ESTIMATION OF RESERVOIR

PARAMETERS FROM WELL LOG DATA

Annadatha Ananta Hrushikesh, 14021A2633,
IVth B. Tech Petroleum Engineering, JNTU Kakinada.
under the guidance of
Prof. K. V. Rao

Abstract Well logging, also known

Well Logging is rightly referred to
as the 'Eye to the Reservoir', as it
parametrically visualizes the
downhole reservoir, which is
invisible to the naked eye. Logs
responses generated from Wireline
Logging, after performing certain
corrections and manipulations,
generate various Reservoir
Parameters based on the type of log
used. Reservoir Parameters are key
parameters, which are used in
varoius fields like Reserve
Estimation, Reserve Forecasting,
Perforation Interval, Pressure
Decline Analysis, etc. In this paper,
I would like to estimate various
Reservoir Parameters from Well Log
Data and establish Crossplots among
different Porsoity Logs of Density,
Neutron and Sonic.
Definition of Well Logging
as borehole logging is the practice of
making a detailed record (a well log)
of the geologic formations
penetrated by a borehole. The log
may be based either on visual
inspection of samples brought to the
surface (geological logs) or on
physical measurements made by
instruments lowered into the
hole(geophysical logs). Some types
of geophysical well logs can be done
during any phase of a well's history:
drilling, completing, producing, or
abandoning. Well logging is
performed in boreholes drilled for
the oil and
gas, groundwater, mineral and geoth
ermal exploration, as well as part of
environmental
and geotechnical studies.
Literature Review on Well
Logging
Prevalence of Logging

Conrad and Marcel Schlumberger, prospecting for metal ore deposits,

who founded Schlumberger
Limited in 1926, are considered the
inventors of electric well logging.
Conrad developed the Schlumberger
array, which was a technique for
and the brothers adapted that surface
technique to subsurface applications.
On September 5, 1927, a crew
working for Schlumberger lowered
an electric sonde or tool down a well
in Pechelbronn, Alsace, France
creating the first well log. In modern
terms, the first log was a resistivity
log that could be described as 3.5-
meter upside-down lateral log.
In 1931, Henri George Doll and G.
Dechatre, working for
Schlumberger, discovered that
the galvanometer wiggled even
when no current was being passed
through the logging cables down in
the well. This led to the discovery of
the spontaneous potential (SP)
which was as important as the ability
to measure resistivity. The SP effect
was produced naturally by the
Types of Logging
 Resistivity and spontaneous (SP)
logging:
 Electrode resistivity devices
 Induction logging
 Micro resistivity logs
 Spontaneous (SP) log
 Acoustic logging:
 Cement bond logs
 Nuclear logging:
 Gamma ray logs
 Spectral gamma ray logs
 Density logging
 Neutron porosity logs
 Pulsed neutron lifetime logs
 Carbon oxygen logs
 Geochemical logs
 Nuclear magnetic resonance
(NMR) logging
 Mud logging
 Sonic logging
 Specialty logs:
 Openhole caliper logs
borehole mud at the boundaries
of permeable beds. By
simultaneously recording SP and
resistivity, loggers could distinguish
between permeable oil-bearing beds
and impermeable nonproducing
beds.
In 1940, Schlumberger invented
the spontaneous potential dipmeter;
this instrument allowed the
calculation of the dip and direction
of the dip of a layer. The basic
dipmeter was later enhanced by the
resistivity dipmeter (1947) and the
continuous resistivity dipmeter
(1952).
 Casing collar locator
 Casing inspection logs
 Borehole imaging
 Borehole gravimetry
 Downhole magnetic surveys
 Production logging:
 Temperature logging
 Radioactive tracer logging
 Noise logging
 Fluid capacitance logging
 Focused gamma ray density
logging
 Unfocused gamma ray
density logging
 Diverting spinner flowmeter
 Continuous and fullbore
spinner flowmeters
Reservoir Parameters
estimated from Well Log Data
1. Shale volume (Vsh)
 2. Water saturation (Sw)
3. Porosity (φ)
4. Permeability (k)
Estimating Reservoir
Parameters:
1. Lithology is obtained from
Gamma Ray Logs and SP Logs.
2. Shale Volume is determined from
Gamma Ray responses of the
stratum, with respect to clean Sand
and clean Shale.
3. Porosity is determined from
various log sources like Neutron,
Sonic, Density, etc.
4. Saturation is determined from
Archie's Equation, by considering
the corresponding values of
Cementation and Saturation
Exponents.
5. Permeability can be derived
Qualitatively from Modular
Formation Tester, Emperically from
other log responses and
Quantitatively by Flowing and Shut-
In Afterflow Tests.
6. Elasticity and other physical
properties are derived from Acoustic
Responses.
Previous Estimation
Techniques
1. In Archie, G. E., 1942, The
electrical resistivity log as an aid in
determining some reservoir
5. Elasticity (σ, AI, SI, etc.)
6. Reflectivity coefficient (R)
7. Special Data
characteristics: Petroleum
Transactions of AIME 146, Water
Saturation is determined by utilizing
local Restivity log data, which is
corrected for borehole effects.
2. Porosity Crossplots for
Compensated Neutron Logs, Bulk
Density Logs and Sonic Logs were
developed by Alberty, M.W., 1994,
Development Geology Refernce
Manual, AAPG Methods in
Exploration Series 10.
3. In Pickett, G., R., 1973, Pattern
recognition as a means of formation
evaluation: The Log Analyst, vol.
14, no. 4, Plots for Visually Imaging
and Comparing Water Saturations of
different parts of a reservoir in one
or many wells were constructed.
4. Correlations for determining
Permeability from other log
responses.
Method Of Action
Reference Data
I intend to use the Well Log
data of Kaldarholt KH-34
Geothermal Field, Iceland to
determine the reservoir
parameters.
Procedure
I intend to first derive the reservoir
parameters in the routine manner
from Logs.
1. Lithology is obtained from
Gamma Ray Logs and SP Logs.
2. Determine Shale Volume from
Gamma Ray responses of the
stratum, with respect to clean Sand
and clean Shale.
3. Determine Porosity from various
log sources like Neutron, Sonic,
Density, etc.
4. Determine Saturation from
Archie's Equation, by considering
the corresponding values of
Cementation and Saturation
Exponents.
5. Determine Permeability
Emperically from other log
responses.
6.Determine Elasticity and other
physical properties from Acoustic
Responses.
7. Construct Cross Plots of Porosity
Logs and tally the results with
existing Crossplots using Sigma
Plot.
8. Construct Crossplots of Depth and
Acoustic Impedance using Sigma
Plot and determine the equation
which best fits the curve(Curve
Fitting).
9. Construct Crossplots of Velocity
Ratio vs Acoustic Impedance and
determine the directions of
increasing Shaliness, Pore Pressure,
Porosity and Hydrocarbon Content.
References
 Fundamentals of Well Log
Interpretation: The
Acquisition of Data,
ObertoSerra, Elsevier, 1984.
 Well Logging for Earth
Scientists, Darwin V. Ellis,
Julian M. Singer, Springer,
2007.
 Muammar, R. (2014).
Application of Fluid
Mechanics to Determine Oil
and Gas Reservoir’s
PetrophysicalProperties By
Using Well Log Data.
 Balan, B., Mohaghegh, S., &
Ameri, S. (1995). State-of-
the-art in permeability
determination from well log
data: part 1-A comparative
study, model development.
paper SPE, 30978, 17-21.
 Archie, G. E., 1942, The
electrical resistivity log as an
aid in determining some
reservoir characteristics:
Petroleum Transactions of
AIME 146.
 Alberty, M.W., 1994,
Development Geology
Refernce Manual, AAPG
Methods in Exploration Series
10.
 Pickett, G., R., 1973, Pattern
recognition as a means of
formation evaluation: The
Log Analyst, vol. 14, no. 4