Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Wikipedia

2/18/2018 Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Wikipedia
Job Training Partnership

Act of 1982
The Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 (Pub.L. 97–300 (http://legislin
k.org/us/pl-97-300), 29 U.S.C. § 1501 (https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/te
xt/29/1501), et seq.) was a United States federal law passed October 13, 1982,
by the United States Department of Labor during the Ronald Reagan
administration. The law was the successor to the previous federal job training
legislation, the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA). It was
repealed by the Workforce Investment Act of 1998 during the administration of
President Bill Clinton.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_Training_Partnership_Act_of_1982 1/22
Contents
Purpose
Provisions
Adult and youth programs
Federally administered programs
Employment and training programs for Native Americans and
migrant and seasonal farmworkers
Job Corps
Veterans' employment programs
National activities
Labor market information
National Commission for Employment Policy
Training to fulfill affirmative action obligations
Summer youth employment and training programs
Employment and training assistance for dislocated workers
Analysis and criticisms of JTPA
Repeal
Organizations supported by JTPA

See also
External links
References
Purpose
The law was enacted to establish federal assistance programs to prepare youth
and unskilled adults for entry into the labor force and to provide job training to
economically disadvantaged and other individuals facing serious barriers to
employment.
In order to carry out its purpose, the law authorized appropriations for fiscal
year 1983 and for each succeeding fiscal year to carry out adult and youth
programs, federally administered programs, summer youth employment and
training programs, and employment and training assistance for dislocated
workers.
Provisions
The purpose of this act is delineated into four main programs requiring federal
funding.
Adult and youth programs

Provides for an education for employment program to maintain networks of
learning centers offering individualized instruction in convenient locations
and preparing students to meet State and local general education diploma
and basic education competency requirements.
Provides for a pre-employment skills training program for youth aged 14
through 21, with priority given to those who do not meet established
academic achievement levels and who plan to enter the full-time labor
market upon leaving school.
Provides for an entry employment experience program for youth who meet
certain requirements.
Provides for a school-to-work transition assistance program for high school
seniors with an economic disadvantage and dropouts.
Federally administered programs

The law provides for seven types of federally administered programs.
Employment and training programs for Native Americans and migrant

and seasonal farmworkers
Set forth provisions for Native American employment and training

programs.
Directs the Secretary to take appropriate action to establish administrative
procedures and machinery (including personnel having particular
competence in this field) for the selection, administration, monitoring, and
evaluation of Native American employment and training programs, and of
migrant and seasonal employment and training programs, under this Act.
Set forth provisions for migrant and seasonal farmworker employment and
training programs. Requires that the public agencies and private nonprofit
organizations carrying out program services have a previously
demonstrated capability to administer effectively a diversified employability
development program for migrant and seasonal farmworkers.
Directs the Secretary to consult with appropriate State and local officials in
administering national farmworker programs.
Job Corps
Maintains a Job Corps for economically disadvantaged youth to operate

exclusively as a distinct national program.
Authorizes the Secretary to make payments to individuals and
organizations for the cost of candidate recruitment, screening and
selection.
Authorizes the Secretary to arrange for advanced career training programs
for selected Corps members for a period of up to one additional year of
Corps participation. Permits such programs to be provided by
postsecondary institutions or by businesses and labor unions.
Authorizes the Secretary to provide Corps enrollees with allowances and
support.
Directs the Secretary to disseminate information from Job Corps program
experience which may help related programs.
Authorizes the Secretary to arrange with the Secretary of Defense for pilot
projects at Job Corps centers to prepare youth to qualify for military
service.
Authorizes the Secretary to undertake pilot projects using community-
based organizations of demonstrated effectiveness for Job Corps center
operation.
Authorizes the Secretary to accept charitable donations on behalf of the

Job Corps.
Veterans' employment programs
Directs the Secretary to conduct programs to meet the employment and

training needs of service-connected disabled veterans, Vietnam-era
veterans, and veterans recently separated from military service.
National activities
Requires that specified funds be used to provide services authorized under

all titles of this Act for employment and training programs that are most
appropriately administered from the national level.
Directs the Secretary to establish a comprehensive program of
employment and training research and a program of experimental,
developmental, and demonstration projects.
Authorizes the Secretary to fund pilot projects to help eliminate artificial
and other employment barriers faced by persons requiring special
assistance.
Directs the Secretary, in consultation with appropriate officials, to provide

personnel training and appropriate technical assistance (including technical
assistance to training programs for housing for migrant and seasonal
farmworkers) for programs under this Act.
Labor market information
Directs the Secretary to set aside, from sums available to the Department
of Labor for any fiscal year (including sums available for this title), amounts
necessary to maintain a comprehensive labor market information system
on a national, regional, State, local or other appropriate basis. Requires
such information to be made publicly available in a timely fashion.
Directs the Secretary to develop and maintain for the Nation, State, and
local areas, current employment data by occupation and industry, based on
the occupational employment statistics program, including selected sample
surveys, and projections by the Bureau of Labor Statistics of employment
and openings by occupation.
Directs the Secretary to maintain descriptions of job duties, training, and
education requirements, working conditions, and characteristics of
occupations.
Authorizes the Secretary to develop: (1) data for an annual statistical
measure of labor market related economic hardship; and (2) household
budget data. Directs the ::*Secretary to publish, at least annually, a report

relating labor force status to earnings and income.
Directs the Secretary to develop and maintain: (1) statistical data relating
to permanent lay-offs and plant closings; and (2) publish a report based on
such data as soon as practicable after the end of each calendar year
Authorizes the Secretary to establish and carry out a nationwide
computerized job bank and matching program, including the development
of an occupational information file.
National Commission for Employment Policy
Directs the Secretary to reserve $2,000,000 of the appropriations for this

title for each fiscal year to fund the National Commission for Employment
Policy. Establishes the Commission and sets forth provisions for its
membership, reducing the number of members to 15 and providing for their
appointment by the President. Requires that: (1) one of the members be a
representative of the National Advisory Council on Vocational Education;
and (2) the membership be generally representative of significant
segments of the labor force, including women and minority groups. Raises
to five the number of additional professional personnel that the Chairman
of the Commission may appoint without regard to specified civil service
provisions.
Training to fulfill affirmative action obligations
Permits contractors to establish or participate in training programs for

eligible individuals which are designed to assist such contractors in
meeting specified affirmative action obligations. Sets forth requirements for
such training programs. Directs the Director of the Office of Federal
Contract Compliance Programs to promulgate regulations for affirmative
action compliance review of such training programs. Permits such
contractors to maintain an abbreviated written affirmative action program.
Provides that successful performance or operation of such a training
program shall create a presumption that a good faith effort to meet
affirmative action obligations has been made.
Summer youth employment and training programs

Allocates appropriations to specified territories and to the states for
summer youth programs.
Permits funds available under this title to be used for employment or job
training activities designed for employment or employment preparation and
placement and supportive services for program participation and
employment retention.
Requires that programs under this title be conducted during the summer
months.
Makes economically disadvantaged persons under the age of 22 eligible
for such programs, but permits economically disadvantaged individuals
aged 14 or 15 to be eligible, if appropriate and set forth in the job training
plan.
Employment and training assistance for dislocated

workers
Authorizes the Secretary to reserve up to 25 percent of the appropriations
for this title for use by states which apply for assistance to provide training,
retraining, job search assistance, placement, relocation assistance, and
other aid (including specified authorized activities) to individuals who are
affected by mass layoffs, natural disasters, federal government actions
(such as relocation of Federal facilities or reside in areas of high
unemployment or designated enterprise zones.
Authorizes States to establish procedures to identify substantial groups of
eligible individuals who: (1) have been terminated or laid-off or have
received notice of termination or layoff, are eligible for or have exhausted
entitlement to unemployment compensation, and are unlikely to return to
their previous industry or occupation; (2) have been terminated, or have

received termination notice, due to permanent closure of a plant or facility;
or (3) are long-term unemployed and have limited opportunities for
employment or reemployment in the same or similar occupation in their
area of residence (including older individuals with substantial barriers to
employment by reason of age).
Requires full consultation with a labor organization before the
establishment any assistance program funded under this title which will
provide services to a substantial number of members of such labor
organization.
Requires States to submit to the Secretary a plan for use of assistance
under this title, including provisions for coordination of programs, low-
income weatherization and other energy conservation programs, and
social services.
Analysis and criticisms of JTPA

The stated goal of the JTPA is to target an economically disadvantaged
population for job training assistance. The funding allocation for the JTPA is
determined using a formula that is outlined in Title II. One-third of the funding
is allotted based on the relative number of unemployed individuals living in
areas of substantial unemployment, one-third is based on the relative excess

number of the unemployed, and one-third is based on the relative number of
economically disadvantaged individuals. A final stipulation of JTPA is that no
state is allowed to receive below a minimum of one quarter of one percent of
the total allotment. The money is further divided within the state based on the
same criteria. (8) Inconsistencies are likely due to political variables that
influenced the formula at the time these policies were developed. These
variables include the legislative power of a state’s own representatives, a state’s
ability to influence voters of legislators in other states and executive branch
interests. The results of the study conducted by Svorny clearly demonstrate the
importance of a state’s political power in influencing the votes of
representatives (8).
Research has shown that there is an inconsistency between the number of

economically disadvantaged in the United States and the number of individuals
who actually receive resources and that the number varies across the United
States. Concerns were initially raised in 1985, which caused the United States
Department of Labor to commission a research study in July 1985 to explore

the problems with the current formula. The study further showed that the main
issues existed with regards to distributional equity, funding stability, data
quality and formula simplicity. When investigating the distribution of funding,
researchers found that certain regions, such as the upper Midwest, were over
funded while other regions, such as the South, were underfunded (7).
Studies have tried to estimate the impact of the JTPA over the years. The
National JPTA study was designed to measure the impact of incremental
services provided by the JTPA over time. The study commissioned by the
National Department of Labor investigated 21,000 people within 16 centers
around the country in 1986. This research found modest positive impacts on
adult men as well as adult women, but did cite inconsistencies with regards to
out-of-school youths. Welfare mothers appeared to receive the largest impact as
a result of the program. In addition, JTPA increased the proportion of dropouts
who eventually received a high school credential but only a fraction of the target
group members were high school dropouts (1). The National JTPA Study has
been criticized for its research design and techniques, however. The biggest
issue is that the process through which the sites were selected was not a
random one. The sites do resemble the national system in some ways, such as
labor market conditions and JTPA project performance. In addition, the
samples of individuals in the study were similar regarding age, work experience
and ethnicity to those served nationally by the JTPA. The main flaw in the
research is that there is no large, central city and that sites serving small
numbers of people were not included; the sites which were included did not
provide as much on-the-job training than most of the national sites (4).
One criticism of the JTPA is summarized in a 1991 meeting of the Employment

and Housing Subcommittee of the Committee on Government Operations
focused on race and sex discrimination. Congressman Lantos cited evidence of
differential patterns of service and job placement by race. The 1988 Chicago
Urban League report stated that African Americans were shown to consistently
receive lower job placements and wages. In addition, as stated in the 1991
Employment and Housing Subcommittee meeting, a 1988 Women’s Action
Alliance report states that the JTPA is ineffective with regards to moving
women out of poverty and that occupational segregation is prevalent as
evidenced by the fact that the majority of women received jobs in clerical and
sales and service rather than other areas (6).
Further criticisms of the JTPA stem from the argument that individuals can
take advantage of the system due to the way that it is set up. Cragg claims that
measures in the Job Training Partnership Act lead to problems of “moral
hazard” which stem from the use of performance incentives in government
programs. The Job Training Partnership Act offers a “pay-for-performance
system” that focuses on a participant’s earnings and a reduction on welfare
dependency. Cragg claims that participants may enroll who are capable of high
post-training earnings without any actual training. Therefore, some
participants are reaping the benefits of the incentives program without an
actual need for the government resources (3).
In 1993, the Labor Department released a study that showed that in a study of
low-income male out-of-school youth, males in the JTPA program actually had
10 percent lower earnings than males from a similar demographic who never
participated in the program. Prior to the study’s release, the Labor
Department’s inspector general stated that young trainees were twice as likely
to rely on food stamps after JTPA involvement due to the fact that the training
showed the individuals how to apply for food stamps (2).
Repeal
This act was repealed by title I, Sec. 199(b)(2) of the Workforce Investment Act
of 1998. Some of the provisions were adjusted for the new act and some were
dropped.
See a list of United States federal legislation, 1901-2001, for a chronological list
of passed legislation from 1901-2001.
Organizations supported by JTPA

Focus: HOPE, a non-profit addressing racism and poverty.
See also
The Northern California Indian Development Council operated a job training
program under the JTPA, and continues it under the Workforce Investment Act
of 1998.
Ticket to Work SSA's Ticket to Work Program
Al Angrisani was Assistant U.S. Secretary of Labor and Chief of Staff from
1980–84, and one of the primary archietects of the act.
External links
Text of the law at thomas.loc.gov (http://thomas.loc.gov/bss/d097/d097law

s.html)
Monthly Labor Review (March 1983) article on enactment of JTPA (http://w
ww.bls.gov/opub/mlr/1983/03/art1full.pdf)
JTPA Job Training Partnership Act- Web Directory (https://web.archive.org/
web/20120425074251/http://www.campini.com.pl/jtpa_job_training_partner
ship_act)
JTPA (Job Training Partnership Act), Definitions(s) of (http://wfnetwork.bc.e
du/glossary_entry.php?term=JTPA%20(Job%20Training%20Partnership%
20Act),%20Definitions(s)%20of&area=All)
788 KAR 2:010. Job Training Partnership Act. (http://www.lrc.ky.gov/kar/78
8/002/010.htm)
Upjohn Institute for Employment Research (The National JTPA Study)
1993 (https://web.archive.org/web/20111126200440/http://www.upjohninst.
org/erdc/njtpa.html)
Summary and Analysis of the Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 (http://
www.eric.ed.gov:80/PDFS/ED227337.pdf)
References
1. Bloom, Howard, Orr, Larry, Bell, Stephen, Cave, George, Doolittle, Fred, Lin,
Winston and Bos, Johannes. The Benefits and Costs of JTPA Title II-A
Programs: Key Findings from the National Job Training Partnership Act Study.
The Journal of Human Resources, Vol. 32, No. 3 (1997). pp 549–576.
2. Bovard, James. "What Job 'Training' Teaches? Bad Work Habits." Wall
Street Journal. Wall Street Journal, 13 September 2011. Web. 30 October 2011.
3. Cragg, M. Performance Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from the

Job Training Partnership Act. Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization. Vol.
13, No. 1 (April, 1997), pp. 147–168. Oxford University Press.
4. Doolittle, Fred, et al. "A Summary of the Design and Implementation of the
National JTPA STudy." Manpower Demonstration Research Corporation,
August 1993. Web 30 October 2011
5. Guttman, Robert. Job Training Partnership Act: New Help for the
Unemployed.
6. McKinney, Fred. JTPA, Black Employment and Occupational Change:

Separating out Cyclical Changes from Program Changes. Review of Black
Political Economy 14:1 (1985: Summer) p. 75.
7. Race and Sex Discrimination in the Operation of the Job Training

Partnership Act. July 17, 1991. Congressional Sales office.
8. Schneider, G., Battaglia, M., Logan, C. and Zornitsky, J. (1986). An

assessment of funding allocation under the Job Training Partnership Act. U.S.
Department of Labor, Contract No. J-9-M-5-0051. Cambridge, MA: Abt
Associates.
9. Svorny, Shirley. Congressional Allocation of Federal Funds: The Job Training

Partnership Act of 1982. Public Choice, Vol. 87, No. ¾. 1996., pp. 229–242.
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2/18/2018 Job Training Partnership Act of 1982 - Wikipedia

Job Training Partnership

Organizations supported by JTPA

Adult and youth programs

Federally administered programs

Employment and training programs for Native Americans and migrant

Set forth provisions for Native American employment and training

Maintains a Job Corps for economically disadvantaged youth to operate

Authorizes the Secretary to accept charitable donations on behalf of the

Veterans' employment programs

Directs the Secretary to conduct programs to meet the employment and

Requires that specified funds be used to provide services authorized under

Directs the Secretary, in consultation with appropriate officials, to provide

Labor market information

budget data. Directs the ::*Secretary to publish, at least annually, a report

National Commission for Employment Policy

Directs the Secretary to reserve $2,000,000 of the appropriations for this

Training to fulfill affirmative action obligations

Permits contractors to establish or participate in training programs for

Summer youth employment and training programs

Employment and training assistance for dislocated

their previous industry or occupation; (2) have been terminated, or have

Analysis and criticisms of JTPA

areas of substantial unemployment, one-third is based on the relative excess

Research has shown that there is an inconsistency between the number of

Department of Labor to commission a research study in July 1985 to explore

One criticism of the JTPA is summarized in a 1991 meeting of the Employment

Organizations supported by JTPA

Ticket to Work SSA's Ticket to Work Program

Text of the law at thomas.loc.gov (http://thomas.loc.gov/bss/d097/d097law

3. Cragg, M. Performance Incentives in the Public Sector: Evidence from the

6. McKinney, Fred. JTPA, Black Employment and Occupational Change:

7. Race and Sex Discrimination in the Operation of the Job Training

8. Schneider, G., Battaglia, M., Logan, C. and Zornitsky, J. (1986). An

9. Svorny, Shirley. Congressional Allocation of Federal Funds: The Job Training

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?

This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 14:52.

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

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