Chapter-6

Manufacturing Industries

Class-X
Q1. What is the importance of manufacturing sector?

Ans.
 Manufacturing industries not only helps in modernizing agriculture, which forms the
Backbone of our economy, they also reduce heavy dependence of people on agriculture but
providing them jobs in secondary and tertiary sectors.
 Industrial development helps in eradication of unemployment. It was also aimed at bringing
down regional disparities by establishing industries in tribal and backward areas also.
 Export of manufactured expands trade and commerce and brings in much needed foreign
exchange.
 Countries that transform their raw materials into a wider variety of furnished goods of high
value are prosperous. So India should also increase its prosperity by setting up more and
mere industries.

Q2. What is the contribution of industries to national economy?

Ans.

 Over the last decades, the share of manufacturing sector stag rated to 17% of GDP, which is
required to be increased.
 The trend of growth rate in manufacturing over the last decade is around 7% per annum,
whereas the desired growth rate is 12%.
 Since 2003 manufacturing is once again growing at the rate of 9%-10% per annum.
 With proper policies of the government and efforts by the industry to improve productivity,
economists predict that manufacturing can achieve its target over the next decade.
The National Manufacturing Competitiveness Council (NMCC) has been set up with this
objective.

Q3. How textile industry occupies a unique position in Indian economy?

Ans.

 It occupies a unique position in the Indian economy, because it contributes significantly to

industrial production (14%).
 It employs about 35 million people directly and earns foreign exchange about 24.6%.
 It contributes 4% towards GDP.
 It is the only industry in the country which is self-reliant and complete in the change of raw
material to the highest value added products.

Q4. Discuss the factors which affect the localization of an industry in a particular area.
Ans.

 AVAILABILITY OF RAW MATERIALS: The industries which use heavy raw materials are
generally located in the place where raw materials are easily available in proximity.
 AVAILABLITY OF POWER: Power is needed for processing raw materials. The industries which
consume huge quantities of power are located near the source of power.
 CLIMATE: it influences the setting up of agro-based industries, since they are set up in
proximity to its raw material availability like cotton textile industries in Gujarat and
Maharashtra.

HUMAN FACTORS

 LABOUR: No industry can function without labour. Labour can be skilled or unskilled. We
need both kind of labour to set up industries.
 TRANSPORT: Industries should be idly located for the transportation of raw materials and
later the finished goods to the market. Without proper transport facilities we cannot run
factories.
 DEMAND OF GOODS: Goods will be produced only if there is demand for those goods. There
may be a lot of industries, but they can be successful only if it is demanded by the
consumers. It should be sent to various parts of the country, where it is needed.

Q5. What problems are faced by cotton textile industry?

Ans.

 Power supply remains erratic affecting its population.

 Machinery needs to be upgraded in the weaving and processing sectors particularly.
 There is lower output of labour, since they are not skilled in their jobs.
 There is a stiff competition with the synthetic fiber Industry.

Q6. Why is it important for our country to keep the mill sector loom age lower than power loom
and hand loom?

Ans.

 It will lead to the development of cottage industry.

 More and more rural people will get employment.
 Migration of rural people to urban areas in search of jobs will decrease.
 It will raise the standard of living of rural people.
 It will also help to earn foreign exchange which will ultimately make our country
economically stronger.

Q7. What are the major drawbacks for the cotton textile industry?

Ans.
  We have a large share in the world trade of cotton yarn but our trade is readymade garments
is only 4% of the world’s total.
 Our spinning mills are competitive at the global level and capable of using all the fibers we
produce.
 But the weaving, knitting and processing units cannot use much of the high quality yarn that
is produced in the country.
 There are some large and modern factories in these segments, but most of the production is
in fragmented small units, which cater to the local market.

This mismatch is a major drawback for the industries .As a result, many of our spinners export
cotton yarn while garment manufacturers have to import fabric.

Q8. Why are jute mills concentrated along the Hugli river? Explain giving any six reasons.

Ans.

 West Bengal is the store house of jute. it provides the highest amount of jute.
 The industry requires a lot of water which is available from the Hugli River.
 Cheap labour is easily available because of migration labour from neighboring states of Bihar
and Orissa.
 A large urban sector in Kolkata provides banking, insurance and loan facilities.
 The river provides abundant water for retting, washing and dying purposes.
 The river also help to carry manufacture jute goods to Kolkata city inland distributing and to
diamond harbor, Kolkata, exporting them to various part of the world.
 The Hugli offers itself as the most convenient means of transport to collect raw jute from
west Bengal and even beyond.

Q9. What efforts were made by government to stimulate demands of jute in the market?

Ans.

 In 2005 national jute policy was formulated with the objective of increasing production.
 Effort would be made to improve production and introduce some new products of jute like
fabrics.
 Government can ensure good prizes to the jute farmers, enhancing the yield per hectare.

Q10. Why do you feel that there are plans to shift sugar mills in south India?

Ans. Reasons to shift sugar mills are:

 It is because sugarcanes production in the states is have higher sugar content.

 The cooler climate ensures a longer crushing season.
 The cooperative are more successful in these states.
 If the sugarcane is transport from south to north India, due to delays In trains sugarcane
losses its sugar content as it is perishable good.
Q11. What are the challenges faced by sugar industries?

Ans. The challenges faced by sugar industries are:

 The industries are seasonal, so getting labour becomes difficult.

 We are still using old and ineffective methods of production, thereby affected its production.
 There are transport delays in reaching sugarcane to factories, with the result it loses its
sugar content.
 There is a need to minimize the use of baggage to face the problem of power breakups.

Q12. How are the chemical industries growing faster day by day?

Ans. The chemical industries growing faster day by day because:

 It contributes approx 3% of the GDP.

 It is the 3 rd largest in India and occupies 12 th place in the world in size.
 It comprises of both large and small scale manufacturing units.
 Rapid growth has been recorded in both organic and inorganic sectors.

Q13. How are information technology industries able to generate more employment?

Ans. Major Impacts of these industries has been on employment generation.

 Upto 31 st march 2005, IT industries employed over I million person.

 The number has expected to increase eight-folds in the next 3-4 years.
 It is encouraging to know that 30% of the people employed in this sector are women.

Q14. What kinds of pollution are caused by industries?

Or
How are industries responsible for environmental degradation?

Ans. Industries pollute the following domains:

 Air pollution
a. It is caused by the presence of high proportion of undesirable gases like sulphur dioxide
and carbon dioxide.
b. Air borne particles material contains both solid and liquid particles like dust, sprays and
mist and smoke.
c. Smoke is emitted by chemicals and paper factories, brick kilns, refineries and smelting
plants.
d. Toxic gas leakage can be very hazardous with long term effect.
e. Air pollution adversely affects human health, animals, plants, buildings and the
atmosphere as a whole.
 Water pollution
a. It is caused by organic and inorganic industrial waste and effluents discharged into rivers.
b. The main culprits paper pulp, chemical, textile and dying petroleum refineries, tanneries.
 c. Fly ash, phosopo-gypsum and iron and steel slags are the major solid waste in India.
 Thermal pollution
a. It occurs when heated water from factories and thermal power plants is drained into the
river.
b. Waste from nuclear power plants, nuclear weapon production, causes cancer, birth
defects and miscarriages.
c. Dumping of waste specially gases, harmful chemicals, industrial effluents, packaging,
salts and garbage makes soil useless.
d. Rainwater percolates to soil carrying the pollutants to the ground water and the ground
water gets contaminated.
 Noise pollution
a. Noise pollution not only results in irritation and anger, is can also cause hearing
impairments.
b. It can increase heart beat as well as plod pressure.
c. Unwanted sound is an irritant and a source of stress.
d. Industrial and constructional activities machinery, factory equipment, generators and
pneumatic and electric drills also increase noise pollution.

Q15. Why cotton textile mills are spread all over India?

Ans. This is due to the following factors:

 Cloths are the basic requirement and hence it is spread throughout the country.
 Both raw material and finished products can be easily transported over long distances
since they are light in weight.
 Easily availability of all factor inputs like labour, capital, etc., in different parts of the
country.
 Humid condition needed for the industry is created artificially inside the mills.
 Land costs are rising; hence, new mills are setup at new distant locations.

Q16. Classify industries on the basis of scale?

Ans.

1. Small scale industry: it is defined with reference to the maximum investment allowed on the
assets of a unit. This limit has changed over a period of time. At present the maximum
investment allowed in rupees is 1 crore.
2. Large scale industries: if investment is more than 1 crore on any industry then it is known as
a large scale industry.

Q17. Why is cotton textile industry located in Maharashtra and Gujarat?

Ans. the major reasons are as follows:

 Raw material availability (suitable climate and rich black soil, moderate rain, suitable
temperature for production).
  Metropolitan cities like Mumbai and Ahmadabad have large population and therefore large
labour supply.
 Availability of enough funds both for production and trading capital .
 Mumbai port enables quick exports to every part of the world.
 Mumbai and Ahmadabad are the major link cities in the system of transportation.
 Availability of water.
 Easy availability of water for washing, dying, etc.
 Originally, the local humid climate was found to be an asset for spinning thread. Now, steam
can be injected artificially in any spinning mill located in any region.

Q18. Demonstrate that agriculture and industry are interdependent in the process of growth.

Ans.

 Agriculture supplies critical raw materials for the manufacturing industries. Shortage of these
raw materials can spell doom for these industries.
 Agriculture is the only source of the most basic need i.e., food grains. As industrialization
proceeds, income levels go up and with that the demand for the food grain also goes up.
 Agriculture gets its basic inputs, such as from the manufacturing industries.

In this ways, agriculture offers a big market for the industrial products, fertilizers. In short,
agriculture and industries both depends upon each other.

Q19. Mention the factors responsible for the concentration of iron and steel industry in the chotta
Nagpur region.

Ans. The major factors are:

 Availability of raw materials including all minerals, Iron ore, manganese, cooking oil,
limestone.
 High population density, therefore, large labour force is available.
 Thermal power through coal and hydel power because of a number of river valley projects
and coal mines.
 Sufficient transport through road and rail links.
 Situated near Kolkata port, therefore, convenient for trade in international market and
domestic market.
 Availability of different facilities like banking, commerce, etc., in the metropolitan city of
Kolkata.

Q20. Why is iron and steel industry called a basic and heavy industry?

Ans. Iron and steel industry is called basic industry for the following reasons:

 The industry forms a base for all other industries in the country ; it is difficult to imagine an
industry that does not make use of steel and iron in one form or another.
  The industry lays the foundation for rapid development of all other sectors in the economy,
like agriculture, fisheries, construction, etc.

It is a heavy because:

 It requires huge lump sum investment.

 All raw materials used by the industry and its finished products are bulky and heavy.

Q21. Why most of iron and steel industry are in public sector in India?

Ans. The factor that account for iron and steel industry being mainly in public sector in India are:

 It requires huge capital investment that was beyond the reach of private sector enterprise at
the time of independence.
 It is a basic industry that lays foundation for several subsidiary industries and so helps
industrial development.
 The government policy decided to have all new plant in public sector. It came forward with
the needed capital, arranged financially and technical support from erstwhile USSR and other
countries like the U.K. and Germany.
 It requires continuous updating of techniques.
 It is used for building machines and national defense system.
 It involves a long gestation period; private capital normally avoids such industries.

This policy has now been given up. Private enterprises from India and abroad have entered the iron
and steel industry in a big way during the last decade.

Q22. What are mini steel plants?

Ans. Mini steel plants are decentralized, small secondary units which produce steel by using scrap
and sponge iron.

Q23. What a short note on the main feature of the fertilizer industries in India?

Ans.

 It produces nitrogenous fertilizers, phosphatic fertilizers and ammonia phosphate and

complex fertilizers i.e., combination of nitrogen, phosphate and potash.
 India is the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers.
 NO. of fertilizer units in the country are as follows:
 Urea-29
 Nitrogenous and complex nitrogenous fertilizers
 Ammonia sulphate-09
 Single superphosphate-68
 There are 10 public sectors undertaking and one in cooperative sector at hazira in Gujarat
under the fertilizer cooperation of India.
  Main fertilizer producing states are Punjab, Kerala, where half of the fertilizer is produced.
Other states are A.P, Orissa, Bihar, Maharashtra, west Bengal, Goa, Delhi, and Karnataka.

Q24. Describe the cement industry in India with special reference to the uses and its explanation.

Ans. Factors are:

 It is fast growing and diversifying industry.

 Its contribution to GDP is approx, 3%.
 It’s the third largest in Asia and 12 th in the world in size.
 It has both large and small scale manufacturing units.
 Rapid growth in both organic and inorganic sector.
 It has its own consumer market because basic chemical are used for producing other
chemicals that are used industrial application, agriculture or directly for consumer market.
 Organic chemicals include petrochemicals, which are used for manufacturing of synthetic
fibers, synthetic rubber, plastic, dyestuff, drugs and pharmaceuticals.
 Organic chemical plants are located near oil refiners and petrochemical plants because
petrochemicals are heavy organic chemicals which are difficult to transport to other places.
 The organic chemical industry manufactures fertilizers, plastics, paints, adhesives, soaps,
detergents and paper etc. These products are used by the people all over the country and
can be produced by small inorganic chemical industries spread all over the country.

Q25. What effects are made by NTPC to control environmental degradation without effecting the
production?

Ans.

1. Optimum utilization of equipments adopting latest techniques and upgrading existing

equipments.
2. Minimizing waste generation by minimizing ash utilization .
3. Providing green belts for nurturing ecological balance.
4. Reducing environmental pollution through ash pound management, ash water recycling
system and liquid waste management.

Q26. Discuss the steps taken to minimize environmental degradation by industries?

Ans. To Control Water Pollution

 Minimize used water for processing by reusing and recycling it in two or more suggestive
stages.
 Harvesting of water can be done to meet water requirements.
 Treating of hot water and effluents before releasing them in rivers or ponds.

Treatment Of Industrial Effluents Can Be Done In Three Stages :

 Primary treatment by mechanical means. it involves screening, grinding, flocculation,and
sedimentation.
 Secondary treatment by biological processes.
 Tertiary treatment by biological, chemical and physical processes. This involves recycling of
water.

To Control Air Pollution

 Particulate matter in the air can be reduced by fitting smokes stags to factories with
electrostatic precipitations, fabrics filters and inertial separation.
 Smoke can be reduced by using oil or gas instead of coal in factories or thermal power
station.

To Control Noise Pollution

 Machinery and equipment can be used and generators should be fitted with silencer.
 Almost all machinery can be redesigned to increase energy efficiency and reduce noise.
 Noise absorbing material may be apart from personal use of ear plugs and earphones.