcontaotlocations The overallobjectiveof the historymatebstudyis
from simulationresults. to prwide a simulation modal that osn aatslst
in
optimizing the pool’s productionand injection
Tho historymatoh ooversa time span of 36 years strategy.Themodeldealswithsomeof thetxsnoerns
(1951-1986). ‘he reservoirwas initiallyunder associatedwith the WizardLake operation. For
primaryproduction for 19 YearsduringwhiohrWer_ example,thereis uneven, oil-watercontaotin part
voirpressuredroppedbeLavthebubblepoint pressure of the reservoir that may impede the solvent
anda secondarygasOSPformed. Wydroosrbon solvent spreading.Thesolventis thinnerat scmelooations
?loockingstartedin late 1969and continues to the than others, Under the tertiaryso.tvent flooding
present time. During the fsol vent flood,both stheme,will thesalventspreadIntotheflankarea?
residuesss and water were’injeotedto raise the Thus,traoingthemovementof eachfluidphase(gas,
reeerwoirpressurebaok to its ori&lnalvalue. At solvent, oil, and water) and planning future
Me oca!pletion of the historymatuh,the modelwas productionand injeotionare the twomostimportant
used to make prediction rune to assistin plannins oapabilities expeoted of the simulationmodel.
the pool’sproduction and i.njeotion
strategy. Speolfioally,the modelwill addressthe follafing
itezte:

The WizardLake D-3A pool is locatedapproximately 1. Plaoementof future@La requiredto reoover

residualoil in the rewf~lankareas,
thirty-f’our
miles (55km) southwestof Edmonton,
Alberta. The reservoirocmprlsesa dolcmitized
upperDevonianage oarbonate reefand theuppermost 2* hoatlon of additional wateritiection
wellsto
leveloil-water:.’ww ?t, and
References
and illustrations
at end of paper. 3. 8olventspreadinsi~tothe flankareaa.

9.4
I* I

NU?JERICAL
SIZIAJLATION
OF GRAVITY-STABLE
2 SCLVBT 3ZOOD,W12ARDLARS D-3AR)(L.ALBilRTA
To addresatheseobdeotivea,
a fieldwide,3-D model
waa aonstruotedutilizing e 4-oomponent (gas,
solvent,oil,andwater)miscibletypeof simulator.
Themodelwe fipstvalidated by history
matchingthe
prima~ and the misoiblesolventfloodingperform-
ances (from 3951to 1986).It wa thenut!ed
to make
predictionruns ,yhichreflectpossibleoperating
soenarioa.
ThispaperwiLldeaoribethesimulator usedfor this
studyandthedStarequirement andsimulationoutput.
It will also presentthe voluzetrioand material
bel.anoeoaloulation
results. In thehistorymatah
phase,thepaperwilloomparethesimulated reservoir
pressure, gas and water productions uith those
measuredin the field. It will &lso oomparethe
oaloulatedfluid oontaot loaations with field
meaeured results. In the predictionphase, the
paperwill presentthe looationsfor gas,solvent,
and waterinjeotionand oil production.
~~
The simulatorused in this study is a misoible
81mulator. The theoryupon whioh this misoible
simulator is built is well documentedin the
literature.4 Basioally,it ass!mesfour phases
(gas,solvent,oil,and water)in the system. me
gas may dissolvein the oil,but not in the water.
Scilvent
miscibility with the oil is controlled
by a
preesure-depemientmixingparameter.Theuse of the
mixingparameter pemits theZIawosmpiomodslingof
visoouaf Imring and the bypassing of oil.
The Struotureoontourmap of the WizardLake D-3A
poolis sham in Figure1 (alongwiththearealgrid
Systall) The reaprvoir,whioh is about3.S miles
● theten slioes. lhehorizontal andvertiaelper~a-
(5.6km) longand 2 miles (3.2loz) wide,is looated
in Tatnship48, Range27 of W414in Alberta,Canada,
K sohematio of 8 vertiaalorose aeotionof the”
reservoiris ehwn in Fi@me 2. me topof thereef
is locatedat 3386 feet (1032m) subeeaand the
originaloil-wateroontactis looatedat 4034 feet
(1229.5m) subsea. The initialoil p~ thiaknessis
therefore648 feet (197,5m).
The grid system of the emulation modal used
Cartesianooordimtes.The arealgridswere set up
auoh that eati grid ooversan area of 40 sores
(16.2heotarx), the same size as that of a legal
subdivision. Vertiotily,the grid was
thi~kness
made muoh ameLlerin orderto simulatethe solvent
mweaent, The smallestgrid thiokness, whiobwas
looatednear the originaloilIwateroontaot,was
aqutito five feet (1.5m), The resultantsue of
the modelis 11x14x53grid blooke. Beoauaeof the
bell shape of the reservoir,a great ntmter of
grids in the upper portionof the reservoirare
inaotive. The totalnunberof aotivegrid blooks
in the simulation
modelis 2497.
[m
The bubblepoint
pressureof the reservoirfluidis
2154paia (14850kPa)at a reservoirteqxmatureof
1670F(750C). The oil formation
voluzefactor.Bo,
solutiongas-oilratio,R8, gas formationvoLuue
742
. 9
HYDROCARBON
CANADA S3S 17620
faotor,Bg, end oil viemeity are shownin Table1.
From Table1, it canbe seenthat,at thetmbtilepoint
pr&$sure,the cil formation Volunefaator,Bob, is
1.3137%/STB(1.313r m3/m3),and the solutiongaa-
oil ratio,Esb,is 567 SCF/STB(102stdm3/m3).
The B. and R8 valuesin Table1 uere obtainedfrom
s consta~twzpositionexpansionexperimmt. In
thvfield operation,thesevaluesare affeotedby
thc~separatorcondition.Initially,the separator
oonditiongave an oil formationvoluzefactorof
1.336RB/STB(1.336r m3jm3)and a gas-oilratioaf
545 SCFfSTB (98 std m3/m3). The oil foration
VOLme faotorandthesolution gas-oil ratioobtained
frcmtheoonztant oompoeition
expansion nereadJusted
to tbiese,parator oondition,
&Q desoribedin Dake’s
book,5 beforethq wereusedin thesimdationmodel.
The snLventaazpoeition
usedfor themieoibleflood
hasbeenreportedprwiously.~-3 It aonteineroughly
25% methane,1P% ethane,30% propane,23% butane,
and 3% pentane. Baaed OK this composition, the
solventformationvoltznefaotorand VISoositywere
oaloulated.Laboratory
testresults shinedthatthis
solventwould resuLtin first oontaotmiscibility
with theUizardLakeoil.
~
Thethiaknessandporosity ~ontourmapswereprovided
in ten horizontalslices. ~ese maps gavenot onlF
theareal,but alsothe vertioalvariation of these
properties. They were digitisedso that these
propertieswere assignedto eaohof the gridblooke
in tbe simulation model. On the otherhand,only
scattereddata were availablefor the permeability
data. It was aes=ed that both horizontaland
verticalpermeabilities were uniformwithineachof
bilitieswere plottedas a funotionof depthand
theywere interpolatedto giveeaohmodellayerthe
horizontaland vertioel~rmeabilities. The pore
val.
une averagedporoeityis 10.94%and the footage
averagedhorizontal and vertioalpermeabilitiesare
1375and 107 mD, respectively.
The porositywee found to have an effeoton the
connate water~saturation. For Wiaard Lake, the
relationshipbetweanthe oonnatewater saturation
and porosityoan be correlatedby the following
equation:
ho = 78.5+ ‘l-l
where + and Swo are both given in PStWSntSWSo
Basedon thiscorrelation,theaverageoonnatewaker
saturationover the entirereeewoir is oaloulated
to be 5.64%.
The oil-water and gas-oilrelativepermeability
ourves,whiohwereobtainedfrcmhiatotymatoh,are
shown in Figure 3. Note that in the relative
permeability
u’ves, tiefoLlowingend-pointvalues
are used:
%0 = oonnatewatersaturation,0.0564
%o = oritioalgas saturation,
0.047
Sow = r=idual oil saturation
to water,0.35
Sorg = residualoil saturation
to gas,0.24S
9. .
SPR 17620
--..—. -—- H. H. HSIJ
Labor’story
meaeurcmentof ospillary
pressureshowed
that the Oapillatl’
presswe was nearly”zero above
the connatewatersaturation.Thisme”msthat the
oa2illarypressurehas littleeffeoton a~ mobile
watersaturations.For thisreason,zerooapillary
pressurewas assmed in the simulation
work.
~-
Ibe originaloil in place(OOIP)was oal.oulated from
thegridsyetemandtheinitialization dataoontained
in thesimulationmodel. Assuningan averagewnnate
watersaturation of 0.0564endan initicloil forma-
tionvolume“faotor of 1.336RBISTB(1.3.36r m31m3),
the OOIP was oslcuiat~d volumetricallyto be 422
mfllionSTB (67.1106 m3;.
This newly determinedOOIP value is higher than
the previouslyrep?.ted value of 390 mll.lion STB
(62.0106 m3). The reasonfor the Inoresse is due
to the inoreasein porosityfraza reoentgeological
study. On the average,the porosityi.noreaeesfrom
9.41to 10.94%.Beoauaeof theinverserelationship
betweenoonnatewater saturation and porosity(ace
above equation),the higherporosityvalue lowers
the connate water saturationfrcm the ourrently
reaognlzed0.07 to 0.0564. As a result,the OOIP
in~reasesby 32 millionSTB (5.1106 m3).
. for thesewellsonly.
The volumetriccmlmulation resultwae oonfirmedby
the materialbalznoeoaloulation.The Oalculfition
used tie approaohreounmndedby Havlensand Odeh.6
Only the primaxyproduction dstawereused in this
0s1aulation.Abouttwoand one-hzl f yearsafterthe
productionbegan,the reservoirpressuredropped
below the bubblepointpressure. It was foundthat
a tetterstraight linefitwas obtained whenthedata
atmvethebubblepoint preaaurewereexoluded from the
oalou.lation.Sinoethecumulative oilproduction up
t,othe pointwhen the reservoirpressuredroppedto
the bubblepoint @rezsure
was 5 millionSTB (O.8 106
m3), the OOIP determinedfrom the materialbalenae
oataulation was addedto thisamountto obtainthe
totalOOIP. ThetotalOOIPdetermined In thismanner
was 425 millionSTB (67.6106 m3). This nuuber iS
oloseto thevolumetrically calculatedresult.
-Dlew
Most of thewellsin the WizardLakereservoir went
throughseveralocmpletton ohangesduringtheproduo-
tionhistory.At thebeginning of theoperation,
the
majorityof wellsin thefieldhad openholeoazPle-
tions. Throughout theyears,the tubingwas lutered
in orderfor the @ttcm of thetubingto stayin the
oil zone. As the oil bank shrunk,solventandlor
water oonlngooourredand linerswere installedin
sine,
wellsto bettercontroltheproduction interval.
Instel.lation of liners startedin 1984, and by
1986, more then half of the produoershad liners.
In additionto these &anges, scae producerswere
oonverted intowater,gas or solventinjeotorawhen
mieoiblefloodingstartedin late 1969.
In the simulation
model,eaohwellmust+ giventhe
perforationinterval frcan which to producethe
reservoirfluld. For a“perforated well, this is
atraightforwsrd
whenthereis no ooning.Whenthere
is 00ning, an “effeotlve” intervalmust be used
instead. The “effeotive”perforationintervalis
7AQ
3
that interveJin the modelwhichgivesthe oorreot
(!ORand water out for that well. Sinoe the 3-D
model grid size i8 not mall eno@ to eimul ate
ooningdireotly,the effeotiveperforation
approach
offersone methodto aooountfor that situation.
Correlationsbetweenthe effeotiveand physical
perforationswill be presented
shortly.
For an openholewell. Ga “effeotive”perforation
intervalmustte aasunedbeoausethereis no physical
perforation.When thereis no ooning,theeffeotive
perforationintervalia assumedto oovera distenoe
enmzpas~ingthe bottcm of the tubing. Experience
has shown that the simulatedpressureand flui.d
cotitao~
loostionare not sensitiveto the size of
thisintervales long as thereis no coning. An
effeotlveperforationintervalextending10 feet
aboveto 15 feet below+%e bottanof the tubingis
initiallysufficient.for til wells. When coning
oooura,the effeotiv%intervalis redetermined to
matchtheGOR and waterout for indlvlduel wells.
Currently,al.
1 wells in the fieldare eaerienoing
both solventand water 00ning. For purposesof
makingpredictionruns,sanecorrelations areneeded
in orderto epeoifytie effeotiveperforation for
thesewells. Themajorityof wellsin the fieldare
perforated,so the correlations will be developed
Figure4 shows a e&ematio of a perforatedwell.
‘lhequsnti$iesshownin the figureare definedas
follws:
du = oil bank thickness above the top of the
perforation,
feet
dB = oil bank thicknessbelow the bottcmof the
perforation,
feet
d’u = distancebetweanthe top of the perforation
and thetop of theeffeotive
perforation,
feet
d’B = distsnaebetweenthebottanof theperforation
and the bottanof the effeotivePSrfOratiOn#
feet
BY historymatchingthe 1986 results,SStLsfactorY
correlations
wereobtained, as shownbelcw:
For solventoon.ins,
d’u = 0,320~og245 du1*048
For water00nins,
d’B = 7.498Qoo*0672dB0”42g
whereCl.represents theoilproduction
rateexpressed
in STB/D. The SIZII of d’u,d’B,plusthe perforation
interval gives the total ef f eotive perforation
intervalto te usedin the simulation model.
The above correlationscan help determinenew
perforation
loaationsforfutureoperation
usingthe
followingprooedure:
1. For a givenperforation
looation,oaloulatedu
anddB SPOIZ
thesolvent-oil
endoil-wateroontaut
looationsc!etennined
frcm the aimtiation
modti.

NUMERICAL
SIF3JLATION
OF GRAVITY-STABLE
4 S(LVEJTFLOOD,W12ARDLAKB D-3APOOL,ALBERTACANADA
2. Caloulate
theeffeotive
perforationinterval
from
theoorralatione
andenterit intotheeimulatlon
model.
3. Make a one time step test run to obtainthe
solvent-oilratioand waterout for thatwell.
If thesolvent-oil
ratioie aaoeptable,thegiven
perforationlooationneed not be adjusted. If
thesolvent-oilratiois toohigh,thenlowerthe
perforationlooationand returnto Step 1.
Thi8prooedure
is to be repeatedfor all wells.
Initially, the history mstoh effort oovers the
entireperiodfrao 1951 to 1986. A problemarose
with respeotto the simulatedr=emoir pressure
behavioraftersaLventinjeotionbeganin Nwamber
1969,es will be explainedlater. Therefore, the
simulationmodel had to be reinitializedat that
pointand the historymatoh#fort was oonoentrated
on the periodafter November1969 until Deocmbar
‘1986
.
The well by well oil productionratesalongwith
water,gas, and solventinjectionrates,@VOn in
monthlyaverages,v’we enteredinto the eimul ator.
Reservoirperemete~were thenmodifiedso thatthe
simulation resultsma’tohed the reservoirpressure,
fluidcontaotlooations, and gas and water produo-
tiona. Historymatohingof thesevariables requires
the tuning of the relativepermeability ourves,
whiobwerePreeentedearlier,thesolvent-oil mixing
parameter.and the residual oil saturationto
sol vent floodlngo Aooordingto PVT studies,both
me seoondary and tertiaryfloods give riseto first
oontaotmltmibility.Therefore, the value of the
mixingparameter should.
be nearlyunity. A vdlue. of
0.98wee foundto givewad matoheefor gas-solvent
and solvent-oil oontaots. The history-matched
value for the reeldueloil saturationto solvent
floodingwas foundto be about0.05.
pr~
Themodelingof the aquiferbehaviorfor theWizard
LakereeervoirPIWS an importan$rolein the eimu-
lationeffort, In the simulator, thewaterinflux/
effluxIs oelaulated by the Certer-’lkacymethod.
7
Historymatoh resultsindioatedthat the Certer-
Traoymethodgavean exoellent matohin the reeer-
voir pressureduringthe primaryproduction period This model utilizesthe densitydata to calo~ate
(from 1951 to 1969) when water flwed into the
reservoir.Hcmiever, the Carter-Traoymethodover- each (x,Y) grid. the mobile saturationsare
prediotedthereservoir pressure,as ehounin Figure calculatedfor eaoh layerfmm the top of the reef
S, when the gas and solventwere injeotedinto the to theoriginaloil-water oontact.ThesesatUPatiOZS
reservoir,therebypushing waterdownintotheaqui-
fer. Iheseresultsahmed that the Carter-’lkaoy
methodwas not able to matohthe reservoirpressure
afterthewaterinflux&mnges its direotion.
In the simulator,
thereis a parametercalledBINF
whhh repremnts the water influxaradient(RBIPei
or m31kPa). Duringthe primaryp+oduotion. this
parameterwas determinedto be 1700 RBlpsi (39.2
m3/kPa). Be@ nning with the gas and solvent
Injeotion,this prameter must be remt to 6200
RB/pai(143m3/kPa)in orderto matohthe ree@voir
pressure. This means that the simulationmodel
-..
. .
HYDROCARBON
SPE 17620
has to be reinitialized
ueinga new valuefor BINF
and the praaeureand maturationprofilesobtained
at the end of 1969.
‘fhepreesurematoh between1970 and 1986 5.8shown
in Figure6. It shouldbe notedthatthe preaeure
inoreazeedreetioallyfrom1972to 1974. The simu-
laterwae ableto matchthisdrastloincrease.‘lbe
pressv?e matoh after1979 is scmewhatquestionable
becausethe solventstartedto be produoedin 1979
and the exactamountof solventproduction wee not
kncmn. The modaleesmedto have underproduced the
solvent slightly,as evidenoedby highersimulated
reservoirpressures.
Dete~ of nuid CO~
Zn developingthe methodsto oaloulatethe fluld
oontaotlocationsfrcm simulation results,it was
recognizedthat the fieldmeasur-entsare made in
thewellbore,not in thercokmatrix. ThePef~e,a
~rmobil
et,fl~ d satuation,notthematrixSaturationg
wae usedin tie oaloulation,as explainedlater.
In the field, gradimzanmueter loge are used tO
determine tieoontaotlooations.lhe gradicmamcmeter
measures the press~e differentialbetweenthe
wellborefluid and a base fluid. This pressure
differental.is then used to oaloulatethe denaity
of the wellborefluid. The densityprofileCWWSS
abruptlynear the oil-watercontact.Therefore, it
is easyto 100atetheoil-water oontaot.It Ohanses
more gradually nearthe gas-solventand eolvent-oil
oontaots.‘lhis indioatesthatscd.ventdisjasesinto
the gas and oil phases.Houever, to aocountfOr the
availability of salvent,an “equivalent” thiokness
oonoeptwas employedi.ndetermining the Bs-solvent
and a.olvent-oiloontaotlocations.
me oonoeptaastznesthatthe gas,s~vent, oil,and
water in the wellboreare segregatedinto four
di.stinot
phases. The thiokness
of eaohphaseis the
equivalentthidcness.Basedon this oonoapt,two
methodswere developedto od oulatethe oontact a
frcmthealmulationresults.Foroapzrison,a third
methodwasalsodevelopdthatdetermines the oontaot
at the point of phase saturationchange. These
methodewill be termeddeneitymodel,segregation
model,and saturationchangemodel,respectively.
the equivalentthiokneasof eaoh fluid phaee.For
are designatedby an asteriskas follcms:
s:= Sg
o - sg~ if Sg > Sg<.
{ if Sg i Sgo
s: = S8
so - ‘erg in the gas flushedzone
s: = so - Sora in the solventfloodedzone
so - sow in thewaterflooded zone
I
$=%-ho
. .

WE 11620 H. H. HSU s

whereSgo and ~. are the Oritioalgas and oonnate deneity data. The fluid is dlvldedinto three
water saturations% Sop~, SOPL$*and SOW are the izonesand the fluid equivalentthiokneseesare
residualoil saturationo gee,eolvent,andwater, oaloulatedas f’ollcx?s:
rmpaetivsly. lh oalaulatingS& the determination
of a zone Is baeedon the gae, solventand water (1) Gas flushedzone
saturationsin a gridblook.
Sg - Sgo
men aaloulate 4UIV. gas thiokneas = ~
- ‘go - %0 - Sorg
X layerthiakness
‘the
mixturedensityis calculated
fran so - Sorg
Squiv. oil thickness = ~
- Sgo - $WO - Sorg
X 1Wer thioknaas
thereP , P8, Po, and Pu are the densities
for pure
ss8, a cl!
vent,oil,and water,respectively. (2) SciLvent
floodedzone

(1) If mixture density is less than SOIVant Sg - Sgo

dnsity~ then IkIuiv. gas thiokness = ~ - Sgo
- ho - Sops
mixturedaneitv-uas
denaity X layerthiokness
‘tiv. ‘dv” ‘iiahess= salventdensity-gfwdensity
98
X layerthiokness Jquiv. salvo thiokneas = ~
- Sgc - SWC- Sors
~uiv. SSS thiokness = Layerthickness
X layerttuokness
- equiv.solv.thiokness
So - Sors
(2) If mixturedeneityis equal to salventdensity; Equiv.oil thioknees = ~ - Sgo - ~~ - Sors
then
X layerthioknees
Squiv.aolv.thiokness
- LWer thiokness
(3) If mixture deneityis greaterthan sal.vent (3) Waterfloodedzone
density;then
so - sow
itw-mixture
oil deneitx
de ne B.IuIv. oil thiokness = ~ - ~. - som

‘tiv” ‘av* ‘icbess = oil &nsitysolventdensity

X layerthiokness
X layerthiokness

Squlv.oil thiokness = LWer thiokness %-%?0

Equiv.waterthickness
= ~ - ~c - sorw
- equlv.SOIV.thiokness
X lwer thickness
This aaloulationis repeated for every layer,
and the equivalent
SSS.solvent,
andoil thlaknesses After the equivalentthloknesaas are obtained,the
are summed up. The aontaotlooationsare then gas-scdvent,solvent-oil,and oil-wateroontaots
are
oaloulatedfrom: oaloulatedas in the previousmethod.

aontact= Top of reef

Gas-solvent
$ totalequiv.gas thiokness This model deteotsthe saturationohansafrun one
g&aaa to anotherand determinesthe oontaotthat
Solvent-oil
contaot= Gas-solvent
oontaot correspondsto the mid-pointof the transition
+ total.
equiv.solv.thiokness zone. For example, the solvent-oilcontaotis
determinedin the follouingmanner:
Oil-wateroontaot = Solvent-oil
oontaot Step1. Foreaoh(x,Y)grid,calculate
thefollowing
+ totalequiv. oil thiokness quantityfor Layerk
Sg + 98- Sgo
‘k= I- Sgo-gors -’&c , k=l,2, ...
TMs modelutilizesthe sameooneeptas aboveexoept
5t usesthefluidsaturationdata,whioharedireotly If Fk is less than 0.5, go to Step 2: otheruise,
availablefrunthesimulationresults,insteadof the inoreaeek by 1 and repeatStep1.

NUMERICALSIMULATIONOF QRAVITX-STABLEHYDROCARBON
.K ------
Si~.WFWT .----,
u. flfm. ..—.-,-
WT!Z Al?n L----
AI(E T)-3
StepZ. themid-point
Denote depthof eaohlayerby
dk, then the solvent oil contact is
oalml atedfrom
Fk-1-0.5
Solvent-oil
oontaot= dk-1+ Fk-l- ~k (dk- dk-1)
The othertwo oontaotsare calculated
similarly.
of~
The comparisonof the calculated
contaotswith the
fieldresul.te
is made alonga crossseotionpassing
through16 wells.as shownin Fi8ure7.
‘he initialOcmparisonq are madeat theend of 1972
and 1978,as shoun in Figures8(a) and 8(b). The
caloul&tedprofilesare shcwn in mrves while the
measured data are given in symbls. In these
figures,the oalaulated profilesare obtainedfran
all threeIzethodsdesoribed in thepreviousseotion.
Two conclusionsmqy be drawnfraztheseummparisons.
First,the oaloulated resultsmatoh the fielddata
quite well. Seoond,the first two methodsgive
essential
lY theIdentd.oal results.The thirdmethod
giv9s a littlelower gas-satventand eolvent-oil
contaots(average4 feet or 1.2 m) but a little
higheroil+ate~ aontact(average 4 feetor 1.2 m).
The differencebetweenthe threemethodsie thus
small. To be cxmeistent uith thefieldM8SSaiP6MSnt.
Method 1 will be used for all future contaot
calculations.
The oomparisoneat the end of 1982 and 1986 are
shownin Figures8(o)and 8(d). ‘Ihematchesin tie
gas-solvent and solvent-oil ctmtactsare quite
eatisfaotory.The oil-watercontaotmatties are
more satisfactoryon the south side than on the
nprthside. On thenorthaide,the cslaulated oil-
water contactis generallylcwerthan the measured
value. The disorepsnoyis the greatestwherethere
is a water htanpeuoh as at wells 9-21 and 13-22.
This discrepanoyis protablycausedby the fact
that the gradicmancmetermeaeurenentis made at a
point while the calculatedvalue representsan
average over a 40-acre area. Nonetheless, the
calculatedoil-wateroontaotprofilehas a similar
shape to the measuredprofile(see,for example,
the 1982results).
Fromthesimulationresults,theporevol!meaveraged
contaot locationsoan be oaloulated. ‘lheseare
compared with field reportedaveragevalues,as
shmn in Figure9. me simulatedgae-salvent and
solvent-oilcontactlooationsmatohvery wel1 with
fieldmeasurements.me simulated oil-watercontaot
looat.ions
are, however,gemwl.ly lcwer than the
fieldmeasurements.The difference variesbetWefAn
10 to 30 feet (3 to 9 m).
approximately
ContourPlotsof Fluid Tb.ldcaesees
The .prevIous sectionexaminesthe fluld contact
profiles along a speoifiedoross seotion. This
seotionwill presentthe a~ealoontourplotsof the
fluid contactlocationsover the entirereservoir
usingslmulationresults.Forillustration
purposes,
Figures10(a),(b),and (c) showthe contourplots
for oil-watercontact,solvent thiokness,and oil
. ●
- ---A IZICK
ALBERTA
----- . .—------- CANADA
---.-—-- SPE 17620
----.-—-
thiokneaaat the exl of 1982. F%gure10(a)shows
thatthe oil-wateroontaotlocationwas the highest
in the north-central
portionof the reservoir.‘Mo
water humps were present near wells 16-21 and
14-15. Figure10(b)showsthatthe solventwee the
thinneeton the northaide and the southerntip of
the reservoir. Fimlly, Figure1O(C) showe that
the oil lmk was thldterin the centralportionof
thereservoirandthinnedouttmiardtheflankareas.
These contour plots, when exhibitedin a time
sequence,oen helpone viswalizethe grossmova!ent
of the fluidsinsidethe rt3SSPVOlt% Consequently,
theseplotscan be used in the planningfor future
productionand injeotionstrategy.Ae wSU h seen
later,theoil-water oontourplotsoanhelpdetermine
futurewa$erin.je~torlocationsin orderto flatten
the oil-water aontaot profiles. The solvent
thidnmss contourplots oan help detenoinefuture
solventinjeotorlocationsto ensureeven distri-
bution of the solventbank. The oil thioknese
contourplotsoan help100atethe naw oil producers
in tie flankareas.
Utah of _tive ass Prod@&u
Sinae the producedgae-oilratiois a functionof
the separatoroondition,a reviewof the separator
00ndition through the produot.ion historyis in
order. In the firstfew yearsof production (frcm
1951 to 1966),singlestage separation was used.
Separator pressure varied between 40-100 peia
(276-689kPa) and the tca!perature varied between
50-700F(10-21°C). Around1%6, a vaPorremvem
unitwas inetalledwhichreoovered additiomlvapor
beforethe oil was shippedto the stooktank. In
1969.two stageseparationwas in use. Frcm1970to
1982, high oil productionrate inoreased the
separatortemperature to as high as 115°F (46°C).
Beginningin 1983,the installation of theheater-
treaterto renovethe producedwateri.noreased the
eeparator tamperature
evenhigher.
The ohangingseparatoroondition presentsa problen
for the simulator. The modal can only assumea
singleseparator oonditionfor theentiresimulation
run. Oncea oonditionis assmed,adjustnmtmust m
made to oorreotthe simulatedGOR for otheroondi-
tions. Fran trialand error.an inltial GOR of 545
scF/slw (98 std m3Jm3) gives a @od matoh On the
cumulativegas productionbetween2951 and 1966.
After that,the simulatedGOR need be adjustedto
reflectthe &anges in eeparat or conditions.Field
reportsindiated that
about50 SCF/STB(9 stdm fm3) whenthevaporreoov-
‘~ utit waa added in ~~~~umdIt‘OR inoreased
‘noreMedby by
an
averageof 100 SCFISTB(18 ;td m3/m3)between1970
to 1982and an averageof 150 SCFISTB (27 std m3/m3)
thereafter.Nhen theseadduatments were made,the
simulated cumulativegas productionmatohesthe
fieldresultsatiefact orily,as shownin Figtwe11.
Wtoh of CmulativeHatarPr~
Significantwater productionetartedin 1983 when
ooningstartedto ooour. Uaterooningwas elmulated
by adjustingthe effeutiveperforationintervalto
matoh thewater productionrate in eaohwtil. The
matoh of the cunulatlvewater productionby the
simulationmodelis shownin Figure12. ....
---
r46
. .
---
SPP. -----
19620 H. H. HSU
Simulation
resultsitiioatethatsolventstartedto
be produced around mid-1979. This produot.ion
persisted until late 1982 nhen the tubi.ng. waa
lowered. The productionreourredin 1984 and
oontinued until the Fmsent time. The solvent
production
wee elmulated by adjustingthe eff’eotiva
perforationinterval to matoh the overallma
and reservoir pressure.
production
There was no reoordedsolventproductiondata to
historymatoh. ‘Ihesimulator estimatedt~e omnila-
tive scJventProductionat the end of 1986 to be
8.88millionRO (1.41106 r m~), whichrcq?raeented
approximately23S ef tieouzul.ative
sciventinJeoted
to that date. lhia figureis higher then that
estimatedfrcm a o-positionalanalysisoo”nduoted
earlier.
Uter‘rimq
The simulationwas first run on the Cyber 205
ocmputerand lateron the Cray X-W ocmputer. To
run from !bvemter1, 1969 to Deoember31, 1986 on
the Cyber205. Lhe ~mnputertimewas 31.89hours.
The totaltimespansimulated was 6270daysand the
totalntmberof time stepswas 4890. The average
time step size was 1.282 daya. Sinoe the total
number of aotive grid blooksis 2497, the unit
oomputer tine is approximately0.0094 seoltime
steplaotive grid. In ocmperison,the run time on
the Cray computeris approximately
reducedby half.
The operating soenario to be assumed for the
predictionruns is the continuationof the ourrent
tertiaryfloodingschane. The prediction runswere
madein aooordanoe with the fnllowingguidelines:
1. The reservoirpressureshouldbe maintainedat
the ourrentlevel,i.e.,about2300p~a (15858
kPa)at 3750ft (1143m) subseadatumdepth.
2, me oil-wateroontaotshouldbe putieddcwnward
at about6.S6ftlyearor 2 mlyear.
3. Additional solventshouldbe injectedin 1987,
1988,and 1989. Aftewards,only the pnoduce d
solventwill be reinjeoted.
.—..
4* Solvent-oil ratioforeachwellshouldnot exceed
0.2 ROIRS(0.2R m3iRm3) or about285 SCFISTS
(51.3std m31m3) at the surfaceoondition.
5. AU. produmdwaterahoul.d be reinjeoted.
6. All fluidoontaotsshouldbe evemd out.
‘1. Recompletionof wells ehouldnot be donemore
thanonoea yeer.
The-futureoil production rateis determinedin the
fallowing manner. First,thehistoryof theaverage
oil bank thicknessis plottedand extrapolateti to
year2006. Next,the averageoil bankthickness is
plottedagainstthe ctmnalative oilProduction.Frc.m
thesetwo crossplots,theouaulative oilproduoti.on in.jeotion rateswere determined
at any year beyond1986 oan be estimated. The
7,
yearlytotalproduction
and theproduotion
ratewere
calculated
and ahownin Table2.
The yearlyproduotlon
rateis distributedamongall
producerssuchthateaohproduction rateis proWr-
tionalto the oil bank thiokness. This approach
willhdlpevenout the oil thiokne:
v throughout
the
reservoir.
The objeotive
of the prediction
runsis to p~ovide:
1. Iooationsof ncwoil produoera
in theflankareas
and futuregas.solvent,endwate~’ inJeotors,
2. a foreoast
for thegasandwaterinJeotion
rates,
3* a foreoast for the gas, solvent,and water
production
rates,
4. prediot
edGas-sol
vent,solvent-oil,
andoil-water
oontaotmovemnt. and
5. pradioted
perforation
Looation.
one of Prodwers~ eOtorq
Theselection of n- looationsto drtl.1
oilproducers
in the flankareaswas basedon the oil “thiokness
contourplotsmade frcm the simulation resultsat
the erxlof each year; The looattonson the plots
that showed suffioient oil tank thiokness were
identified as potentiti sites for the new oil
producers. 3’rcmthese contourplots,sevensuch
produoerswere idsntified which oould be drilled
overa three-year periodstartingin 1988.
The fluidoontaotoontourplotswere usedto locate
the solventand waterinjectorswith the objective
to flattenthe contactprof~es. In the simulator,
the gas-solventand solvent-oilcontaotprcfiles
were f!.atteaed by injectingsolventevetil.y into
threei.n.jeotors locatedin the nor them, oentral,
and southernportionof therwervoir. Further,the
oil-wateroontactprofilewas flattened by in.jeoting
wateralternataly, y ear by year,intOtwo 6rouPeof
injeotors. Thus,waterwas injectedinto GroupI
wells in one year and injeotedintoGroupXI wells
the next year, and so on. Alternatingwater.
injeotionin this manner woulddissipateany water
—.— hups that couldbe forme~due to waterinJeotion.
The gas h.jeotlonshouldnot affectthe gas-flolvent
contaat profi.lesignificantly because the gas
inj eot
ors are located nearthe top of the reef.
end ProdwtionIIates and CWa9t Mw-nti
Simulation results showed that by loweringthe
oil-wateroontaotat about6.56fttyear(2 mfyear).
it may reaoh its originalIooationof 4034 feet
(1229.5m) subseain 1996. Continuing to in.jeotgas
andmaiztainthereservoir pressure beyond1996would
push the oil-water contaot below the original
location; TO preventthat,S&S in.jeotion couldbe
$toppedat%er1996,and the reservoirPr=Swe CoQd
be Sllmed to decreaseslightly(average10 psi or
69 kPa PSC year),but not belcwthe #$@gn valueof
2150peia’(14824kPa)at the dattmtiepth.Thewate~
suchas to holdthe
oil-wateroontactJustaboveits ori.gtnsl location.
-A*

NIN4SRICAL
SIktlLATION
OF (lRAVITY-STAELE
8 SCLVHT FLOOD.W12ARDLAKED-3AFKK&.ALBERTACANADA
—
To facilitatesubsequentdissuasion,the schemeto
maintain the reservoir pressure by injecting
additionales efter1996willbe referredto as the
hi~ pressureease. On the otherhand,the s~eme
that stops Ln.jeationand allows the reservoir
pressureto deolinewill be r~erred to as the la
pressurecase.
Foreoast of Injeotlon and Prodwtion -
Table3 showsthereservoirpressureat datundepth.
3750 feet (1143M) subsea,end the i@eOtiOn and
productionrates for variousfluidsfrom 1987 to
2006. As oan be seen, the reservoirpressureis
kept Marly oonstant. The gas injectionrate is
oonetantat 26,003K3CF/D(736.240std m31d)until
199Safterwhiohit deolinessteadily.Conversely,
the water in,jeotion
rate decreasesfran 1987until
1995,theninoreasessteadily.Exceptfor 1987to
1989,the solventinJeotionrate,R81D.is equalto
the averagesolventproductionrate,MSCF/D,in the
previous year multiplied by a formationvolme
faotorof 0.71 RSIK3CF(3.94rm3/stdm3).
The solventproductionrateis keptlW by control-
lingthe perforationlooation.‘Ihewaterproduction
rate ie lcu initiallyas the oil-wateroontactis
being pusheddownward. It inoreaeesdrsetioally
after 1995 when the oil-wateroontaotdropsmore
sla?ly. The foreoastwaterproductionratein 2005 To examine the solventspreadinginto the flank
appearsto k too high due to overmnpeneation to
controlthe solvent-oilratio.
PreeeurecaeQ
The predicted average gaa-sdvent,sal.vent-oil, of the west flankand the middleof the eastflank
and oil-watercontactlooationafrca 1987‘to2006
are shownin Figure13. ‘lheaveraw solventbank
thicknessdeoreasesonlyslightlyafter1989because is less notiaeable because the gss-sdventand
the produoedscLventis reinjeoted,thus keeping
the same amountof solventin the rwezwoir. The
slight deorease in the solvent bank.thiokness
reflects the faot that the cross-eectional area
boanes largeras thesolventspreadsintotheflank
areas. The decreasein the oil bank thicknessis
moreappreciable se it deoreasesin voluue,,dueto
production,as well as spreadsintothe flank.
Ihe oil-watercontactreachesthe originallocation
of 4034 feet (1229.5m) subseain 1996. It dPOpS
bela that level after 1996 becauseof continuing
gasinjeoticm.As can be seenin Figure13, thegas 2* Prediction runsindicatethatwhentheoil-water
capis stillgrowingafter1996,therebypushingthe
oil-wateroontactfurther down.
Forecastof Inje&ionand Prothmtion -
@UMa#XE’-
Table4 showsthe reservoirpressureat the datum
depthof 3750feet(1143m) subsea,andtheInjeotion
ratesfor variouefluidsfrcnn
and production 1996to
2000. The r~ervoir pressuredecreasesby 24 psi
(165kPa)in 1996,20 psi (138kpa)in 1997,and so
on. The as inJeationrate is zero for all years
and the water injeotionrate fluotUates sli tly
between30,000and34,000BID (4.770and 5405mP/d).
As in thehigh pressurecase,the producedsolvent
IS reinfected
intothe re.semoirthefollcuingyear.
. ,
HYDROCARBON
-.-—.17620
SPE .——
The prediotedaver- @s-solvent,solvent-oil. and
oil-waterOontactlocationsfrom 1987 to 2000 are
shown in Figure 14. This figurediffersfrcm
Figure 13 only after 1995. As can be seen in
Fi@me 14, the oil-wateroontaotstaysjust above
its origlnsLlocationafter199S. In year2000,the
oil-wateroontaotwentup slightly,
refleotiing
slight
overin.jeation
of waterfor thatyear.
o? Perfor-
As the oil bank moves donruard,so shouldthe
perforationlocation. ‘lbeperforation location
undertheoondition of both solventandwaterconing
was determinedby the proceduredeaoribedearlier.
Insteadof presentingthe resultsfor individual
wells, this paperwfll presentthe resultsfor an
avers&well,usingtheaveragegas-solvent, solvent-
oil,and oil-watercontactlocations in Figure14.
Table5 givesthe prediotedlocationfor the topof
the perforation
frcm 1987to 2.995.‘lheperforation
intervalis asmxaedto be 1.64 ft (0.Sm) for all
wells. The perforationlocationshouldremain
unohangedafter1995if the oil-waterContaatsteys
at aboutthe samelocation.
Ss23vent
SDPW@@3
areas,Figures15(a),(b),and (o) ahcwthesolvent
thioknesscontourplotsat theexxlof 1991,1996,end
2000,respectively,for thelcw pressurecase. Com-
parisonof Figures15(a)and 15(b)revealsthatthe
solventhas spreadintotheupperand louer portions
in 1996. Also,tie solventbankthinsout tmauee
of the spreading.The solventspreading after1996
solvent-oilcontactsatsyatatmutthesamelooation.
1. A 3-D simulation modelcan be a usefultoolin
planning field production and injection
strategies.It can helpin ohooeingthe newoil
producarsin theflankareaandin relocatingthe
solventand waterinjectors in orderto achieve
near uniformsolventthicknessand oil-water
oontactprofties.
contaotispusheddcwnward,oilisresaturated in
the waterfloodedregionand the solventappears
to spreadinto the flankarea. Therefore, the
tertiary flood appears to be operationally
feasible.
3. Threemethodsthat were used to calculatethe
fluidcontaotlocationsgavesimilarresults.
4. The simulation
modelmstcheafieldpressureand
the gas-stivent,solvent-oiloontaotprofiles
quite well. It also traokathe trendof the
oil-watercontactprcfilssdetermined f rcm the
“gradianancmeter
measurement, althoughthe simu-
latorsometimesdiffersfrcm the measuredoil-
watercontactby as much as 30 feet (9 m).
748
. .

WE 17620 H. H. HW 9

5. SeparateCarter-Traoyfumtione neee to te used

beforeand afterthe soLventinjeotlon in order
to matohre3ervoirpressure. 1. Young.U. N. andMartin,W. E.: “TheWizardLake
D-3A Pool NisoibleFlood,
” J. Cd& Pet. T80h.
6. lbdelingof solventandwaterproduction
due to (April-June1980)65-75.
oonlngis achievedby means of an ‘effeotive”
perforationinterval..!heeffeotiveperforation 2, I&tin, W. E. andYoung,M. N.: “TheWlaardLake
intervalis correlated
to theoilproductionrate D-3A Po01 M.tsctibleFlood,” paper SPE 10026
end the positionof the perforationin the oil presented
at the1982SFBInternational Petrol
em
bank. Exhibition and TechnicalSymposium,Beijing,
China,Naroh18-2$.
7. The oil-watercontaotoan be lcweredapproxi-
mately6 feetper year by injeotingthe gaa at 3. Bsckmeyer,L. A. et al.: “TheTertiaryExtension
the constantratewhile graduallyredwing the cf the WizardLake D-3A Pool MiscdbleFlood, ”
water injeotion rate. At this rate. the paperSPE 13271presented at the1984SPEAnnual
oil-water oontaot sould reach its original TechnioalConferenceand Exhibition, Houston,
loaationat theend of 1996. Septcsuber
16-19.
8. The oil-wateroontaotwill continueto drop if 4* Todd, U. R. and Longstaff, W. J.: “The
additionalgas is injectedafter the contact Development,Teatlng and Applicationof a
reaohesthe origLnelloaation. The oil-water Numerioal Simulator for PredictingKisclble
contaot oan be held just above the original FloodPerformance,
” JPT (July1972).
100ation by stopping the gas injeotionand
allowing the reservoir pressureto declins 5. Dake, L. P.: Fundamental of Reservoir
t31ightly. Engineering,Elsevier Soientif
io Publi~ing
L2xupany,
New York (1978).
6. Havlena, D. and Odeh, A. S.: ‘The Material
The authorwishesto expresshis appveoi ationto BaLanaeas an Equationof a StraightLine.” JPT
TexacoCanadaReaouroespersonnelfor many useful (Au~st 1963).
discussionsdwi.ngthe courseof the simulation
effort. He also wi~es to thank TexaooCanada 7. Carter.R. D. and Traay,Cl.U.: “An Improved
Resourcesand TexaooUSA for permission
to Publish Method for CalculatingWater Influx,” JPT
thispaper. (Novanber1960).

749
 TASLE 1 TABIX 3

FROPBRTIES
OFRBSEP.VOIR
FLU2D
AT 167“F FORECAST Ol? INJ3NX20N AND PRODUCTION - RIGR PRESSD3U3 CASE

Basis: 36.4 “API Stock Tank Oil Injection Product ion

Pres Gas water Solv oil water Solv
Pressure Oil Vise.
Psia
Ye2E E&l M8cF/D B/D RBBD Az!l- &&J B/D NSCF/D

1987 2331 26,000 33,000 7785 13,957 7468 3011 3924

15 1.050 0 214.319 1.660 1988 2342 26,000 30,000 8140 12,500 6224 2473 3817
250 1.070 79 12.782 0.996 1989 2354 26,000 26,000 8544 10,300 564o 2203 2254
500 1.090 124 5.754 0.889 3.990 2348 26,000 24,000 1600 9,420 5201 1789 1021
750 1.115 178 3.566 0.809 3.991 2337 26,000 20,000 725 8,210 4562 1285 2389
1000 1.143 237 2.542 0.745 1992 2334 26,000 16,000 1696 7,180 4016 770 1856
1250 1.176 303 1.977 0.690 1993 2327 26,000 14,000 1318 6,460 3647 677 1980
1500 1.211 372 1.626 0.641 1994 2324 26,000 13,000 1406 5,841 3321 422 1279
1750 1.248 444 1.390 0.598 1995 2321 26,000 12,000 908 5,271 2980 1022 1549
2000 1.288 526 1.225 0.558 1996 2322 24,000 15,000 1100 4,746 2677 672 1727
2154* 1.313 567 0.535 1997 2321 23,000 16,000 1226 4,570 2576 2345 1690
2500 1.307 567 0.545 1998 2323 20,500 ?.9,000 1200 4,390 2509 2351 1324
3000 1.300 567 0.C55
1999 2325 16,000 25,000 940 4,220 3179 2449 1361
3500 1.293 567 0.567 2000 2329 15,000 26,000 966 4,035 2417 2333 1296
2001 2332 14,000 26,000 920 3,885 2276 2186 1031
2002 2330 11,000 27,000 732 3,730 2280 2189 960
* Bubblepoint pressure 2003 2329 10,000 28,000 682 3,580 2176 1929 1267
2004 2329 9,000 28, oOO 900 3,425 1968 1653 554
2005 2321 7,000 30,000 393 3,300 1946 5230 760
2006 2321 8,000 30,000 540 3,166 1789 3860 L189

ii!
TABLS 2 TAPSZ 4

PRCNECW33D OIL PRODUCTION RATB FORBCAST OF 32?JBCTION AND PRODUCTION - UW PRBSSOR33 C21SE

cum. Prod. Yearly Prod. prod. Rate Injection Prcduct ion

Yxr ~03 Bbl lo3 Bbl B/D
Pres Gas Water Solv oil Gas Water Solv
w 12QS MBCF/D B/D RBUiD B/D M8CF/D BID M8CF/D
1987 317504 4985 13757
1988 321701 4197 11467 1996 2297 0 30,000 1100 4,746 2675 672 1727
1989 325461 3759 10300 1997 2277 0 30,000 900 4,570 2578 2345 1690
1990 328899 3438 9420 1998 2267 0 32,000 1215 4,390 2471 2351 1324
1991 331896 2997 8210 1999 2263 0 34,000 928 4,220 2379 2449 1361
1992 334524 2628 7180 2000 2258 0 33,000 801 4,035 2277 2333 1296
1993 336882 2358 6460
1994 339013 2132 5841
1995 340937 1924 5271
1996 342674 1737 4746
1997 344342 1668 4570 TAB7.8 5
1998 345944 1601 4386
1999 347481 1537 4211 PREDIC?TEO PERFORATION IOCATIOli
2000 348956 1476 4033
g 2001 350373 143.6 3879
2002 351733 1360 3726 Top of Perf.
m 2003 353038 1306 3578 Y= Feet Subsea
2004 354292 1253 3423
2005 355495 1203 3296 1987 3966
2006 356650 1155 3164 1988 3975
1989 3984
1990 3993
* Cumulative production at end of 1986 = 312,519 103 bbls 1991 4000
1992 4007 ,
1993 4010
1994 4014
1995 4018

.
. .

3386 feet subsea

\\
1+
I ii!i!lii i i\l I

r-, , I , , 4034 feet sub8ea

I I I I
flu. Z-nnuc al ●Vutlwl
Cmn ncucil.

Fig, I-elruuum Wnleur ●id mat Wld.

1.0 1.0

0.9 0.9

0.s 0.8

0.7
g
$ 0.6
9
g 0.5
&

0,2 0.2

0,1 0.1
I
o 0
0 0.1 9.2 0.3 %4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 LO o 0,1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

WATSR SATURATION, Sw GAS SATURATION SQ

Fb. W-wmrlollm!+tlw
pmm~lllycwvn. m. 3b-aadOll N18UWfmlmdmy UUvn.

sEE 1762-0
751
 . .

2400 .

2300 -
()
●
~ 2200 - ●
z
a
●m .*
,.*
#b
‘loo -
!! ●
●
8 i!
1
ok Zotui [
a 2000 -

●
1900 - — CAR72R-TRACY
● F12LD DATA

Iaoo ’’’””’’’’’’’’’’’”” “’’’’’’’’’’’’”

50 54 58 62 66 70 74 79 8’ 86
YEAR

PERFORATE’ WELL
Flg.4-sdwmb OldlcGllv*@OmllOn.

28 I 27 26

—+

,,oo~
70 12 74 76 78 8’ 82 84 86
4
YEAR

7s2
..*

3500 3650
_ G/s (ON _ _ G/s (SEo) ----- G/s (sAT) — G/S (DSM
I
-- G/S (SEC)
3550 - 3700 - G/S (SAT)
““----
4I

i 3600
3 -- s/fJ(SEQ
..-..- s/o (SAT) 0 G/S DATA 3
A S/0 OATA
% 3800
j 3w0
t 00/W DATA 1’ $
““---- S/0 (SAT) 00/W DATA
_. +

‘:ml=i=’--- WSLL LOCATION ALONG CROSS SECTION - WELL LOCATION ALONG CROSS SECTION

3800 — G/S SIML 0 G/S OATA

-- S/0 SIML ~ S/0 DATA
,.-OO- O/W SIML 00/W DATA
j 3850
I

I
$3900 % 3900
+ o #
0 . \ _d .+-
s o 4b AN A
g 39s0 ~ 39s0 - 0
,..-QO”:-”-’”-””*””%,”*,.*..”””’””’:,\..:\..**.\ 0
n o
. 0 o
““4”” 0 G/S OATA ““\ 4r ... . . .. . .. . . .. ... . .. . . . .. %----------- . “-o. x,.#-.. *,.-
4000 ““- “k $ 4CO0 -6
b S/0 DATA
I 00/W DATA

WELL LOCATION ALONG CROSS SECTION

3450,
3500 - — G/S SIML
●✎
3550 - ●* ----- S/0 SIML
●
----- o/w SlML
~ 3600 - A G/S OBSV
‘. ● s/o OBSV
3650 - ->. A
! 3TO0 - D o/w 08SV
-e .
●.*
$ 3750 - 8.*
\~ k.
‘f 3800 - ‘0. .
3.
rpg - %..
w.
●-“
39s0 - .mm*m8 mmmmmmmm
m..s..-""-""-"" -""-" "-"" -""-" "-.. -..-.. -..-.. -..-.,-..
4000 -
4050~
76 78 80 82 S4 86
YEAR
m. C41iucay lmich d M81’@gcHUM Cmlacl Iaauum.

SI?E 17620
7s3
 . I I 1 B.l.....-.l---.-l
‘1......1......1.....1 --------
..”.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
l .......4 .......J........J........l ........l .......4 ... ....4 .......J........l ...... ..\ .. .....J

iO

II

12 ft-r--rr?--r .J...-..i-...-.-l..-..--.i...-...i...-..
12

13 Illli 13
,,
.-d.-.... ... .. .. .....+-..

14
--l--f--l--m-~ , ] \ ~ 14
L I I ! 1 1 t ,
12345678 9 jo II [2345678 91011

~ 3914-3934 ~ 3974-3994 ~o-e ~24-32

~ 3934-3954 ~ 3994-4014 mO-16 ~32-40

~ 3954-3974 ~ 4014-4034 ~16-24 @>40

feat subsea feet

FIo. tM41Uw8tw c.mi2c2czmwr 21 ●nd of 1962. Fig. 10b-&lwnt thkkwsz contour 22 W@ of 19S2.

o~ 70 72 74 76 70 80 82 84 S6
YEAR

mm 11-HIsIov mitch of cumulative w PW+JUC21.

XI.

I I I i 1 I i I i-
12345678

&fJgJ o-20 ~60-80

B20-40 ~ 80-100

~40-60 ~ >100

feet
FW. mc411 thlcktwz conlour m End of 1082.

754
8000

7000 — SIMULATEil
A OBSERVEO 3850 -
— Gsc
“---” Soc
-“-”’-owc
3900
!3000
-.
4000 3950 - “.-
‘.**
-...
3000 *.-
---
----
1- -------
2000 Q -----------.
A a.
1-
Z
“-”.-..-.._.__”_-..-..-,
0 4050 -
1000 u

70 72 74 76 78 80 82
/

84
I I
E6
4,001Luuuuu
88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06
YEAR YEAR
Fig. 12-HiatOry match 01 cumulative waler pmductlon. Pig. 13-Pr8dkt0d fluid C0nt8d mawmnn~ high preawm cam

380u

~ 3850
I
— Gsc
2 “---- Soc
3
.-..-.owc
: 3900
;
+
5“ 3950
F
s
o .
A 4000 -“”-””*..W.WW
1- ““%.-.
0
“-.
%..*... ... .. ... ..
2
~ 4050

.-
88 90 92 94 96 98 00 02 04 06
YEAR
Fig.W-Pludlusdrtuid contact mowmmt, low pm8mlm
a.
 [ I I I I I f I ! I I

IL...l
....l..J......l.....L
.....l...Al......l......l......

II

12

13

14 I 14
I I I l-l I I 1 1 I 1 , ! 1 1 1 I 1 ! f !
12345678 91011 12345678 91011

&&Jo-&l =24-32 ~o-11 =24-32

=S-16 ~32-40 =8-[6 ~32-40

~16-24 ~>40 ~16-24 ~>40

fart . feet
FIo. lSb-WvMt !hklmaw mnlwr al W@ 011996,

m
I
-...... <
2 ~
-----
3
-...-.
4
.. . . .
5
-—.
6

7
. ..-
8

10
,-----
1I
—..
I2

I3

I4 ,
I I I I I I 1 I I
I 23456?89 1011

=0-8 =24-32

=8-16 ~32-40

~16-24 ~>40
feet
Fig. 16c-SOivm! Ihtekn.oncontourMW@012000.

7s6
W 176j?(f