CAUSES AND EFFECTS OF EARLY PREGNANCY AMONG FEMALE TEENAGERS

OF HINATUAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

RESEARCH PAPER
PRESENTED TO
THE SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT
HINATUAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT IN

PRACTICAL RESEARCH 1
(RESEARCH PAPER)

BY:
LESLIE MARIE B. ROY
MEDEE R. MARTIZANO
CHERRY MAE O. PARDILLA
AIRA T. ONSING
MARY GRACE Z. AMPIS
BRYVEL S. DOCOY
JUVERT MUNION
JOHNLIE DELA CRUZ
VANESSA MARTIZANO
 APPROVAL SHEET

This thesis entitled “EARLY PREGNANCY: CAUSE AND EFFECT (GRADE 9 & 10) IN
HINATUAN NATIONAL COMPREHENSIVE HIGH SCHOOL S.Y.2017-2018”. Prepared
and submitted by Leslie Marie B. Roy, Medee R. Martizano, Cherry Mae O. Pardilla, Aira
T. Onsing, Mary Grace Z. Ampis, Bryvel S. Docoy,Juvert Munion and Johnlie Dela Cruz,
Vanessa Martizano in partial fulfillment of the requirements for Practical Research 1, has
been examined and recommended for acceptance and approval for Oral Examination.

MRS. JOAN H. GOYONGCO

Adviser
 CHAPTER 1

Background of the Study

Here in the Philippines, we believe in the saying of our national hero Dr. Jose P.
Rizal that “Youth is the hope of our Mother land”. In their hands lie the future generation
to follow. But as we see from the situation nowadays, what were expecting from the youth
is the contrary if the saying. Teenagers are prone to pregnancy. Almost every year there
is a rapid increase on the number of pregnant youth.

The researchers observed that some of the female student of Hinatuan National
Comprehensive High School quit school because of Early Pregnancy and some are
entering school carrying child inside their wombs. Sometimes, some teen student mother
skip class because no one will take care of thier child. Its very difficult for them that in the
morning they obliged their self as a student and at night they are taking care of their baby
thats why some pregnant teen students quit school because of ths kid of routine. They
cant focus on thier studies thinking of problems such as financial problem, who will take
care of their child when they are at school, judgemental people and thinking about their
parents who rejected them as a daughter because of the disgrace they brought to their
family. On the other hand, some pregnant students persue studying for they want to fulfill
their dreams and they want to give a good future to their child, they continue their life as
a teenager and a student despite of thier situation.

The researchers are worrying about the situation of students who quit school
because of early pregnancy. Pregnancy is not a joke, carrying a child for 9 months is
difficult for those who are not in the right age to be pregnant.
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to look and identify the Causes and Effects of Early Pregnancy
Among Female Teenagers of Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School, Hinatuan,
Surigao Del Sur. Particularly it aims to answer the following questions:

1. What is Early Pregnancy?

2. What are Causes of early pregnancy?
3. What are the effects of early pregnancy?
Scope and Limitation

This study focuses on causes and effects of teenage pregnancy among the
female teenagers of Hinatuan National Comprehensive High School. This aims to
investigate on what ae the causes and effects of teenage pregnacy.
This study limits the coverage of the Grade 7 to grade 12 students. The researchers
selected 1 respondent each grade level.

This study will be coducted by a survey and interview at Hinatuan National

Comprehensive High School, Hinatuan, Surigao Del Sur. This study coverage only on the
second semester of school year 2017-2018.
 CHAPTER 2
Foreign Related Literature

The purpose of this section of the study is to provide a review of relevant literature
that focuses on questions related to teenage pregnancy. The Introduction to this study
offered an overview of the extent of the problem, its effects and outcomes, and a
conceptual framework in which it was asserted that peer pressure to begin sexual activity
coupled with low self-esteem may very well be instrumental in placing some young girls
at risk for pregnancy during adolescence (Santor, Messervey, & Kusmakar, 2000).

Presented below will be a discussion of first, the extent of teen pregnancy in the
United States and secondly, a description of some of the outcomes, effects, and impacts
of teenage pregnancy and childbirth on teenagers and their offspring. The review will
conclude with a description of some of the interventions that have been developed to
reduce what has been characterized as a major public health problem in the United States
(Sawhill, 2006).

The Guttmacher Institute (2006), a New York City based research organization,
reported on the incidence of teenage pregnancy in the United States. Each year almost
750,000 females between the ages of 15 and 19 become pregnant. The teenage
pregnancy rate in this country is at its lowest level in 30 years, down 36 percent since its
peak in 1990. At the same time, the problem continues to be significant and to represent
a major challenge to educators, health care providers, and social service support
systems.

The good news, according to the Guttmacher Institute (2006), is that the teenage
birth rate in 2002 was 30 percent lower than the peak rate of 61.8 births per 1,000 women
which was reached in 1991. Between 1988 and 2000, teenage pregnancy rates declined
in every state and in the District of Columbia. The Guttmacher Institute (2006) also
reported that among black women aged 15 to 19, the pregnancy rate fell by 40 percent
between 1990 and 2002, while declining by 34 percent among white teenagers in the
same time period. Among Hispanic teenagers, who may be of any race, the pregnancy
rate increased slightly from 1991 to 1992 but by 2002 was 19 percent lower than the 1990
rate.

Generally, states with the largest numbers of teenagers tend to have the greatest
number of teenage pregnancies. The Guttmacher Institute (2006) identified the following
states as having the highest number of adolescent pregnancies: California, Texas, New
York, Florida, and Illinois. The smallest numbers of teenage pregnancies occurred in
Vermont, North Dakota, Wyoming, South Dakota, and Alaska each of which reported
fewer than 2,000 pregnancies among those between the ages of 15 and 19.

These data are promising and do tend to suggest that there is reason to believe
that teen pregnancies are declining. Nevertheless, health care professionals, educators,
and social workers make note of the fact that 700,000 to 800,000 births to adolescents
each year is a highly undesirable phenomenon. Naomi Bar-Yam (2000) pointed out that
teenagers have been having babies since the beginning of time and this is still a norm in
much of the world. In the United States, teenage motherhood has been identified as an
epidemic and a problem worthy of debate, research, and policy initiatives. In the United
States, Bar-Yam (2000) noted that teenage childbearing disproportionately affects poor,
black, and rural girls than their middle class urban counterparts because, in part, middle
class teens become pregnant are more likely to terminate their pregnancies. Because this
is the case, Bar-Yam (2000) suggests that it is difficult to know the actual extent of teen
pregnancies in the U.S. or to determine whether or not there is any meaningful correlation
between such variables as race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status and the decision to
continue or terminate a pregnancy.

http://www.cyberessays.com/lists/review-of-related-literature-of-early-teenage-
pregnancy/

Local Related Literature

Teenage pregnancy is not like any other issue there in the whole world although
it seems to be a common concern, it does not seem to bother people that much. Not until
they are personally affected by the issue or until they finally realized that it had been
increasing in number of affected people that it slowly reached an abnormal stage or the
point that it affected too many lives already and too many aspects of living.
Teenage pregnancy is mostly unplanned, and as a result, people reactto the
experience differently. The teenager has to come to terms with the unexpected demands
of being an adult, and in some cases, she may also have to deal with disapproval and
dissatisfaction shown by significant others like parents and relatives (Clemens,
2002).According to Macleod and Durrheim (2003), teenage pregnancy as a social
problem that leads to the disruption of schooling; poor obstetric outcomes, inadequate
mothering; poor child outcomes; relationship difficulties with relatives, partners and peers;
and demographic concerns about increasing population numbers. In major cases,
teenage mothers are not in a position to go back to school after delivery as they are forced
to look after their children. In some cases, these young mothers’ physical health
conditions do not make it conducive for them to go back to school. While some young
women may be prevented from going back to school as a result of these factors, De Jang
(2001) found that there are some cases of teenagers who may use their pregnant status
to deliberately escape the demands of high school education. Depression is one of the
problems that results to teenage pregnancy of the women. According to the
psychodynamic theory, depression is presented as a disorder that can be linked to real
or imagined object loss (Gee and Rhodes 2003).
According to Cebu Normal University, Cebu City, Philippines GIDDENS
(2001:23), cultural factors refer to culture as the way of life of the members of a society,
or of groups within a society. It includes how people dress, their marriage customs and
family life, their patterns of work, religious ceremonies and leisure pursuits. Socialization
is also a factor. He defines socialization as the process by which humans learn the culture
of their society and become adult members of that society in which they live. Socialization
teaches humans to live in society and what is regarded as appropriate behaviour in
different situations (Giddens 2001:26). Cultural norms and values could be the detriment
of teenage mother’s empowerment and could contribute to greater confusion in teenagers
minds (Dlamini 2002: 45). A study of Ehlers (2003), found that the female adolescents
who were poor students with low educational aspirations were more likely to become
teenage mothers than were their high-achieving peers. On the other hand, he also stated
some of the causes of teenage pregnancy such as lack of parental guidance, adolescent
sexual behaviour, inadequate knowledge about safe sex, exploitation by older men and
socio-economic factors. Lack of parental guidance: Most people evade their children from
talking about sex. In some cases, they provide false information regarding sex and
discourage their children to participate in any informative discussion about sex.
Adolescent sexual behaviour: Among the adolescents, peer pressure is a major factor
that encourages the teenage boys and girls to indulge in sexual activities. Early dating,
as early as 12 years of age, is another factor that contributes to teen pregnancy.
Inadequate knowledge about safe sex: Most adolescents are unaware of safe sex. They
probably have no access to the traditional methods of preventing pregnancy. And the
main reason behind is that they are either too embarrassed or fear to seek information
about it. Exploitation by older men: This is another major factor that contributes to
pregnancy among the teenagers. Those girls who date older men are more likely to
become pregnant before they attain womanhood. Rape, sexual exploitation also takes
place that leads to unwanted pregnancy among teenage girls. Socio-economic factors:
Teenage girls who belong to the poor families are more likely to become pregnant.
According to Quinlivan et al., (2003: 203), lack of educational achievement is a risk factor
not only because of limited career and educational opportunities but also because of its
correlation with a lack of motivation and ambition Young people uncertain of a purpose in
life or a career objective identify parenting as a future role (Quinlivan 2004: 202).
According to Williams (2005:75) adolescents generally encounter more problems during
pregnancy and child birth than older women. The long- term effects of pregnancies are
far reaching and teenage mothers face difficulties such as dropping out of school. The
problems encountered may be physical, psychological, social, academic and emotional.
Dlamini (2002:178) stated in his study the problems that might affect the pregnant
adolescents’ psychologically, emotionally and also the social relations with the people
around them, including the support from individuals. And also there are some challenges
that they encountered such as: the father of the child were not willing to support or even
denied for being a father and non acceptance of pregnancy by the adolescents’ parents.
Adolescent pregnancy and child birth impose difficult long-term outcomes and have
adverse effects not only on the young mother, but also on her child (Hao & Cherlin, 2004;
Meade &Ickovics, 2005). A study of Darisi (2007) stated that a negative perspective on
teen pregnancy leads to a negative view of pregnant teens. The young woman who
becomes pregnant sets in motion a series of events that ultimately leads to the disaster
of a teen birth. The pregnant teen becomes a statistic and assumptions are made about
her character, intelligence and maturity. Young mothers are often well-aware of these
assumptions. According to Ioannidi - Kapolou (2004) lack of accurate information on sex
education is one of the reasons for the increasing number of unwanted pregnancies
among teenagers. However, Watson (2003) stated that a strategy can be successful only
when a multi agency tasked group is formed with representatives that provide services
and work closely with children and young people.
AUTHOR: Angeline M. Pogoy ,Ed. D. Rustica Verzosa, Ed. D. Nerlie S. Coming,
Ronalissa G. Agustino Cebu Normal University, Cebu City, Philippines

Related Studies

Theoritical Framework

In this section, users will find definitions and rationales behind common theories
(i.e., social cognitive theory, stages of change theory) and approaches (i.e., male
involvement, service learning, youth development) used in developing adolescent
pregnancy prevention programs. Also included are descriptions of real programs using
specific theories and approaches as well as practical steps for incorporating different
theories and approaches into programs.

 Adolescent Development
by Kathryn Pierno
Includes: an overview of adolescent development — key features and major
questions facing adolescents; a comparison of three developmental theories —
Freud's, Erikson's, and Piaget's; a discussion of the physical, cognitive,
emotional, social, and behavioral aspects of adolescent development; relevant
questions for those working with teens; and references.
 BDI Logic Model
by Doug Kirby, ETR
 Chlamydia: Starting a School-Based Chlamydia Screening Treatment Program
by Nicole Lezin and Julie Taylor, ETR
 End Notes
 Health Belief Model (HBM)
Definition and rationale, background information, how to apply, challenges and
considerations, resources.
 International Girls Development
An introduction and background information on international girls development
and an overview of model programs in Bangladesh, Brazil, and Philippines.
Recommended strategies and references also included.
 Male Involvement and Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention
by Robert Becker, ReCAPP Consultant
PDF version
 Peer Education in Teen Pregnancy Prevention
by Nicole Lezin, ReCAPP Consultant
Includes: background information on peer education — definition, rationale and
effectiveness; characteristics of effective peer education programs; challenges
and benefits of peer education; case study of peer educator training curriculum;
resources; sample program and evaluation forms; and more.
 Peer Education Resources
Peer Education
 Program Evaluation Basics
Information and links to information on planning and evaluating health education
programs. Includes: slide show presentation with information on impact, outcome
and process evaluation, constructing good evaluation tools, and more; sample
focus group protocols; sample questionnaires and permission forms; facilitator
guidelines; resources; and more.
 Resources for More Information on the Health Belief Model
Health Belief Model
 Service Learning
Its impact on pregnancy prevention, including an example of a service learning
program — Teen Outreach Program (TOP).
 Sexual Risk and Protective Factors
Factors affecting teen sexual behavior, pregnancy, childbearing, and STD: Which
are important? Which can you change?
 Social Learning Theory
What they are and how to apply them to sexuality education.
 Stages of Change Model
by Nicole Lezin, ReCAPP Consultant
This model recognizes that behavior change is a complex process, that
individuals trying to change unhealthy behavior are in different stages of that
process, and that relapse is not failure but a learning opportunity. It can be a
useful model for health educators and others seeking behavior change because
it helps them tailor health messages and interventions to specific individuals and
groups according to the stages of change they are in.
 Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)
by Nicole Lezin, ReCAPP Consultant
This theory has been used to explain and predict many different health behaviors
ranging from smoking to seat belt use. It is particularly relevant to sexuality
education because it focuses on beliefs and values which strongly influence the
decisions young people make about their sexual behavior. Includes: an
 introduction and definitions, key concepts, information on how TRA was
developed, relevant research studies, resources and more.
 Tool to Assess the Characteristics of Effective Sex and STD/HIV Education
Programs
This resource utilizes an organized set of questions designed to help
practitioners assess whether curriculum-based programs have incorporated the
common characteristics of effective sex and HIV education programs.
 Using Research to Improve Practice
Information on how to interpret research on adolescent reproductive health and
use this research to improve or strengthen programs. Includes a slide
presentation, worksheets, an assessment form, sample profiles, links, and more.
 Youth Development and Adolescent Pregnancy Prevention
by Nicole Lezin, ReCAPP Consultant
PDF version
 Youth Mentoring
by Mark Fulop
Includes: an introduction; information about the four dimensions of designing a
mentor program; what we know about youth mentoring; mentoring and
pregnancy prevention; case studies; implications for practice; advice on how to
get started with your own mentoring program; web, book and other resources;
and references.

Conceptual Framework
This figure shown below was the conceptual framework of the study. The first box
contains presumed causes of teenage pregnancy and the second contains the effect of
teenage pregnancy.

Peer Pressure Medical Complications

Absent Parents Emotional Crisis
Glamorization of Worries about Future
Pregnancy
Delayed Education
Lack of Knowledge
Smoking and Drugs
Sexual Abuse or Rape
Depression
Teenage Drinking
Neglect Baby
Curiosity
Trouble of Finance