Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Engineering Thermodynamic
(CHE325)
By
Engr. Babatunde D.E.
EXERGY
Exergy is called available or useful energy.
Exergy is the work potential of a system in specified
environment.
It represents the amount of useful work that can be
obtained as the system is brought to equilibrium with the
environment.
Exergy depends on the state of the environment and that
of the system.
Mass and energy balances were the only analysis tools in
design.
Exergy is derived from 1st and 2nd law of thermodynamics.
1st law of thermodynamics: quantity of energy only.
2nd law of thermodynamics: gives quality of energy been
considered.
Control Volume for Setting-up the Material Balance
′
𝑉2 ′
𝑉2
= 𝑚2 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 + + 𝑔𝑧 + 𝑑 𝑚 𝑈 + 𝑃𝑉 + + 𝑔𝑧 (5.2)
2 2
2
Accumulation term
𝑉2
𝑈′= Internal energy = kinetic energy
2
PV = flow energy 𝑔𝑧 = potential energy
Assuming:
1) Steady state 2) kinetic and potential energy terms are small
Rearranging
𝑄+ 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑚2 𝑈 ′ + 𝑃𝑉 2 − 𝑚1 𝑈 ′ + 𝑃𝑉 1 (5.3)
Recall: h = 𝑈 ′ + PV (5.4)
Enthalpy = Internal energy + PV term
𝑄+ 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑚 2 ℎ2 − 𝑚1 ℎ1 (5.5)
Mathematical Statement of Second Law of
Thermodynamics
Entropy accumulation = Entropy inflow due to mass flow
- Entropy outflow due to mass flow+ entropy transfer
across the system through heat transfer + entropy
production (5.6a)
Entropy Production = Entropy outflow due to mass flow
– Entropy inflow due to mass flow - entropy transfer
across the system through heat transfer + Entropy
accumulation ≥ 0 (5.6b)
The above is the constraint required for 2nd law of
thermodynamics to be complete.
Reason: Entropy is a state of disorderliness and every
process requires a level of disorderliness for it to occur.
Entropy production = 0 when a process is reversible.
Entropy production > 0 when it is a real process.
All real processes are accompanied with entropy
production.
Entropy production
𝑄
𝑚2 𝑠2 − 𝑚1 𝑠1 + 𝑇𝑜 + 𝑑 𝑚𝑠 ≥0 (5.7)
𝑄
𝑚2 𝑠2 − 𝑚1 𝑠1 − 𝑇𝑜 =σ (5.8)
To combine equation (5) and (8)
Make 𝑄 in (8) the subject
𝑄= 𝑇𝑜 𝑚2 𝑠2 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑚1 𝑠1 − 𝑇𝑜 σ (5.9)
Rearrange further,
𝑚1 ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑠1 + 𝑊𝑠 = 𝑚2 ℎ2 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑠2 + 𝑇𝑜 σ (5.11)
= 𝑚 ℎ2 − ℎ1 − 𝑇𝑜 𝑠2 − 𝑠1 (5.12)
= 𝑚 ∆ℎ − 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑠 (5.13)
𝑊𝑠,𝑟𝑒𝑣 = 𝑚 ∆ℎ − 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑠 = ΔH – 𝑇𝑜 ΔS =Exergy (5.14)
Implications
1. Exergy is lower than energy in amount (or quantity)
because ΔH is energy.
2. ΔH – 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆 tells us the true quality of the energy.
3. If 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆 is low, the exergy is high.
4. If 𝑇𝑜 ∆𝑆 is high, it implies low exergy.
Exergy is the work associated with a completely reversible process.
The state of the environment is referred to as the ‘dead state’
because the system is dead (cannot do any work) from a
thermodynamic point of view.
It is the maximum amount of useful work that can be produced (by
a work - producing process) or
the minimum work that should be supplied (work - requiring
process) in bringing the system to its dead state (i.e equilibrium
with the environment).
pump & compressor are examples of unit that requires work supply
of electrical power
W
- - - - - - - - - - - - WS, practical
𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Ψ= (5.16𝑎)
𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑑
Work requiring process work producing process
𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑠,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙
Ψ= 5.16𝑏 𝑜𝑟 (5.16𝑐)
𝑊𝑠,𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑊𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑎𝑙
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑜𝑢𝑡
Ψ= (5.16d)
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑖𝑛
various exergies can be combined (work exergy, fuel exergy, heat exergy)
Exergy Efficiency of a Single Unit
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘
Ψ𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = (5.16𝑒)
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
For example, for a heat exchanger
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
Ψℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = (5.16𝑓)
Δ𝐸𝑥ℎ𝑜𝑡 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
4. Thermo-economic or exergo-economic
analysis.
Flue gas
Steam
1
2
Pump
𝑊𝑠
𝑊𝑠
Turbine
Condenser
4
3
CW
= −288.60 × 103 𝑘𝑊
Overall 2nd law efficiency (exergy efficiency)
𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Ψ=
𝐸𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
80𝑀𝑊
= × 100 = 27.7%
288.6𝑀𝑊
= 7.2173𝑘𝐽/𝑘𝑔
Do this for points 2, 3 and 4. The results are summarized
below
Point Ex (kJ/kg)
1 7.2173
2 1398.228
3 144.83
4 −1.78
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝐽
= 84.75[1398.228 − 7.2173] ×
𝑠 𝑘𝑔
= 117.89𝑀𝑊
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 117.89
Ψ= = × 100 = 40.8%
Δ𝐸𝑥𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 288.6
For energy efficiency, use enthalpy
Δ𝐻𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 = 𝐻2 − 𝐻1
= 270.20𝑀𝑊
𝑜
Δ𝐻𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑛𝐶𝐻4 × ∆𝐻𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑏
= −270.20𝑀𝑊
Δ𝐻𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑘 270.2
𝜂= = = 100%
Δ𝐻𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒 270.2
Summary of Results of Exergy Analysis of Components