Typical per-unit reactances for three-phase synchronous machines are given
in Table 3.2. The 'turbine generators' cover steam and gas-turbine-driven generators and synchronous machines, and the values for salient-pole generators are appropriate for hydro-power-plant generators. For both transformers and machines, with equipment rating Sn and system phase-phase voltage Vn, then the resistance and reactance of the equipment are given by V2 R^Vr-f (3.1) and V} (3-2)
where vr and vx are the resistive and reactive components of the per-unit impedance voltage of the equipment.
3.2.2 Transforming impedances
In distribution-system calculations very often the network to be studied involves one transforming step plus the circuits at the two voltage levels. The values to be used for the resistance and reactance of a transformer depend on whether the higher- or lower-voltage side is being studied (Vn in eqns. 3.1 and 3.2). Similarly the impedance of lines and other components, or the voltages and currents, on the opposite side of the transformer must be converted before carrying out circuit calculations. To study the system on side 1 of the transformer the impedances on side 2 must be multiplied by (V\n/V2n)2. The equivalent transforming ratio for voltages is V\n/V2n, and for currents V<injV\n. Here V\n and V%n are the nominal voltages of the transformer. A simple example will be used to illustrate how these transformations are applied in distribution-system calculations. Consider the network in Figure 3.1
Power of Habit: The Ultimate Guide to Forming Positive Daily Habits, Learn How to Effectively Break Your Bad Habits For Good and Start Creating Good Ones
The Complete HVAC BIBLE for Beginners: The Most Practical & Updated Guide to Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning Systems | Installation, Troubleshooting and Repair | Residential & Commercial