General Awareness

 History.
 Physics.
 Biology.
 Current Affairs.
 Politics.
 Economics.

Analytical Ability

 Blood Relation Test.

 Series Completion.
 Analogy.
 Character Puzzles.
 Classification.
 Series.
 Analytical Reasoning.
 Pattern Completion.
 Chart Logic.
 Image Analysis.
 Data Sufficiency.
 Logical Sequence of Words.
 Seating Arrangement.
 Direction Sense Test.

Quantitative Aptitude

 Number Systems.
 Percentages.
 Menstruation.
 Ratio and Time.
 Averages.
 Profit and Loss.
 Fundamental Arithmetical Operations.
 Computation of Whole Numbers.
 Use of Tables and Graphs.
 Decimals.
 The relationship between Numbers.
 Operations Research & Linear Programming.
 Differential Geometry.
 Dynamics.
 Essential Mathematics.
 Calculus.
 Real Analysis.
  Fundamental arithmetical operations.
 Computation of Whole Numbers.
 Time and Distance.
 Ratio and Proportion.
 Interest.
 Discount.
 Algebra.
 Differential Equations.
 Statistics.
 Time and Work.
 Fractions.
 Analytical Geometry.
 Statics.

English Language

 Spellings.
 One word substitutions.
 Improvement.
 Verbal Comprehension passage etc.
 Adjectives.
 Detecting Mis-spelt words.
 Idioms and phrases.
 passage.
 Verbs.
 Clauses.
 Fill in the blanks.
 Spot the error.
 Synonyms/ Homonyms.
 Spellings.
 Vocabulary.
 Grammar.
 Antonyms.
 Sentence structure.
General Awareness Questions For IB (ACIO) 2017:

Q1. Harappa is located on the bank of the river:

(a) Indus
(b) Ravi
(c) Beas
(d) Sutlej

Q2. In Indus Valley Civilization, the script was:

(a) Kharosthi
(b) Brahmi
(c) Boustrophedon
(d) None of these

Q3. Who wrote a book ‘Return of the Aryans'?

(a) Bhagavan S Gidvani
(b) L.D. Kalla
(c) Avinash Chandra Das
(d) D.S. Trived

Q4. Who among the following had started ‘Mitra Mela’ Association?
(a) Shyamji Krishna Verma
(b) Vinayak Damodar Savarkar
(c) Lala Hardayal
(d) Sohan Singh Bakna

Q5. Who of the following was a founder of Naujawan Bharat Sabha in 1926?
(a) Lala Lajpat Rai
(b) Bhagat Singh
(c) Lala Hardayal
(d) Sohan Singh Bhakhna

Q6. The proposal relating to dismissal of the Vice- President can be presented in
(a) any House of the Parliament
(b) the Rajya Sabha
(c) The Lok Sabha
(d) None of these

Q7. Who is the highest civil servant of the Union Government?

(a) Attorney General
(b) Cabinet Secretary
(c) Home Secretary
(d) Principal Secretary of the P.M.

Q8. The number of official languages recognized under 8th schedule of the Indian
Constitution is
(a) Sixteen
(b) Seventeen
(c) Twenty
(d) Twenty two

Q9. The tenth schedule of Indian Constitution deals with

(a) Anti-defection legislation
(b) Panchayti Raj
(c) Land reforms
(d) Distribution of powers between the union and states

Q10. Which one of the following states does not have its High Court?
(a) Orissa
(b) Sikkim
(c) Himachal Pradesh
(d) Goa

Q11. Which sector is the backbone of Indian economy?

(a) Service Sector
(b) Financial Sector
(c) Tourism Sector
(d) Agriculture Sector

Q12.The slogan of ‘poverty abolition’ was given in which Five Year Plan?
(a) Second plan
(b) Fourth plan
(c) Fifth plan
(d) Sixth plan

Q13. A capitalist economy uses__________ as the principal means of allocation resources.

(a) demand
(b) supply
(c) efficiency
(d) prices

Q14. Which of the following is a great circle?

(a) Arctic Circle
(b) Equator
(c) Tropic of Cancer
(d) Tropic of Capricorn

Q15. The distance between consecutive longitudes at the poles is

(a) Zero
(b) 18 km
(c) 25 km
(d) 10 km

Q16. Excluding the moon, the celestial object that appears brightest in the sky is
(a) Venus
(b) Jupiter
(c) Polestar
(d) Sirus

Q17. Who discovered the blood group?

(a) Linus Pauling
(b) Barbara McClintock
(c) Karl Landsteiner
(d) Carl Linnaeus

Q18. Which drugs/medicine is used to lower body temperature?

(a) Anaesthetics
(b) Antiflatulent
(c) Antipyretics
(d) Analgesics

Q19. Ascorbic acid is—

(a) An enzyme
(b) A protein
(c) A vitamin
(d) An amino acid

Q20.The average salinity of sea water is?

(a) 3%
(b) 3.5%
(c) 2.5%
(d) 2%
Q21. Radium is obtained from which mineral?
(a) Rutile
(b) Haematite
(c) Limestone
(d) Pitchblende

Q22. Snakes receive sound vibrations by—

(a) tympanum
(b) body
(c) internal ear
(d) earth

Q23. Which of the following are characteristics of diabetes mellitus, a common disease of
human beings?
1. Increase of sugar in blood
2. Appearance of sugar in urine
3. Loss of hunger
4. Lack of energy
Which of the statements given above are correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1, 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4

Q24. In which of the following state, the second International Yoga Festival has been
started recently?
(a) Uttarakhand
(b) Punjab
(c) Kashmir
(d) Maharashtra

Q25. The book titled 'Unstoppable: My Life So Far' is authored by ________________.

(a) Serena Williams
(b) MArtina Hingis
(c) Maria Sharapova
(d) Corolina Marine
IB ACIO GK Notes on World History

The 16 th AD is known as the Age of renaissance which literally means rebirth. It was
preceded by the Dark Ages- an era where church dominated all spheres of life and
society was drawn around land and land, in turn, was owned by Lords and people have
to work on such land for their livelihood. Such type of system based on land is
called feudalism.
Italy was the first to come in contact with renaissance due to its building prosperity
brought to it by trade with the east. Famous Italian writers include- Machiavelli,
Petrarch, Dante, and Boccaccio. Whereas Famous Italian painters are- Leonardo Da
Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael. While Bruno and Galileo were the famous Italian
Astronomers.

Renaissance then proceeded towards France and Germany, and gradually took the
whole of Europe into its grip. The plays of Shakespeare, Utopianism of Thomas More,
and the essays of Francis Bacon. In Germany, in the year 1456, Printing press was
invented in Gutenberg.
The age of rebirth didn’t spare even religion, and there started Reformation
movement, which was against the corruption and unethical practices (like indulgence-
which was the letter that remitted punishments of the sinners who bought them) that
were rusting the very roots of Catholic Church. The Reformation was started by Martin
Lutherin Wittenberg, Germany in 1517.
Henry VIII of England declared himself as the head of the Church in
1534. Protestantism arose in Germany by Martin Luther and on the similar
lines, Calvinism was started in Switzerland.
GEOGRAPHICAL EXPLORATION

With the development of compass, quality ships, increased knowledge of cartography

and so on, many voyages were taken up.
Following is the comprehensive list of such voyages:

Sponsoring
Year Discoverer Discovery
country

Bartholomew Cape of good

1487 Portugal
Diaz hope

Christopher
1492 America Spain
Columbus

Sea route to India

1498 Vasco Da Gama via cape of good Portugal
hope

1500 P.A. Cabral Brazil Portugal

Strait of
1520 Magellan Magellan (Tip of Spain
south America)

Islands of
1642 Tasman Tasmania and Holland
New Zealand

Captain James
1770 Hawaiian Island England
Cook

1909 Robert Peary North Pole USA

1911 Amundsen South Pole Norway

The age of enlightenment that arose in response to modernity in this age was
characterised by humanism and reasons.
VARIOUS REVOLUTIONS

GLORIOUS OR BLOODLESS REVOLUTION- 1688

It took place in 1688 in England. Under this James II, ensured freedom of worship for
Catholics, which united the Whigs (generally supported constitutional monarchy and
the role of the aristocracy) and Tories (supported a stronger monarchy) of the Anglican
Church, against him. He was eventually made to leave the thorn, as the Anglicist
requested the William of orange, ruler of Holland to succeed the English throne. This
ended the rule of Stuarts, and gave supremacy to the parliament.

INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

Began around 1750s in Britain, this revolution transformed societies from agriculture
to industrial based. This revolution was accompanied by invention in textile industries
like spinning jenny in 1764 by James Hargreaves, water frame in 1769 by Richard
Arkwright, mule in 1779 by Samuel Crompton and Power loom in 1785 by Edmund
Cartwright.
Other invention includes steam engine by Thomas Savery which was crucial in the
further of such engine especially that of James watt which led to development of the
railways.

AMERICAN REVOLUTION-1775-83

It’s the struggle between 13 colonies of England in North America and Britain, as the
former as declared independence from the latter.
There were many events that led up to the revolution and they are- stamps Act of
1765- which imposed taxes on all business transactions, tax on tea in 1767, Boston tea
party of 1773- where a ship full of tea crates were not allowed to unload its crates and
instead these crates were pushed into the ocean.
Such face off with Britain led to 1 st continental congress in Philadelphia in 1774 (it was
represented by 12 colonies, Georgia didn’t participate) and ultimately led to starting
of war in 1775. On 4th July 1776, Declaration of Independence was made and it
was authored by Thomas Jefferson.
By the treaty of Paris in 1783, English acknowledged American Independence and
George Washington was elected as the first president of USA.

FRENCH REVOLUTION: 1789-93

Such revolution gave to humanity the idea of Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. It began
in 1789, and among other factors it was due to the Poor and whimsical governance
of King Louis XVI. The beginning of the revolution was characterised by the storming
of the bastille prison, which people did largely because they were fed up with the king’s
rule.
To spark such revolt, it was the ideas of thinker like Montesquieu (1689-1775), Voltaire
(1694-1778), and Rousseau (1712-1778) which gave the required impetus to such
events.
Moreover the French society was divided into the three estates- first is the clergy,
second is the nobility, and third is commoners. And it is the third estate which bore all
burden of taxes.
Declaration of rights of man and citizens, which became the preamble of the
constitution, was formed by the national government which ruled from 1789-91 and
was a limited monarchy. However on September 21 1792, France became the
republic and soon after, reign of terror begun spearheaded by Robespierre, who
extensively used guillotine to first remove opponents of French ideals and later on,
upon anyone who decides to dissent.
In 1795 France had directorate form of government, which rewrote the constitution
and made the right to vote conditional. And in finally in 1799, it was Nap oleon
Bonaparte, who brought Military rule thus beginning the era of Napoleonic war which
ranged across 1803-1815.

UNIFICATION OF GERMANY- 1848-71

At the end of the Napoleonic war, regions with German population was distributed
across 38 states, of which Prussia was the strongest. In 1815, German
confederation was made, which included all 38 states as well as Austria.
In 1848, the wave for democracy struck the German Confederation, and they set out
to unite themselves in Frankfurt Assembly, to frame the constitution for the united
Germany. However, due to the refusal of the emperor of Prussia, such unification
couldn’t materialise.

In years to come, it was the blood and iron policy of Bismarck who belonged to
Prussian aristocratic family. This policy was that of war, and pursuing it, Prussia
attacked France, and thus dissolved old confederation and formed a North German
Confederation in 1866 comprising 22 states.
The unification of Germany was eventually completed in 1870, as a result of
the Franco-Prussian war, in which Louis Bonaparte was defeated. On account of this
unification, William I became the king of Germany and his swearing-in ceremony took
place at Versailles which is in France.

UNIFICATION OF ITALY-1848-70
Around early 19 th century, Italy was divided into a number of states in
which Sardinia was the most powerful. To aid unification of Italy, ‘Young
Italy’ movement was started which was started by the famous revolutionaries
like Mazzini and Garibaldi. After the 1848 revolution, Count Cavour, prime minister of
Sardinia led the initiative to unite Italy.
In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II, King of Sardinia took the title as ‘King of Italy’. However,
it was in 1870, that Rome, which was under Catholic Church, became part of Italy and
subsequently its capital.

FIRST WORLD WAR: JULY 28, 1914-NOV 11 1918

Was fought between Central powers represented by Germany, Austria-Hungary,
Turkey, Bulgaria and the Allied powers which included- United Kingdom, France,
Belgium, Serbia, USSR, Italy Romania and USA.
The main causes of war centred on- 1. Imperialism: Where the European countries
compete with each other for having domination over territories in Asia, Africa and
America; 2. Capitalism: Which led to the competition for profit, and ultimately gave
birth to colonialism, where the colonies were seen as the supplier of raw material and
an export market for the domestic Industries. 3. Militarism: Each country invested
heavily in building military capabilities which gave birth to mutual suspicion. 4. Cobweb
of alliance- Austria had an alliance with Germany, Serbia, on the other hand, had the
backing of Russia. Russia had an alliance pact with France. In order to Attack France,
Germany invaded Belgium which was the part of Schlieffen Plan and involved victory
over France in 6 weeks. Honouring the agreement with Belgium, Britain entered war
too, and to back Britain-Japan also joined the war.
The immediate cause of the war was the assassination of Archduke Ferdinand who was
the heir to the Austrian Throne. He and his wife Sophie were killed in Sarajevo, the
capital of Bosnia, the region annexed by Austrian. This plot was set by Serbia which
was dissatisfied with the Bosnian Annexation.
The war ended with Central power defeat and the peace settlement was carried out i n
1919-20. For such settlement the Woodrow Wilson’s 14 points were taken as the
principle, however, in reality, they were hardly implemented. As part of the peace
process, various treaties were also signed, like treaty of Versailles with Germany,
treaty of St. Germaine with Austria, treaty of Neuilly with Hungary, Treaty of Sevres
with Turkey.

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION 1917

This revolution took place in two stages. The first stage began in March 1917 with the
overthrow of Czarist regime of Nicholas II. At this time, the power went
to Mensheviks who are considered to be democratic and liberal. However, they were
soon replaced by, the radical wing- Bolsheviks, led by Lenin.
The year from 1917-20, witnessed the civil war in Russian society and led to arrest,
exile and killing of pro czarist, capitalist and so on. In 1923, Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics (USSR) was established where the state had the ownership over all means of
production.
CHINESE REVOLUTION
In 1911, under the leadership of Sun Yat Sen, ousted the Manchu Dynasty. He
formed Kuomintang (KMT) or Nationalist party and tried to govern China amidst the
trouble caused by Warlords.
It was in 1921, that the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) came into being, and had a
sour relation with the KMT. In response to the atrocities of the KMT, and to widen the
communist base, Mao Zedong embarked upon 6000 miles Long March (1934-35) to
form a new power base in northern China.
Of this face-off between KMT and CCP, in 1949 Mao Zedong’s CCP, emerged
victoriously. Chiang Kai Shek, who was leading KMT, has to then flee to Formosa
(Taiwan)
THE GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION- 1929- 34
Economics depression is a scenario which involves in general fall in the economic
activities in the economy, such that unemployment rises, productio n falls and
inflationary trends set up which eats up the purchasing power of the currency.
This depression started with the agricultural recession, and subsequently, went on to
engulf financial panic and collapse. To tackle it, in the USA, Franklin D.
Roosevelt introduced the policy known as New Deal, which involved massive public
investment to revive the economy.

FASCISM IN ITALY
Caught in the economic and political weakness, Italy was disappointed by the outcome
of the peace settlement. In 1919, Benito Mussolini founded the Italian Fascist
Party and won 35 seats. Around the same time there was the real danger of Left-wing
revolution, in such scenario, fascists organised the March on Rome, resulting into the
invitation to Mussolini, by King Victor Emmanuel to form a government.
Eventually, Mussolini regime started to cover the entire way of life of the Italian
people, and his regime turned into the authoritarian one. In order to increase his
sphere of influence, he joined with Hitler, and this alliance ultimately was functional
for the start of the World War II.
In the war, after the initial victory, Italy lost his African possession, and Mussolini rule
got shrunk till Northern Italy which was eventually too was occupied by the allied
powers, leading to the death of Mussolini.

NAZISM IN GERMANY
After the defeat in WW II, Kaiser Power was questioned, and he appointed Prince
Max as Chancellor. However, greater public pressure led to the formation of
the government of left-wing social democrat partyunder the leadership of Friedrich
Ebert.
In 1920s, the right-wing parties like Kapp Putsch, started circling the government to
unseat it. Coupled with the heavy War repatriation and great economic depression, the
situation in Germany deteriorated significantly. Adolf Hitler, Leader of the National
Socialists (NAZIS), was invited by President Hindenburg, to become chancellor, which
subsequently led to the rise of the authoritarian regime in Germany and death of the
Weimer Republic.

World War II was fought between Axis power which included- Germany, Japan, and
Italy and the Allied powers represented by Great Britain, France, USSR, USA, and China.
The cause of the war can be seen as 1. Treaty of Versailles, 2. The rise of nationalist
fervour in Italy and Germany, 3. Incompetency of the league of nation 4. Appeasement
policy of Britain and France.
The immediate cause of the war when Poland refused to give the Danzig port to
Germany and also didn’t allow the rail linkage between East Prussia and Germany,
Germany opened war on Poland and captured it. As France and Britain had the alliance
to aid Poland, they also entered into the war with Germany to honour their agreement.

Note:

 India participated in world war II from Britain side.

 In world war II, USA dropped the Nuclear bombs on Japanese cities
of Hiroshima and Nagasaki on August 6 and 9, 1945, respectively.

Miscellaneous Points:
Magna Carta- 1215: Signed by John II, under the pressure by the people to keep in
check the king’s arbitrary power, this principle laid down definite laws for the
administration of the empire. It is also said to be the foundation stone of rights and
liberties of the English people.
Capitalism is an economic and political system in which a country's trade and industry
are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state.
Socialism is a political and economic theory of social organization which advocates that
the means of production, distribution, and exchange should be owned or regulated by
the community as a whole
Imperialism is a policy of extending a country's power and influence through
colonization, use of military force, or other means.
Fascism is a form of government which is a type of one-party dictatorship. Fascists are
against democracy. They work for a totalitarian one-party state. Such a state is led by
a strong leader—such as a dictator and a martial government.
Liberalism is a political or social philosophy advocating the freedom of the individual,
parliamentary systems of government, nonviolent modification of political, social, or
economic institutions to assure unrestricted development in all spheres of human
endeavour.
QUOTES:
HITLER

 If you tell a big enough lie and tell it frequently enough, it will be believed.
 Make the lie big, make it simple, keep saying it, and eventually they will believe
it.
 He alone, who owns the youth, gains the future.
 Those who want to live, let them fight, and those who do not want to fight in this
 World of eternal struggle do not deserve to live.
 All propaganda has to be popular and has to accommodate itself to the
 Comprehension of the least intelligent of those whom it seeks to reach.
 It is not truth that matters, but victory.
 The victor will never be asked if he told the truth.
 Demoralize the enemy from within by surprise, terror, sabotage, assassination.
This is the war of the future.
 Strength lies not in defence but in attack.
 Words build bridges into unexplored regions

WINSTON CHURCHILL

 If you're going through hell, keep going.

 Success consists of going from failure to failure without loss of enthusiasm.
 Never, never, never give up.
 We make a living by what we get, but we make a life by what we give.
 Success is not final, failure is not fatal: it is the courage to continue that counts.
 History is written by the victors.
 To improve is to change; to be perfect is to change often.
 You have enemies? Good. That means you've stood up for something, sometime
in your life.
 A pessimist sees the difficulty in every opportunity; an optimist sees the
opportunity in every difficulty.
 The best argument against democracy is a five-minute conversation with the
average voter.

ROOSEVELT

 Believe you can and you're halfway there.

 Do what you can, with what you have, where you are.
 Keep your eyes on the stars, and your feet on the ground.
 Nobody cares how much you know, until they know how much you care.
  Far and away the best prize that life has to offer is the chance to work hard at
work worth doing.
 Speak softly and carry a big stick; you will go far.
 In any moment of decision, the best thing you can do is the right thing, the next
best thing is the wrong thing, and the worst thing you can do is nothing.
 Every immigrant who comes here should be required within five years to learn
English or leave the country.
 Get action. Seize the moment. Man was never intended to become an oyster.
 It is hard to fail, but it is worse never to have tried to succeed.

JOHH F. KENNEDY

 And so, my fellow Americans, ask not what your country can do for you -- ask
what you can do for your country.
 As we express our gratitude, we must never forget that the highest appreciation
is not to utter words, but to live by them.
 Our most basic common link is that we all inhabit this planet. We all breathe the
same air. We all cherish our children's future. And we are all mortal.
 Change is the law of life. And those who look only to the past or present are
certain to miss the future.
 Forgive your enemies, but never forget their names.
 Mankind must put an end to war before war puts an end to mankind.
 Efforts and courage are not enough without purpose and direction.
 A rising tide lifts all boats
 We are tied to the ocean. And when we go back to the sea, whether it is to sail
or to watch - we are going back from whence we came.
 Victory has a thousand fathers, but defeat is an orphan.

OBAMA

 Change will not come if we wait for some other person or some other time. We
are the ones we've been waiting for. We are the change that we seek.
 If you're walking down the right path and you're willing to keep walking,
eventually you'll make progress.
 You know, my faith is one that admits some doubt.
 Why can't I just eat my waffle?
 There's not a liberal America and a conservative America - there's the United
States of America.
 I think when you spread the wealth around its good for everybody.
 If the people cannot trust their government to do the job for which it exists - to
protect them and to promote their common welfare - all else is lost.
 The United States is not, and never will be, at war with Islam.
 The future rewards those who press on. I don't have time to feel sorry for myself.
I don't have time to complain. I'm going to press on.
  We've been warned against offering the people of this nation false hope. But in
the unlikely story that is America, there has never been anything false about
hope.

Martin Luther King Jr.

 Darkness cannot drive out darkness; only light can do that. Hate cannot drive out
hate; only love can do that.
 Free at last, Free at last, Thank God almighty we are free at last.
 Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
 Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.
 If you can’t fly then run, if you can’t run then walk, if you can’t walk then crawl,
but whatever you do you have to keep moving forward.
 The time is always right to do what is right.
 I look to a day when people will not be judged by the colour of their skin, but by
the content of their character.
 Faith is taking the first step even when you don't see the whole staircase.
 The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort
and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy.
 In the end, we will remember not the words of our enemies, but the silence of
our friends.

Kofi Annan

 Knowledge is power. Information is liberating. Education is the premise of

progress, in every society, in every family.
 It has been said that arguing against globalization is like arguing against the laws
of gravity.
 To live is to choose. But to choose well, you must know who you are and what
you stand for, where you want to go and why you want to get there.
 Education is a human right with immense power to transform. On its foundation
rest the cornerstones of freedom, democracy and sustainable human
development.
 More countries have understood that women's equality is a prerequisite for
development.
 The Lord had the wonderful advantage of being able to work alone.
 There is no development strategy more beneficial to society as a whole - women
and men alike - than the one which involves women as central players.
 Business, labour and civil society organizations have skills and resources that are
vital in helping to build a more robust global community.
 We need to keep hope alive and strive to do better.
 If information and knowledge are central to democracy, they are conditions for
development.
IB ACIO GK notes on World Geography (Part I)

Important Lakes of the world

Largest lake in the world- Caspian Sea

Largest Lakes by Surface Area

1. Lake Superior – North America

2. Lake Victoria – Africa
3. Lake Huron – North America
4. Lake Michigan – North America

Largest Lakes by Volume

1. Baikal – Asia
2. Tanganyika – Africa
3. Superior – North America

Deepest Lakes in the World

1. Lake Baikal – Asia

2. Lake Tanganyika

Lake Baikal – Deepest Lake

 Located in Siberia, Russia.

 The deepest lake in the world
 World’s largest lake by volume
 Second longest in the world

Lake Tanganyika – Longest Lake

 Longest lake in the world

 Second largest by volume
 Second deepest lake in the world

World’s Highest and Lowest Lakes

 The world’s highest lake, if size is not a criterion, located in Andes.

 The highest large lake in the world is the Pumoyong Tso (Pumuoyong Tso), in the
Tibet Autonomous Region of China.
 The world’s highest commercially navigable lake is Lake Titicaca in Peru and
Bolivia border. It is also the largest lake in South America.
 The world’s lowest lake is the Dead Sea, bordering Israel and Jordan.
The Largest Lakes (surface area) by Continent

 Australia – Lake Eyre (salt lake)

 Africa – Lake Victoria, third-largest freshwater lake on Earth
 Antarctica – Lake Vostok (subglacial)
 Asia – Lake Baikal (if the Caspian Sea is considered a lake, it is the largest in
Eurasia)
 Europe – Lake Ladoga, followed by Lake Onega
 North America – Lake Superior.
 South America – Lake Titicaca, which is also the highest navigable body of water
on Earth

Great Lakes in North America

 These are a series of interconnected freshwater lakes which connect to the

Atlantic Ocean through the Saint Lawrence Seaway.
 Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario (west to east).
Superior, Huron, Michigan, Erie, and Ontario (largest to smallest)
 Lake Superior- largest continental lake in the world by area
Lake Michigan- largest lake that is entirely within one country

Dead Sea

 Also called the Salt Sea.

 Lake bordering Jordan to the east, and Palestine and Israel to the west.
 It Earth’s lowest elevation on land.

Aral Sea

 lying between Kazakhstan in the north and Uzbekistan, in the south.

African Great Lakes

 Series of lakes constituting the part of the Rift Valley lakes in and around the East
African Rift.
 They include Lake Victoria (second largest fresh water lake in the world) and Lake
Tanganyika (the world’s second largest in volume as well as the second deepest).

Major plateaus of the World

Tibetan Plateau

 Highest and largest plateau in the world.

 Known as ‘roof of the world’.

Columbia – Snake Plateau

  River Columbia and its tributary Snake meet in this plateau
 It is bordered by the Cascade Range and the Rocky Mountains and divided by
the Columbia River.

Colorado Plateau

 Located in western part of U.S.A.

 Largest plateau in America.
 Divided by the Colorado River and the Grand Canyon.

Kimberly Plateau

 Lies in the northern part of Australia. This plateau is made of the volcanic
eruption.
 Minerals like iron, gold, lead, zinc, silver and diamond are found here.

Katanga Plateau

 It is lying in Congo
 Famous for Copper Production

Mascarene Plateau

 Some plateaus also form in the ocean, such as the Mascarene Plateau in the
Indian Ocean.
 It extends between the Seychelles and Mauritius Islands.

Laurentian Plateau

 Lying in the eastern part of Canada, it is a part of Canadian Shield.

 Fine quality of iron-ore is found here.

Mexican Plateau

 It is called as ‘Mineral Store’. Different types of metallic minerals like silver,

copper etc. are obtained from here.
 World’s biggest silver mine Chihuahua is situated in the plateau.

Patagonian Plateau

 It is a Piedmont plateau lying in southern part of Argentina.

 It is a rain shadow desert plateau. It is an important region for sheep rearing.

Altiplano Plateau or Bolivian Plateau

 It is located between two ranges of Andes Mountain.

Massif Central
  It is located in the central France.
 It is famous for Grapes cultivation.

Anatolian Plateau

 Also known as Asia Minor, most of Turkey lies on this plateau.

 It is an intermontane plateau lying between Pontiac and Taurus Mountain ranges.
 Tigris – Euphrates Rivers pass through this plateau.

Highest Point in Each Continent:

 Asia- Everest, Tibet/Nepal, (8,848 m)

 Africa- Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, (5,895 m)
 North America- McKinley, Alaska, (6,194 m)
 South America- Aconcagua, Argentina, (6,960 m)
 Antarctica- Vinson Massif, Ellsworth Mts., (4,897 m)
 Europe- Elbrus, Russia/Georgia, (5,642 m)
 Australia- Kosciusko, Australia, (2,228 m)

Lowest Point in Each Continent:

 Asia- Dead Sea

 Africa- Lake Assal
 North America- Death Valley
 South America- Valdes Peninsula
 Antarctica- Bentley Subglacial Trench
 Europe- Caspian Sea
 Australia- Lake Eyre, Australia

Note-

 The lowest known point on Earth is Mariana Trench, 11,034 m below sea level.
 The highest point measured from sea level is the summit of Mount Everest on
the border of Nepal and China- (8,848 m).